付強(qiáng) 王愛(ài)富 陳言峰 馬春全 (佛山科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院生命科學(xué)學(xué)院 528231)
CD44基因在細(xì)菌感染過(guò)程的研究進(jìn)展
付強(qiáng) 王愛(ài)富 陳言峰 馬春全*(佛山科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院生命科學(xué)學(xué)院 528231)
CD44是一種Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,廣泛表達(dá)于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞及中胚層來(lái)源的細(xì)胞和組織。CD44與透明質(zhì)酸結(jié)合是單核細(xì)胞向炎癥和損傷組織移行的關(guān)鍵步驟。CD44與某些病原菌的細(xì)胞壁相互作用能促進(jìn)病原穿透上皮細(xì)胞或血腦屏障,但是CD44存在多種可變剪切體,研究的病原菌或者感染部位的不同,CD44所起的作用也有所不同。明確CD44在細(xì)菌感染過(guò)程的作用,不僅有助于進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)細(xì)菌與宿主表面物質(zhì)的作用機(jī)制,還可為研發(fā)治療細(xì)菌性疾病的新型生物阻斷制劑提供思路。
CD44;細(xì)菌;炎癥
CD44基因編碼跨膜糖蛋白,由20個(gè)高度保守的外顯子組成,完整的基因組在染色體DNA上大約跨越50kb,其前體信使RNA由20個(gè)外顯子組成,20個(gè)外顯子按照轉(zhuǎn)錄方式不同可分為組成型外顯子和變異型拼接外顯子。僅由組成型外顯子組成的CD44轉(zhuǎn)錄子稱(chēng)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CD44(CD44s)。組成型外顯子共有10個(gè),存在于所有轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物之中,變異型拼接外顯子也有10個(gè),位于第5、6組成型外顯子之間,含有變異型拼接外顯子的CD44轉(zhuǎn)錄子統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為變異型CD44(CD44v)。CD44v轉(zhuǎn)錄方式十分復(fù)雜,可連續(xù)性轉(zhuǎn)錄,也可跳躍性轉(zhuǎn)錄,參加拼接的外顯子可多可少,從而使轉(zhuǎn)錄片段長(zhǎng)短不一,目前研究發(fā)現(xiàn)人類(lèi)至少存在20種CD44的可變剪切體[1,2]。
附圖 CD44基因與蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖
CD44s廣泛表達(dá)于脊椎動(dòng)物體,編碼產(chǎn)物由363個(gè)氨基酸組成,成熟CD44蛋白無(wú)信號(hào)肽區(qū),預(yù)計(jì)分子量37.2KD,經(jīng)過(guò)翻譯后糖基化等加工后CD44s蛋白質(zhì)分子量可達(dá)80~100KD。該蛋白質(zhì)有3個(gè)功能區(qū),分別是由72個(gè)氨基酸組成的胞漿區(qū),由21個(gè)氨基酸組成的跨膜區(qū)以及由270個(gè)氨基酸組成的胞外區(qū)。CD44分子參與多種生理和病理過(guò)程,如器官形成、造血、淋巴細(xì)胞活化、歸巢、遷移,炎癥和腫瘤等,這些過(guò)程涉及CD44與系列分子識(shí)別與互作。CD44的細(xì)胞外結(jié)構(gòu)域可以與透明質(zhì)酸 (HA)、纖連蛋白、骨橋蛋白等結(jié)合;而細(xì)胞內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)域可以與錨蛋白、腫瘤抑制蛋白、ERM家庭成員等結(jié)合,其可以看作是CD44和細(xì)胞骨架的交聯(lián)體[3]。
細(xì)胞在細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)中的黏附和移行是由CD44分子作為細(xì)胞表面受體與基質(zhì)中的透明質(zhì)酸結(jié)合這一功能決定的,同時(shí)CD44與透明質(zhì)酸結(jié)合也是單核細(xì)胞向炎癥和損傷組織移行的關(guān)鍵步驟[4,5]。此外,CD44和某些病原菌中細(xì)胞壁或者莢膜多糖中的透明質(zhì)酸相互作用促進(jìn)病原穿透上皮細(xì)胞或血腦屏障[6]。CD44與下游相關(guān)分子互作介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞骨架重排,CD44細(xì)胞質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)域可以選擇性與細(xì)胞骨架膜結(jié)合蛋白ERM、錨蛋白以及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)相關(guān)激酶相互作用,引起細(xì)胞骨架構(gòu)型發(fā)生變化、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng)或?qū)ο嚓P(guān)細(xì)菌的吞噬[7]。因此,CD44在巨噬細(xì)胞、腫瘤細(xì)胞以及淋巴細(xì)胞穿越血管內(nèi)皮遷移的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮重要作用[8]。
