馬友彪,張海軍,王 晶,武書庚,齊廣海
(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院飼料研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部飼料生物技術(shù)重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100081)
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胚蛋給養(yǎng)β-羥基-β-甲基丁酸對(duì)肉仔雞孵化率、生長(zhǎng)性能和骨骼肌發(fā)育的影響
馬友彪#,張海軍#,王 晶,武書庚*,齊廣海
(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院飼料研究所,農(nóng)業(yè)部飼料生物技術(shù)重點(diǎn)開放實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100081)
本試驗(yàn)旨在研究胚蛋給養(yǎng)(inovofeeding)β-羥基-β-甲基丁酸(beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, HMB)對(duì)肉仔雞孵化率、生長(zhǎng)性能及骨骼肌發(fā)育的影響。選用540枚商品代AA肉仔雞受精蛋,隨機(jī)分為3個(gè)組:空白組(不注射)、生理鹽水組(7胚齡氣室注射1 mL 0.9% 生理鹽水)、HMB組(7胚齡氣室注射1 mL含0.1% HMB的生理鹽水)。出殼后,每組選取72只體重相近健康公雛隨機(jī)分成6個(gè)重復(fù),每重復(fù)12只。結(jié)果表明:1)胚蛋給養(yǎng)對(duì)種蛋孵化率無顯著性影響(P>0.05);2)HMB組出殼重、2l日齡體重、0~21日齡平均日增重均顯著高于其他組(P<0.05);3)7日齡時(shí),HMB組肉仔雞胸肌率較生理鹽水組提高了1.01%(P=0.019);21日齡時(shí),HMB組胸肌率顯著高于其他組(P<0.05),較空白組和生理鹽水組分別提高了1.11%和1.04%;4)HMB組肉仔雞的腹脂率最低,且在21日齡時(shí)顯著低于空白組(P=0.018);5)與空白組和生理鹽水組相比,HMB組肉仔雞出殼當(dāng)天和4日齡肌細(xì)胞直徑顯著增大(P<0.05)。6)出殼當(dāng)天和7日齡肉仔雞,HMB組胸肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)較其他兩組顯著提高(P<0.05);7)7日齡肉仔雞,HMB組血漿IGF-1含量顯著高于空白組(P<0.05),與生理鹽水組之間差異不顯著(P>0.05)。結(jié)果提示,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB可提高肉仔雞出殼重,增加衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性,促進(jìn)肉雞胸肌發(fā)育,加快肉雞前期生長(zhǎng);注射HMB不影響種蛋孵化率和肉雞飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率;注射生理鹽水與不注射處理結(jié)果相似,對(duì)肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)沒有影響。
β-羥基-β-甲基丁酸;胚蛋給養(yǎng);生長(zhǎng)性能;胸??;肉仔雞
現(xiàn)代養(yǎng)禽業(yè)已經(jīng)達(dá)到了較高生產(chǎn)水平,繼續(xù)利用遺傳選育、優(yōu)化飼料配方和改善飼養(yǎng)管理等方法來促進(jìn)肉禽生長(zhǎng)的難度不斷加大[1]。最大限度地提高家禽生產(chǎn)效率和增加經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,尋找新的途徑來挖掘家禽的遺傳潛能已成為研究的熱點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域。胚蛋給養(yǎng)(inovofeeding)來源于雞胚接種技術(shù),是將特定外源營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)注射到孵化期胚蛋中[2]。越來越多的研究表明,胚蛋給養(yǎng)是一種提高肉雞生長(zhǎng)速度和肌肉沉積的有效方法[3-5]。
β-羥基-β-甲基丁酸(HMB)是亮氨酸代謝的中間產(chǎn)物之一,與亮氨酸功能相似,在肌肉組織的蛋白質(zhì)合成過程中起重要作用[6],可作為高強(qiáng)度運(yùn)動(dòng)者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑。動(dòng)物研究表明,日糧補(bǔ)充HMB或其鈣鹽能夠提高不同動(dòng)物(豬、牛、羊、肉雞、火雞)生長(zhǎng)性能和產(chǎn)肉量,改善飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率和機(jī)體免疫功能[7-11]。目前關(guān)于胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB在肉雞上的應(yīng)用研究較少,且主要關(guān)注于改善腸道發(fā)育和免疫機(jī)能。