倪金鳳 高長(zhǎng)俊 郝冬榮 等
[摘要] 目的 探討血清炎癥因子C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、血清降鈣素原(PCT)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)、中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(NUET)在預(yù)測(cè)兒童社區(qū)獲得性肺炎(CAP)病情時(shí)的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。 方法 選取2014年1月~2015年8月在河北省唐山市婦幼保健院進(jìn)行治療的CAP患兒136例作為研究對(duì)象,包括喘息性CAP組(81例)和非喘息性CAP組(55例),另選取健康兒童40名為對(duì)照組。檢測(cè)并比較CRP、PCT、WBC、NUET及免疫因子白介素4(IL-4)、白介素10(IL-10)的水平,采用受試者工作曲線(ROC)分析血清炎癥因子對(duì)CAP的診斷價(jià)值。 結(jié)果 喘息性CAP組的CRP、PCT、WBC、NEUT等指標(biāo)水平均明顯高于對(duì)照組及非喘息性CAP組(P < 0.05),非喘息性CAP組的CRP、PCT、WBC水平明顯高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05);喘息性CAP組的IL-4、IL-10水平均明顯高于對(duì)照組及非喘息性CAP組(P < 0.05),非喘息性CAP組的IL-4、IL-10水平明顯高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。CRP、PCT、WBC、NEUT4中血清炎癥因子診斷CAP的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.7749(95%CI:0.7052~0.8446)、0.9589(95%CI:0.9376~0.9802)、0.7528(95%CI:0.6854~0.8203)、0.6311(95%CI:0.5317~0.7205)(P < 0.05),PCT診斷CAP的靈敏度及特異度最高。CRP、PCT、WBC、NEUT4中血清炎癥因子診斷喘息性CAP及非喘息性CAP的ROC曲線下面積分別為0.9454(95%CI:0.9080~0.9829)、0.7927(95%CI:0.7182~0.8672)、0.7760(95%CI:0.6967~0.8552)、0.7423(95%CI:0.6599~0.8247)(P < 0.05),CRP診斷喘息性CAP及非喘息性CAP的靈敏度及特異度最高。 結(jié)論 CRP及PCT兩種指標(biāo)有利于診斷兒童喘息性及非喘息性CAP。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 兒童;社區(qū)獲得性肺炎;降鈣素原;C-反應(yīng)蛋白;診斷價(jià)值
[中圖分類號(hào)] R563.1 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2016)02(a)-0069-04
Clinical value of serum inflammatory cytokines in the assessment of the severity of children with community acquired pneumonia
NI Jinfeng GAO Changjun HAO Dongrong ZHANG Huiyu TIAN Qingling FENG Xue
Department of Paediatrics, Maternal and Child Care Service Center of Tangshan City, Hebei Province, Tangshan 063000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical value of serum inflammatory cytokines such as C-reactive protein (CRP), serum procalcitonin (PCT), white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NUET) in the assessment of the severity of children with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods One hundred and thirty six children with CAP treated in Maternal and Child Care Service Center of Tangshan City from January 2014 to August 2015 were selected as research objects, including asthmatic CAP group (n = 81) and non-asthmatic CAP group (n = 55), and 40 healthy children were taken as control group. The levels of CRP, PCT, WBC, NUET and immune factors interleukins 4 (IL-4), interleukin 10 (IL-10) were detected and compared. ROC curve analysis was used to analyze the diagnostic value of serum inflammatory factors for CAP. Results The levels of CRP, PCT, WBC, NEUT of asthmatic CAP group were significantly higher than those of control group and non-asthmatic CAP group (P < 0.05), the levels of CRP, PCT, WBC of non-asthmatic CAP group were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.05); the levels of IL-4, IL-10 of asthmatic CAP group were significantly higher than those of control group and non-asthmatic CAP group (P < 0.05), the levels of IL-4, IL-10 of non-asthmatic CAP group were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve of CRP, PCT, WBC, NEUT4 in diagnosis of CAP were 0.7749 (95%CI: 0.7052-0.8446), 0.9589 (95%CI: 0.9376-0.9802), 0.7528 (95%CI: 0.6854-0.8203), 0.6311 (95%CI: 0.5317-0.7205) (P < 0.05), the sensitivity and specificity of PCT in diagnosis of CAP was the highest. The area under the ROC curve of CRP, PCT, WBC, NEUT4 in diagnosis of asthmatic CAP and non-asthmatic CAP were 0.9454 (95%CI: 0.9080-0.9829), 0.7927 (95%CI: 0.7182-0.8672), 0.7760 (95%CI: 0.6967-0.8552), 0.7423 (95%CI: 0.6599-0.8247) (P < 0.05), the sensitivity and specificity of CRP in diagnosis of asthmatic CAP and non-asthmatic CAP was the highest. Conclusion CRP and PCT are good for the diagnosis of asthmatic or non-asthmatic CAP in children.