近年來(lái)對(duì)于CD44在抗病原微生物感染方面的報(bào)道不斷增多,但是CD44在機(jī)體內(nèi)的廣泛表達(dá)和多種可變剪切體的存在,使CD44在抗細(xì)菌感染的作用不盡相同[9,10]。所涉及的病原菌以及所研究的部位不同,CD44所起的作用可能不同[11-13]。Leemans等用CD44敲除 (CD44 KO)小鼠研究了CD44在結(jié)核分枝桿菌 (M.tuberculosis)感染小鼠過(guò)程中的作用。該菌感染CD44 KO小鼠后,巨噬細(xì)胞遷移到結(jié)核分枝桿菌感染部位的能力減弱;通過(guò)流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè),CD44蛋白能夠直接與結(jié)核分枝桿菌結(jié)合,CD44 KO小鼠巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)結(jié)核分枝桿菌的黏附能力和吞噬能力下降[14]。另外一方面,Windt等研究了CD44在肺炎鏈球菌感染引起的肺炎中的作用,與野生型小鼠比較,CD44 KO小鼠鼻內(nèi)感染致死劑量的肺炎鏈球菌后表現(xiàn)為更高的存活率,同時(shí)肺組織中細(xì)菌載量更低,細(xì)菌向其他組織擴(kuò)散的能力也下降,但是炎癥因子應(yīng)答和肺的病理?yè)p傷并沒(méi)有差異。進(jìn)一步用亞致死劑量接種,CD44 KO型小鼠表現(xiàn)出對(duì)細(xì)菌更強(qiáng)的清除能力,肺部的病理?yè)p傷也更輕[15]。研究人員Robert等探討CD44在葡萄球菌腸毒素B(Staphylococcal enterotoxin B,SEB)引起的肝損傷中的作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)SEB滴鼻攻毒后,肝T細(xì)胞、NK細(xì)胞和NKT細(xì)胞CD44的表達(dá)水平上調(diào),CD44 KO小鼠表現(xiàn)為增強(qiáng)的肝損傷,同時(shí)炎癥細(xì)胞在肝中的募集增強(qiáng)以及TNF-α和IFN-γ分泌增加。進(jìn)一步研究CD44在SEB引起的急性肺損傷有的作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)SEB滴鼻攻毒后,小鼠的肺單核細(xì)胞CD44的表達(dá)水平顯著上調(diào)[16]。CD44 KO小鼠炎癥細(xì)胞因子的表達(dá)下調(diào)和肺炎癥細(xì)胞募集減少,同時(shí)CD44單抗對(duì)小鼠SEB引起的肺部損傷有一定治療效果[17,18]。研究人員Rouschop等證明大腸桿菌在CD44 KO小鼠中的增殖速度顯著降低,認(rèn)為透明質(zhì)酸與CD44的相互作用促進(jìn)大腸桿菌在CD44陽(yáng)性的腎小管上皮細(xì)胞的黏附過(guò)程[19]。
CD44在炎癥應(yīng)答早期階段調(diào)節(jié)炎癥細(xì)胞的募集。炎性細(xì)胞募集經(jīng)歷白細(xì)胞著邊、捕獲、滾動(dòng)、活化、穩(wěn)固的黏附和移行的步驟[20]。炎癥部位產(chǎn)生的趨化因子能快速激活T細(xì)胞表面的CD44,被激活的CD44調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞在內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞表面的滾動(dòng)過(guò)程從而促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞向炎癥部位的募集[20]。CD44不僅參與調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞黏附與遷移,CD44還可作為信號(hào)分子調(diào)控一些炎癥因子的表達(dá)[21]。CD44的配體可以誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞表面黏附分子的表達(dá),刺激白細(xì)胞和薄壁細(xì)胞趨化因子和細(xì)胞因子的釋放。已有證據(jù)表明CD44與透明質(zhì)酸的結(jié)合活性影響細(xì)胞因子、趨化因子、生長(zhǎng)因子和基質(zhì)修飾酶的分泌 (van der Windt,2010)。CD44激活這些炎癥因子表達(dá)的機(jī)制現(xiàn)在還未明確,可能的機(jī)制是CD44導(dǎo)致IκB的分解從而激活NF-κB信號(hào)通路[22]。炎癥應(yīng)答的持續(xù)進(jìn)行會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體造成損傷,CD44在炎癥消除過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了作用。CD44參與調(diào)節(jié)炎癥清除過(guò)程可能有3種機(jī)制:CD44可調(diào)節(jié)滲出性細(xì)胞的生存能力,CD44提高殺傷性巨噬細(xì)胞吞噬凋亡細(xì)胞的能力,CD44參與清除炎癥部位的透明質(zhì)酸。
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廣東省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目 (2014A030310020);廣東高校優(yōu)秀青年創(chuàng)新人才培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目 (2014KQNCX179)。
付強(qiáng) (1983-),男,博士,講師,研究方向?yàn)榕R床獸醫(yī)學(xué)。
*通訊作者:馬春全 (1962-),男,教授,博士,研究方向動(dòng)物免疫病理學(xué)。