李韜 馮佳莉 張屹 等
[摘要] 目的 探討數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)在醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)方案中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。 方法 于實(shí)施基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)的醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)前(2013年全年)向河北北方學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)門診患者發(fā)放醫(yī)院醫(yī)療服務(wù)滿意度調(diào)查問卷,選取500份合格問卷作為對(duì)照組;實(shí)施基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)的醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)后(2014年全年),向我院門診患者發(fā)放相同問卷,選取500份合格問卷作為研究組;比較兩組對(duì)門診服務(wù)的綜合滿意度、等待時(shí)間、診療時(shí)間、醫(yī)護(hù)人員工作績(jī)效情況。 結(jié)果 研究組總滿意度顯著高于對(duì)照組(38.20%比19.00%);研究組等待總時(shí)間顯著短于對(duì)照組[(30.21±8.73)比(62.89±10.75)min];研究組實(shí)際診療總時(shí)間均顯著短于對(duì)照組[(45.85±10.95)比(57.26±12.37)min];研究組服務(wù)質(zhì)量及工作效率評(píng)分均顯著高于對(duì)照組[(75.38±6.13)比(68.51±8.76)分;(78.16±6.92)比(62.59±4.19)分],以上各指標(biāo)差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)的醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)能夠有效提高醫(yī)務(wù)人員的工作效率及服務(wù)質(zhì)量,降低患者在院等待時(shí)間,提高患者對(duì)醫(yī)院服務(wù)的滿意度。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù);聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)處理;信息化建設(shè);數(shù)據(jù)挖掘
[中圖分類號(hào)] R197.324 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2016)02(a)-0160-04
Application value of data warehouse technology in hospital information construction project
LI Tao1 FENG Jiali2 ZHANG Yi1 YU Shuxin1
1.Department of Information Management, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou 075000, China; 2.Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the application value of data warehouse technology in hospital information construction project. Methods Hospital medical service satisfaction survey questionnaire was send to outpatient in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University (“our hospital” for short) in 2013 before implementation of hospital information construction based on data warehouse technology, and 500 qualified questionnaires were selected as the control group. Hospital medical service satisfaction survey questionnaire was send to outpatient in our hospital in 2014 after implementation of hospital information construction based on data warehouse technology, and 500 qualified questionnaires were selected as the research group. Satisfaction of outpatient service, waiting time, diagnosis and treatment time, medical staffs' job performance were compared between the two groups. Results Total satisfaction in the research group was significantly higher than that in the control group[38.20% vs 19.00%]; the total waiting time in the research group was significantly shorter than that in the control group [(30.21±8.73) vs (62.89±10.75) min]; the total diagnosis and treatment time in the research group was significantly shorter than that in the control group [(45.85±10.95) vs (57.26±12.37) min]; service quality and work efficiency scores in the research group were significantly higher than those in the control group [(75.38±6.13) vs (68.51±8.76) scores; (78.16±6.92) vs (62.59±4.19) scores]; the differences of above items had statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Based on data warehouse technology, hospital information construction can effectively improve the work efficiency and service quality, reduce patients' waiting time in the hospital, improve patients' satisfaction for hospital service.