[Key words] Children; Community-acquired pneumonia; Procalcitonin; C-reactive protein; Diagnostic value
社區(qū)獲得性肺炎(community acquired pneumonia,CAP)是一種嚴(yán)重威脅人群健康的傳統(tǒng)感染性疾病,系指在醫(yī)院之外的其他場(chǎng)所感染的肺實(shí)質(zhì)炎癥。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,CAP患者的病死率為8.8%~15.8%[1-2]。兒童是CAP的重要易感人群,其中兒童因CAP死亡的總?cè)藬?shù)可占兒童總死亡人數(shù)的1/5。病原學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn):發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家CAP的病原微生物有所不同,發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家主要為病毒感染而發(fā)展中國(guó)家主要是細(xì)菌感染[3-4]。近年來,由于各種抗生素的使用,病原菌的耐藥性有增強(qiáng)趨勢(shì),為CAP的治療增加了難度[5-6]。以往的研究結(jié)果也顯示上述多種血清炎癥因子與哮喘的嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān)[7-8]。臨床上,兒童CAP的明確診斷有一定難度,喘息性CAP的診斷更為困難,因此,探索能較為準(zhǔn)確地指示兒童CAP病情嚴(yán)重程度的血清炎癥因子對(duì)兒童CAP的早期診斷和科學(xué)治療均具有重要的臨床價(jià)值。本研究擬通過檢測(cè)兒童CAP患者的主要血清炎癥因子的水平,重點(diǎn)探討其對(duì)判斷和評(píng)估患者的病情嚴(yán)重程度的臨床價(jià)值,旨在為兒童CAP的臨床治療提供參考依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2014年1月~2015年8月在河北省唐山市婦幼保健院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)門診或病房進(jìn)行治療的兒童CAP患者136例為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)有無哮喘癥狀,將其分為喘息性CAP組(81例)和非喘息性CAP組(55例)。136例CAP患兒中,男75例,女61例,年齡2個(gè)月~8歲。136例CAP患兒的診斷和病情評(píng)估均參考《兒童社區(qū)獲得性肺炎管理指南》[9]的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。另選取同期在我院查體的健康兒童40名為對(duì)照組,對(duì)照組均無哮喘、慢性咳嗽病史,體檢各方面指標(biāo)均正常。本研究獲得醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn),同時(shí)征得所有患兒及家長(zhǎng)同意,并由家長(zhǎng)簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
本研究入選的全部研究對(duì)象均抽取靜脈血5 mL,分別檢測(cè)血清C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、血清降鈣素(PCT)、白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)、中性粒細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(NUET)、白介素-4(IL-4)、白介素-10(IL-10)等。血清CRP采用乳膠增強(qiáng)免疫比濁法測(cè)定,所用儀器為日本日立公司7600-020ISE型自動(dòng)生化分析儀;血清PCT采用定量固相免疫測(cè)定法測(cè)定,所用儀器為德國(guó)BRAHMS公司;IL-4、IL-10采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測(cè)定(ELISA)法測(cè)定,所需試劑由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司提供;血常規(guī)采用日本Sysmex全自動(dòng)血液分析儀進(jìn)行測(cè)定。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
數(shù)據(jù)處理和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析均借助SPSS 20.0進(jìn)行,計(jì)量資料均采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)的形式表示,采用方差分析進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷(不符合正態(tài)分布的采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)),兩兩比較采用LSD法進(jìn)行多重比較;計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析;采用受試者工作曲線(ROC)分析血清炎癥因子對(duì)CAP的診斷價(jià)值,靈敏度=真陽性人數(shù)/(真陽性人數(shù)+假陰性人數(shù))×100%;特異度=真陰性人數(shù)/(真陰性人數(shù)+假陽性人數(shù))×100%。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組基本特征比較
三組的性別分布、年齡等比較差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性,見表1。
表1 三組基本特征比較
注:“-”表示無數(shù)據(jù)
2.2 三組血清炎癥因子水平比較