HMB對(duì)肌肉蛋白質(zhì)的沉積有積極作用,本課題組前期研究表明,日糧添加0.1% HMB-Ca可顯著提高42日齡肉仔雞胸肌率[12],此外胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB能夠提高肉雞前期平均日增重,降低料重比,并提高了胸肌率和腿肌率[5]。然而前期研究對(duì)HMB影響肌肉發(fā)育的機(jī)理均未深入探討。禽類生長(zhǎng)早期衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞增殖活性直接影響生長(zhǎng)期骨骼肌的生長(zhǎng)潛能,火雞出殼后立即飼喂含有HMB的日糧能夠顯著提高衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞增殖活性[11],HMB對(duì)肌肉生長(zhǎng)的影響可能與衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞增殖潛力有關(guān)。
本試驗(yàn)旨在研究胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)性能、骨骼肌細(xì)胞形態(tài)及早期衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞增殖活性變化的影響,進(jìn)一步探討HMB影響肌肉發(fā)育的機(jī)理,以期為后續(xù)研究和生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料
β-羥基-β-甲基丁酸(HMB,99%)購自北京中生瑞泰科技有限公司。愛拔益加(AA)雞商品代受精蛋(種雞33周齡)由北京華都肉雞公司提供。采用K12SS-1-BO7型微電腦全自動(dòng)孵化器(山東省德州市志誠孵化設(shè)備有限公司)進(jìn)行孵化,孵化和飼養(yǎng)試驗(yàn)于中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院中試基地進(jìn)行。
1.2 試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物與處理
孵化階段:選用540枚種蛋(平均蛋重(68.5±0.5) g)隨機(jī)分成3個(gè)處理、處理Ⅰ,不注射作為空白對(duì)照組;處理Ⅱ,7胚齡注射1 mL 0.9%的生理鹽水;處理Ⅲ,在孵化第7胚齡注射1 mL含0.1% HMB的生理鹽水。注射前用75%酒精浸潤(rùn)的脫脂棉球在注射點(diǎn)附近擦拭消毒,注射器針頭長(zhǎng)度1 cm,注射完立即用石蠟封口。孵化條件:溫度37.8 ℃,相對(duì)濕度60%,每1.5 h翻蛋一次,第19天停止翻蛋,每隔4 h記錄一次孵化溫度和相對(duì)濕度。孵化第10天照蛋,去除未受精蛋和死胚蛋。
飼養(yǎng)階段:肉雞出殼后,從每個(gè)處理中各選取健康、接近平均體重72只公雛(羽速鑒別法)分配于6個(gè)籠子((100×90×65) cm3)飼養(yǎng),每籠12只雞,3層籠養(yǎng),各重復(fù)均勻分布于雞舍,飼養(yǎng)期為42 d,分為前期(0~21 d)和后期(22~42 d)兩個(gè)階段。試驗(yàn)飼糧參照NRC(1994)和NY/T 33-2004,并結(jié)合AA肉雞的飼養(yǎng)管理手冊(cè)配制(表1)。按照《AA肉雞飼養(yǎng)管理手冊(cè)》進(jìn)行日常管理,自由采食和飲水。
表1 試驗(yàn)飼糧組成及營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平(風(fēng)干基礎(chǔ))
Table 1 Composition and nutrient level of experimental diets(air-dry basis)%
項(xiàng)目Item1~21d22~42d原料Ingredient玉米Corn55.8862.98豆粕Soybeanmeal37.9431.75豆油Soybeanoil2.231.82石粉Limestone1.191.36磷酸氫鈣CaHPO41.871.30賴氨酸L-LysineHCl0.050.05蛋氨酸DL-Methionine0.170.07食鹽Salt0.350.35氯化膽堿Cholinechloride0.100.10預(yù)混料Premix1)0.220.22合計(jì)Total100100營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平Nutrientlevel2)代謝能/(MJ·kg-1)ME12.2212.39粗蛋白CP22.6020.30鈣Ca0.940.86總磷TP0.680.57有效磷AP0.430.34賴氨酸Lys1.241.08蛋氨酸Met0.480.36蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys0.820.68
1).預(yù)混料為每千克飼糧提供:Zn 75 mg,F(xiàn)e 80 mg,Mn 100 mg,Cu 8 mg,I 0.35 mg,Se 0.15 mg,VA 7 800 IU,VD32 500 IU,VK32.65 mg,VE 15 IU,VB10.98 mg,VB26 mg,VB62.5 mg,VB120.25 mg,泛酸鈣12 mg,煙酸50 mg,生物素0.12 mg,葉酸1.25 mg。2).營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平均為計(jì)算值