[Key words] Data warehouse; Online transaction processing; Information construction; Data mining
隨著國(guó)內(nèi)信息化建設(shè)與醫(yī)療設(shè)備的發(fā)展,國(guó)內(nèi)各大醫(yī)院已經(jīng)全面普及基于聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)處理的醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)[1]。該系統(tǒng)不僅提高了醫(yī)院工作效率與醫(yī)院管理水平,且極大地提高了醫(yī)院對(duì)患者的服務(wù)質(zhì)量[2],但是人們對(duì)醫(yī)療的重視和醫(yī)院業(yè)務(wù)的擴(kuò)大直接導(dǎo)致了醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)量的飛速增長(zhǎng),而如何利用如此龐大的數(shù)據(jù),挖掘醫(yī)院大數(shù)據(jù)中的潛在價(jià)值是目前醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)亟待解決的問題[3]。數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)具集成性、時(shí)變性、非易失性、變向主題性特點(diǎn),支持決策的作用較為突出。對(duì)此,河北北方學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)對(duì)基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)的醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)方案的實(shí)現(xiàn)做了深入研究,以找尋一種有效的解決方案,促進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)在醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)方案中的實(shí)施,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
我院于2014年1月全面實(shí)施基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)的醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè),在實(shí)施前(2013年全年)給我院門診患者發(fā)放醫(yī)院醫(yī)療服務(wù)滿意度調(diào)查問卷,共發(fā)放問卷700份,回收有效問卷687份,回收率為98.14%,在687份問卷中按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法選取500份作為對(duì)照組,500份問卷中男性調(diào)查者260例,女性240例,年齡10~78歲,平均(38.29±21.51)歲。實(shí)施基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)的醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)后(2014年全年),向我院門診患者發(fā)放相同問卷,共發(fā)放700份,回收有效問卷691份,回收率為98.71%。在691份問卷中按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法選取500份作為研究組,500份問卷中男性調(diào)查者255例,女性245例,年齡為10~79歲,平均(37.51±20.39)歲。兩組一般資料情況比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的建立 設(shè)定數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的運(yùn)行環(huán)境,選擇客戶/服務(wù)器的結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)。
1.2.2 數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)模型的建立 對(duì)需求進(jìn)行分析,依據(jù)決策分析的主題利用數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)組織數(shù)據(jù):確定主題,分析單病種的特點(diǎn),包括制訂單病種的治療方案、花費(fèi)的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用、住院時(shí)間等。在建立模型時(shí),與決策關(guān)系不大的數(shù)據(jù)可不用采集,依據(jù)聯(lián)機(jī)分析處理(online analytical processing,OLAP)原則對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行記錄。
1.2.3 數(shù)據(jù)的提取 在數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)模型成功建立后,通過收集并提取外界數(shù)據(jù)源中的數(shù)據(jù),在操作系統(tǒng)中采用SQL 2000對(duì)DTS數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,應(yīng)用VB編程實(shí)現(xiàn)DTS。另外在數(shù)據(jù)的抽取過程中,首先應(yīng)建立目標(biāo)數(shù)據(jù)源,與此同時(shí)參考模型,再生成SQL數(shù)據(jù)相應(yīng)的查詢程序包,最后提供源數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)數(shù)據(jù)給數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的事實(shí)表和維表。
1.2.4 多維數(shù)據(jù)表的創(chuàng)建 提取數(shù)據(jù)后進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)表的創(chuàng)建,并分析多維數(shù)據(jù)集。針對(duì)多維數(shù)據(jù)集指定事實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)表,多采用多維數(shù)據(jù)集向?qū)Р⑿袛?shù)據(jù)挖掘。