經(jīng)方差分析,三組CRP、PCT、WBC、NEUT水平比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);兩兩比較結(jié)果顯示:喘息性CAP組CRP、PCT、WBC、NEUT水平均明顯高于對(duì)照組及非喘息性CAP組(P < 0.05),非喘息性CAP組CRP、PCT、WBC水平明顯高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 三組免疫因子IL-4、IL-10水平比較
經(jīng)方差分析,三組IL-4、IL-10水平比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05);兩兩比較結(jié)果顯示:喘息性CAP組IL-4、IL-10水平均明顯高于對(duì)照組及非喘息性CAP組(P < 0.05),非喘息性CAP組IL-4、IL-10水平明顯高于對(duì)照組(P < 0.05)。見表3。
表3 三組免疫因子IL-4、IL-10水平比較(ng/L,x±s)
注:與對(duì)照組比較,*P < 0.05;與非喘息性CAP組比較,#P < 0.05;IL-4:白介素-4;IL-10:白介素-10
2.4 血清炎癥因子判斷CAP的ROC曲線
ROC曲線下面積是評(píng)價(jià)血清因子診斷CAP的重要指標(biāo),面積越大,表示其靈敏度及特異度越高。CRP、PCT、WBC、NEUT4中血清炎癥因子診斷CAP的ROC曲線下面積差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),面積分別為0.7749(95%CI:0.7052~0.8446)、0.9589(95%CI:0.9376~0.9802)、0.7528(95%CI:0.6854~0.8203)、0.6311(95%CI:0.5317~0.7205),從ROC曲線下面積判斷,PCT診斷CAP的靈敏度及特異度最高,診斷價(jià)值最大。見圖1。
2.5 血清炎癥因子判斷喘息性CAP和非喘息性CAP的ROC曲線
CRP、PCT、WBC、NEUT4中血清炎癥因子診斷喘息性CAP及非喘息性CAP的ROC曲線下面積差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),面積分別為0.9454(95%CI:0.9080~0.9829)、0.7927(95%CI:0.7182~0.8672)、0.7760(95%CI:0.6967~0.8552)、0.7423(95%CI:0.6599~0.8247),從ROC曲線下面積判斷,CRP診斷喘息性CAP及非喘息性CAP的靈敏度及特異度最高。見圖2。
3 討論
兒童發(fā)生CAP的原因是多重的,包括患者的年齡、身體素質(zhì)、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況、生活環(huán)境等均具有一定的關(guān)系[10-12]。CAP對(duì)兒童患者的肺部可以產(chǎn)生直接的損害,影響患兒的呼吸功能,其病情程度越嚴(yán)重危害越大,甚至危害患者的生命健康[13]。目前臨床上,若要對(duì)兒童進(jìn)行及早的診斷,并較為準(zhǔn)確地判斷嚴(yán)重程度,則具有一定的難度。兒童哮喘也是一類呼吸道高發(fā)病,但對(duì)相當(dāng)比例的嬰幼兒來講,哮喘的癥狀并不典型,明確診斷特別是早期診斷具有難度。特別是當(dāng)兒童CAP伴發(fā)有哮喘的時(shí)候,如何及早明確診斷,是臨床上的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn)問題[14-15]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CAP患者的CRP、PCT、WBC、NUET水平均明顯高于健康人,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),結(jié)果提示,CAP患兒機(jī)體由于感染而處于炎癥應(yīng)激狀態(tài),機(jī)體的免疫防御系統(tǒng)促使血清炎癥因子的分泌水平增加,表現(xiàn)為CRP、PCT、WBC及NUET等指標(biāo)水平升高。同時(shí)機(jī)體的白介素等免疫指標(biāo)水平上升,其原因與兒童CAP感染后氣道發(fā)生異常免疫反應(yīng)有關(guān),特別是具有哮喘癥狀的患兒血清炎癥因子及白介素水平的升高更甚,因此,CAP可以加重機(jī)體的炎癥狀態(tài),而哮喘則會(huì)引起患兒的異常免疫反應(yīng)加重[15-16]。
CRP的主要功能是評(píng)價(jià)機(jī)體應(yīng)對(duì)炎性刺激或外界傷害的一種急性時(shí)相蛋白,可以指示細(xì)菌感染、組織損傷的程度。PCT是由甲狀腺C細(xì)胞分泌的降鈣素前體激素。目前已有多項(xiàng)研究表明:機(jī)體受到細(xì)菌感染時(shí),PCT水平會(huì)明顯升高[15-17]。而WBC和NUET均是血常規(guī)檢查的常規(guī)血清炎癥因子,基本用途也是用于指示機(jī)體是否受到了炎癥的侵襲。通常情況下,機(jī)體發(fā)生炎癥的時(shí)候,CRP、PCT、WBC、NUET等指標(biāo)均具有一定的升高[13]。但是,此類指標(biāo)對(duì)于指示兒童CAP的臨床價(jià)值目前尚無定論。本研究通過ROC曲線分析結(jié)果表明,CRP、PCT、WBC、NUET等指標(biāo)用于診斷兒童CAP均具有一定的臨床價(jià)值,但CRP、WBC診斷兒童CAP缺乏較好的靈敏度,而NUET則特異度較低,診斷價(jià)值受到一定限制;而PCT診斷CAP具有較高的靈敏度和特異度,ROC曲線下面積達(dá)到最高,因此,PCT診斷兒童CAP的臨床價(jià)值最高。另一方面,四種血清炎癥因子在區(qū)別兒童喘息性CAP和非喘息性CAP時(shí)也均有一定的價(jià)值,但是相比之下,CRP區(qū)別喘息性CAP和非喘息性CAP時(shí)的靈敏度和特異度是最高的[18-20]。因此,筆者建議在兒童CAP的診斷時(shí)或區(qū)別喘息性CAP及非喘息性CAP,盡可能地選用CRP及PCT兩種指標(biāo)。
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(收稿日期:2015-10-27 本文編輯:張瑜杰)