Provided per kilogram diet:Zn 75 mg, Fe 80 mg, Mn 100 mg, Cu 8 mg, I 0.35 mg, Se 0.15 mg, Vitamin A 7 800 IU, Vitamin D32 500 IU, Vitamin K32.65 mg, Vitamin E 15 IU, Vitamin B10.98 mg, Vitamin B26 mg, Vitamin B62.5 mg, Vitamin B120.25 mg, Ca-pantothenate 12 mg, Niacin 50 mg, Biotin 0.12 mg, Folic acid 1.25 mg.2).Nutrient level are calculated values
1.3 樣品采集及分析方法
1.3.1 生長(zhǎng)性能 出雛當(dāng)日統(tǒng)計(jì)出雛量,計(jì)算孵化率,并以每30只為一單位稱重,計(jì)算平均出殼重。
分別于試驗(yàn)的第0、21和42天早上09:00之前,以重復(fù)為單位空腹稱重,計(jì)算平均體重(BW)、平均日增重(ADG);試驗(yàn)期間每天以重復(fù)為單位,統(tǒng)計(jì)耗料量,計(jì)算試驗(yàn)前期、后期及全期的平均日采食量(ADFI)和飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率(F/G)。
1.3.2 胴體組成 分別于21、42日齡從每個(gè)重復(fù)中選取1只接近平均體重的肉仔雞,頸動(dòng)脈放血,按照《家禽生產(chǎn)性能名詞術(shù)語和度量統(tǒng)計(jì)方法》(NY/T 823-2004)測(cè)定試驗(yàn)雞的屠體重、全凈膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重和腹脂重,計(jì)算試驗(yàn)雞的全凈膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率。
1.3.3 組織切片制作及圖像分析處理 在肉仔雞出殼后第1、4和7天,每重復(fù)取1只經(jīng)上述方法殺死的雞,剝離胸肌,順肌纖維走向,切取胸肌標(biāo)本(0.3 cm×0.3 cm×0.5 cm),4%多聚甲醛PBS液(0.1 mol·L-1,pH7.4)固定,梯度濃度乙醇脫水,二甲苯透明,石蠟包埋,沿垂直于肌纖維方向連續(xù)切片,厚5 μm。蘇木素-伊紅染色法(H.E)染色,中性樹膠封片。
在Nikon 80i顯微鏡(Nikon,日本)400倍下拍照H.E法染色的切片,隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)視野。用Image-Pro Plus 5.0圖像分析軟件(Media Cybernetics)隨機(jī)測(cè)定每個(gè)視野中約50個(gè)完整肌細(xì)胞直徑(彎曲、變形、扭轉(zhuǎn)、重疊的肌纖維不測(cè)量);測(cè)量單個(gè)圖像總面積,統(tǒng)計(jì)其中肌細(xì)胞數(shù),計(jì)算肌細(xì)胞密度。
1.3.4 衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù) 出雛后第1、4和7天,從每重復(fù)取1只肉仔雞按100 mg·kg-1體重腹腔注射5-溴-2-脫氧尿嘧啶(BrdU,Sigma),標(biāo)記具有分裂活性的衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞。注射后2 h,按20 mg·kg-1體重注射戊巴比妥鈉處死,順肌纖維走向收集胸大肌標(biāo)本,固定于4%多聚甲醛PBS液中,免疫組化染色。根據(jù)D.T.Moore等的方法分析衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)[11]。染色結(jié)果判定:黑色小點(diǎn)代表BrdU陽性細(xì)胞核。衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)=(BrdU標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞核數(shù)/(BrdU標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞核數(shù)+非BrdU標(biāo)記的細(xì)胞核數(shù)))×100%。
1.3.5 血漿生化指標(biāo) 分別在出殼當(dāng)天及第7、21、42天,每重復(fù)選取1只體重接近該重復(fù)平均值的肉仔雞,翅靜脈(心)采血,抗凝管存放,4 000 r·min-1離心10 min分離血漿,-20 ℃保存。生長(zhǎng)激素(GH)、類胰島素生長(zhǎng)因子-1(IGF-1)含量采用相應(yīng)的125I標(biāo)記的放免試劑盒(RIA kits)測(cè)定(上海勁馬實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備有限公司,上海)。所有試劑盒在使用前先梯度稀釋血漿,依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線確定加樣量。每個(gè)血漿樣品檢測(cè)1次以避免批次間變異。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)方法