1.2.5 醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)的改進(jìn) 2014年后醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)開始采用數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)聯(lián)機(jī)分析處理技術(shù)和數(shù)據(jù)管理系統(tǒng)結(jié)合的基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的HIS體系結(jié)構(gòu)。醫(yī)院信息HIS體系中聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)處理系統(tǒng)主要是面向醫(yī)院醫(yī)療業(yè)務(wù)層,完成日常的業(yè)務(wù)工作。
1.3 調(diào)查內(nèi)容
采用我院自制的醫(yī)院醫(yī)療服務(wù)滿意度調(diào)查問卷,主要包括接受調(diào)查者的基本資料和患者對(duì)醫(yī)院門診的滿意程度。滿意度調(diào)查內(nèi)容主要包括等待時(shí)間、診斷時(shí)間、醫(yī)務(wù)人員的服務(wù)態(tài)度以及服務(wù)質(zhì)量等,分為不滿意、一般、滿意以及非常滿意4個(gè)維度,根據(jù)各項(xiàng)目結(jié)果統(tǒng)計(jì)得出患者對(duì)醫(yī)療服務(wù)的總體滿意度??倽M意=滿意+非常滿意。由專員統(tǒng)計(jì)填寫患者門診等待時(shí)間與治療時(shí)間。成立質(zhì)量控制小組并由質(zhì)量控制小組對(duì)全院150名醫(yī)護(hù)人員進(jìn)行服務(wù)質(zhì)量、服務(wù)意識(shí)及服務(wù)態(tài)度等工作績(jī)效評(píng)分,各項(xiàng)評(píng)分滿分為100分。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組對(duì)門診服務(wù)的綜合滿意度比較
研究組總滿意度顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表1。
表1 兩組對(duì)門診服務(wù)的綜合滿意度比較[n(%)]
2.2 兩組患者等待時(shí)間比較
研究組掛號(hào)、候診及繳費(fèi)等各項(xiàng)等待時(shí)間均顯著短于對(duì)照組,且總等待時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者實(shí)際診療時(shí)間比較
研究組除診斷外,掛號(hào)、繳費(fèi)以及輔助檢查等各項(xiàng)實(shí)際診療花費(fèi)時(shí)間均顯著短于對(duì)照組,且總花費(fèi)時(shí)間短于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.4 兩組醫(yī)護(hù)人員工作績(jī)效評(píng)分比較
研究組服務(wù)意識(shí)及服務(wù)態(tài)度評(píng)分與對(duì)照組比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05);但研究組服務(wù)質(zhì)量及工作效率評(píng)分均顯著高于對(duì)照組,且差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表4。
表4 兩組醫(yī)護(hù)人員工作績(jī)效評(píng)分比較(分,x±s)
3 討論
Inmon在《數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)》中第一次提出數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)的概念[4]。數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)以計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用為基礎(chǔ),從許多分散的、差異的、關(guān)聯(lián)不明顯的日常聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)中處理數(shù)據(jù)源提取數(shù)據(jù),同時(shí)利用匯總計(jì)算分析對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析,為決策者提供有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)中的潛在規(guī)律。因此,數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)日益成為企業(yè)信息管理的關(guān)鍵。隨著現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)展,國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)已全面覆蓋且發(fā)展迅速。聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)處理的醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)僅能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)醫(yī)院從接受患者到治療患者的流程自動(dòng)化。隨著人民生活水平提高與各大醫(yī)院業(yè)務(wù)上的發(fā)展,僅基于聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)處理的醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不能夠滿足醫(yī)院大量數(shù)據(jù)的應(yīng)用,醫(yī)院堆積了大量的病例歷史數(shù)據(jù)[5]。對(duì)醫(yī)院大量歷史數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行挖掘,找到醫(yī)療業(yè)務(wù)中的客觀規(guī)律,從而為管理人員的決策提供支持,提高醫(yī)務(wù)人員的工作效率與患者的滿意度,意義重大。