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS16.0的one-way ANOVA進(jìn)行單因素方差分析,采用LSD法進(jìn)行多重比較,數(shù)據(jù)差異性以P<0.05為顯著水平。結(jié)果均以“平均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差”表示。
2.1 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)種蛋孵化率和肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)性能的影響
胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)種蛋孵化率和肉仔雞BW、ADG、ADFI、F/G的影響見表2。空白組、生理鹽水組與HMB組的孵化率分別為88.88%、88.33%和91.67%,組間差異不顯著(P>0.05)。整體來看,肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)性能(BW、ADG、ADFI、F/G)在空白組和生理鹽水組之間均無顯著差異(P>0.05)。HMB組肉仔雞出殼重和21日齡BW均顯著高于空白組和生理鹽水組(P<0.05),7和42日齡BW差異不顯著。HMB組肉仔雞0~21 d的ADG顯著高于空白組和生理鹽水組(P<0.01),0~42 d HMB組肉仔雞ADG較其他兩組有升高趨勢(shì)(P=0.074)。各組間ADFI和F/G無顯著差異(P>0.05)??傊?,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB能加快肉仔雞生長(zhǎng),未見顯著改善F/G;與不注射組相比,注射生理鹽水對(duì)肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)性能無明顯作用。
表2 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)種蛋孵化率和肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)性能的影響
Table 2 Effects ofinovofeeding HMB on hatchability and performance in broilers
項(xiàng)目Item日齡/dDaysofage處理Treatment空白Control生理鹽水NormalsaltHMBP值P-value孵化率/%Hatchability88.88±5.4488.33±7.2391.67±4.590.584平均體重/gBW148.41±0.36b48.83±0.42b50.50±0.53a0.0017153.54±4.46153.36±2.98158.14±6.760.20321836.10±9.91b835.15±14.66b858.81±14.27a0.011422389.10±69.502393.01±80.542480.89±82.180.101平均日增重/(g·d-1)ADG0~2137.51±0.35b37.44±0.53b38.49±0.61a0.00822~4273.96±3.6074.18±3.2777.24±3.990.2480~4255.73±1.6655.81±1.9257.87±1.960.110平均日采食量/(g·d-1)AD-FI0~2153.49±3.9053.75±3.0354.96±3.300.63622~42140.32±9.29141.46±10.58147.86±10.110.1570~4296.90±3.3397.65±3.95101.41±4.620.183飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率/(g·g-1)F/G0~211.43±0.091.44±0.081.43±0.120.54122~421.90±0.181.91±0.171.92±0.140.4160~421.74±0.101.74±0.111.75±0.110.573
同行數(shù)據(jù)后所標(biāo)字母相異表示差異顯著(P<0.05),所標(biāo)字母相同表示差異不顯著(P>0.05)。下表同
Different letters in the same row means significant difference between the treatments (P<0.05), same letter in the same row means not significant difference between treatments (P>0.05). The same as below
2.2 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞胴體性狀的影響
由表3可知,與空白組和生理鹽水組相比,HMB組肉仔雞21和42日齡屠體重、全凈膛率和腿肌率差異不顯著(P>0.05)。7日齡時(shí),HMB組肉仔雞胸肌率較生理鹽水組提高了1.01%(P=0.019);21日齡時(shí),HMB組肉仔雞胸肌率顯著高于其他組(P<0.05),較空白組和生理鹽水組分別提高了1.11%和1.04%。21和42日齡時(shí),HMB組肉仔雞的腹脂率均最低,且在21日齡時(shí)顯著低于空白組(P=0.018)??瞻捉M和生理鹽水組各監(jiān)測(cè)點(diǎn)的胴體性狀均無顯著差異(P>0.05)。提示,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB能增大肉仔雞胸肌率,降低腹脂率,對(duì)全凈膛率和腿肌率無明顯作用。
表3 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞胴體性狀的影響
Table 3 Effects ofinovofeeding HMB on carcass composition in broilers
項(xiàng)目Item日齡/dDaysofage處理Treatment空白Control生理鹽水NormalsaltHMBP值P-value屠體重/gCarcassweight21752.44±10.05755.81±11.52781.50±11.890.511422102.41±57.432111.88±63.132183.18±60.010.487全凈膛率/%Dressingpercentage2167.67±2.7064.97±4.7968.93±2.310.1624271.94±1.5672.65±1.4772.48±2.860.826胸肌率/%Breastmusclepercentage12.59±0.372.74±0.502.85±0.550.65845.56±0.525.64±0.495.91±0.730.57279.98±0.77ab9.78±0.62b10.79±0.57a0.0442114.54±0.60b14.61±0.96b15.65±0.72a0.0434218.70±1.6619.05±1.7820.73±1.700.122腿肌率/%Legmusclepercentage2112.15±1.5312.31±1.4512.58±1.190.8674215.07±1.1414.99±0.9115.02±0.780.988腹脂率/%Abdominalfatpercentage211.32±0.11a1.16±0.18ab1.09±0.16b0.049421.21±0.041.17±0.071.15±0.090.737
2.3 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞肌細(xì)胞直徑和密度的影響
胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞胸肌肌細(xì)胞直徑、肌細(xì)胞密度的影響見表4。隨日齡增加,肉仔雞胸肌肌細(xì)胞直徑不斷增加、肌細(xì)胞密度減小。與空白組和生理鹽水組相比,HMB組肉仔雞出殼當(dāng)天和4日齡肌細(xì)胞直徑顯著提高(P<0.05),7日齡時(shí)差異不顯著。各處理組間肉仔雞出殼當(dāng)天、4和7日齡肌細(xì)胞密度差異不顯著(P>0.05)。提示,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB有利于肉仔雞肌肉細(xì)胞體積增大,對(duì)細(xì)胞密度無明顯作用。
2.4 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞肌肉衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)的影響
由表4可見,肉仔雞胸肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)隨日齡增加而減小。出殼當(dāng)天和7日齡肉仔雞,HMB組胸肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)較空白組和生理鹽水組顯著提高(P<0.05)。4日齡時(shí),與空白組相比,HMB組胸肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)有提高趨勢(shì)(P=0.071),與生理鹽水組相比差異不顯著(P>0.05)??瞻捉M和生理鹽水組胸肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)均無顯著差異(P>0.05)。提示,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB能增加肉仔雞出殼后早期胸肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性。
2.5 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞血漿激素水平的影響
表5所示為肉仔雞不同階段血漿指標(biāo)變化情況。由表可知,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)GH無顯著影響(P>0.05)。與空白組相比,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB顯著提高了7日齡肉仔雞血漿IGF-1含量(P<0.05),與生理鹽水之間差異不顯著(P>0.05);1、21和42日齡肉仔雞,各處理組間血漿IGF-1含量差異不顯著(P>0.05)。整體來看,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞血漿GH和IGF-1含量作用不明顯。
表4 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞肌細(xì)胞直徑、密度和衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)的影響