本研究對(duì)比兩組門診服務(wù)的綜合滿意度,調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),研究組總滿意度顯著高于對(duì)照組。此結(jié)果符合蘭欣[6]的研究報(bào)道。現(xiàn)階段大部分醫(yī)院的信息數(shù)據(jù)是基于聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)處理,以實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)的數(shù)字化為目的,目前所提供的信息還遠(yuǎn)不能滿足醫(yī)院自身的需求[7]。僅基于聯(lián)機(jī)事務(wù)處理的醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)對(duì)管理決策上造成諸多不便,決策信息來源的數(shù)據(jù)單一且報(bào)表形式仍為信息統(tǒng)計(jì)員手工操作,并不能體現(xiàn)醫(yī)院各個(gè)系統(tǒng)之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系,導(dǎo)致院方高層管理者在針對(duì)醫(yī)院信息做決策時(shí)缺乏科學(xué)的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法,較為隨意,決策的科學(xué)性與有效性較差[8]。而基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)的醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)能夠給予決策者醫(yī)院管理上更為清晰的建議。數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)能夠具體達(dá)到的效果有以下幾點(diǎn):①患者流動(dòng)情況的統(tǒng)計(jì):對(duì)患者從掛號(hào)到出院的時(shí)間及逗留原因進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),對(duì)每天醫(yī)院內(nèi)患者的流動(dòng)情況進(jìn)行數(shù)列動(dòng)態(tài)分析,從而針對(duì)患者等待時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的窗口或部門進(jìn)行調(diào)整,提高患者就診效率。②醫(yī)院資金流動(dòng)分析:按“年份”、“季度”、“月份”以及“天”4個(gè)時(shí)間維度對(duì)醫(yī)院資金流動(dòng)狀況進(jìn)行分析,并將分析結(jié)果做橫向及縱向?qū)Ρ?。③患者結(jié)構(gòu)分析:將醫(yī)院所有患者按照年齡段、文化程度、性別、患病類型以及病重程度進(jìn)行分類,系統(tǒng)地對(duì)醫(yī)院所收治的患者群體進(jìn)行分析,了解醫(yī)院患者的詳細(xì)經(jīng)濟(jì)情況分布與個(gè)性特征,從而得到來院患者詳細(xì)的醫(yī)療服務(wù)信息,幫助醫(yī)院高層決策者對(duì)醫(yī)院更好地進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)定位,確定營(yíng)銷策略,開拓新業(yè)務(wù)。
從本研究對(duì)兩組患者等待時(shí)間與實(shí)際診療時(shí)間對(duì)比中可以發(fā)現(xiàn),研究組掛號(hào)、候診及繳費(fèi)等各項(xiàng)等待時(shí)間及總等待時(shí)間均顯著短于對(duì)照組;實(shí)際診療時(shí)間中除診斷外,研究組掛號(hào)、繳費(fèi)以及輔助檢查等各項(xiàng)實(shí)際診療花費(fèi)時(shí)間及總花費(fèi)時(shí)間均顯著短于對(duì)照組,這提示基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)的醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)能夠有效降低患者到院后的等待時(shí)間與患者實(shí)際診療花費(fèi)時(shí)間,提高患者對(duì)醫(yī)院服務(wù)的滿意度,此結(jié)果符合以往的相關(guān)報(bào)道[9-11]。基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)能夠通過對(duì)醫(yī)院大數(shù)據(jù)的挖掘發(fā)現(xiàn)各系統(tǒng)中存在的內(nèi)在較為隱蔽的關(guān)聯(lián)規(guī)則[12-15],例如藥房管理中,之前大部分藥物擺放的位置主要是依據(jù)藥房取藥人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、藥理知識(shí)及個(gè)人習(xí)慣,有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的藥房管理者能夠通過改變藥品擺放位置提高取藥人員的取藥速度,但如果通過大數(shù)據(jù)挖掘,能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)事先不為人知的、隱藏在歷史數(shù)據(jù)中的知識(shí),并依據(jù)大數(shù)據(jù)挖掘出的結(jié)論擺放藥品位置,能夠真正意義上加快取藥人員的取藥速度,做到效率最大化[16-19]。本研究中研究組服務(wù)質(zhì)量及工作效率評(píng)分均顯著高于對(duì)照組的結(jié)果同樣能夠證明此觀點(diǎn)。此外,在其他研究中也有相似結(jié)論可進(jìn)行佐證[20-23]。
綜上所述,基于數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)的醫(yī)院信息化建設(shè)能夠有效提高醫(yī)務(wù)人員的工作效率,減少患者的就醫(yī)等待時(shí)間,提高患者對(duì)醫(yī)院服務(wù)的整體滿意度。但鑒于目前國(guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)院信息系統(tǒng)中數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)技術(shù)剛起步,其發(fā)展?jié)摿θ找嬲蔑@,通過數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)來提高醫(yī)院整體的醫(yī)療技能及服務(wù)質(zhì)量、完善醫(yī)院信息意義重大,能夠給醫(yī)院的決策和管理者提供參考。
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(收稿日期:2015-11-04 本文編輯:程 銘)