Table 4 Effects ofinovofeeding HMB on the muscle fiber diameter, density and satellite cell mitotic activity in broilers
項(xiàng)目Item日齡/dDaysofage處理Treatment空白Control生理鹽水NormalsaltHMBP值P-value肌細(xì)胞直徑/μmMusclecelldiameter140.33±2.09b39.50±2.94b43.56±1.80a0.021442.94±2.29b42.76±2.13b45.81±1.73a0.038755.61±2.0255.03±9.7058.49±7.480.677肌細(xì)胞密度/(piece·(mm2)-1)Musclecelldensity1457.17±26.88456.83±22.48474.67±21.590.2834351.17±19.32358.67±30.08351.83±19.140.9387270.83±22.55276.17±13.03283.50±13.460.448衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)/%Satellitecellmitoticactivityindex113.80±2.07b12.94±0.78b16.92±1.76a0.01246.96±1.607.45±0.758.35±1.200.17772.03±0.80b2.38±0.81b3.76±1.14a0.013
表5 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞血漿激素水平的影響
Table 5 Effects ofinovofeeding HMB on blood hormone level in broilers
3.1 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)種蛋孵化率和肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)性能的影響
孵化率直接關(guān)系到種禽場(chǎng)和孵化場(chǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,是胚蛋給養(yǎng)應(yīng)用過程中必須考慮的重要因素。胚蛋氣室可用于外源營(yíng)養(yǎng)注射,氣室注射可最大限度地降低因注射液體和機(jī)械損傷對(duì)胚胎產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)激,操作簡(jiǎn)單、方便[13]。胚蛋氣室注射L-精氨酸顯著提高了鵪鶉的孵化率[14]。本試驗(yàn)表明,與不注射相比,胚蛋注射HMB對(duì)種蛋孵化率無顯著影響,這與S.Nowaczewski等[15]的研究一致。本試驗(yàn)設(shè)置了注射生理鹽水組,結(jié)果提示注射操作不影響種蛋孵化率。本研究結(jié)果與早期報(bào)道的氣室中注射氨基酸,顯著降低孵化率[16]并不一致,這可能與注射液劑種類、種禽年齡、胚齡、注射操作、孵化條件等有關(guān)。
HMB是機(jī)體代謝產(chǎn)物,系生長(zhǎng)所必需。它不僅刺激巨噬細(xì)胞和淋巴細(xì)胞增殖,改善機(jī)體免疫功能,還能促進(jìn)肌肉生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,改善畜禽生長(zhǎng)性能和產(chǎn)肉量[17-18]。近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)畜禽日糧中添加適量HMB對(duì)生產(chǎn)性能影響的研究較多。母豬妊娠后期及哺乳期飼糧中連續(xù)添加HMB,可顯著提高仔豬初生重和哺乳期增重,改善母豬及仔豬免疫功能[7];產(chǎn)前2周飼喂母豬HMB,可提高初生仔豬血清中激素水平,從而改善仔豬初生至上市全期的體重[19];肉仔雞日糧中添加HMB,14日齡時(shí)體重顯著高于對(duì)照組[20],但隨日齡增加,因HMB刺激由免疫應(yīng)激引起的免疫應(yīng)答,體增重效果不明顯。利用胚蛋注射技術(shù)為孵化期的胚胎補(bǔ)充HMB,可及早調(diào)控家禽生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育。胚胎羊膜內(nèi)注射HMB,大幅度提高了腸道的早期發(fā)育,進(jìn)而提高火雞的出殼重和促進(jìn)出殼后的生長(zhǎng)[21-22]。前期研究表明,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB能夠提高肉雞前期平均日增重,降低飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率[5]。與前期結(jié)果一致,本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明胚蛋氣室注射HMB顯著提高了肉仔雞出殼重和生長(zhǎng)期體重,但未觀察到對(duì)飼料轉(zhuǎn)化效率有明顯改善作用,結(jié)果不一致的原因可能是偶然因素造成,有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。HMB在蛋白質(zhì)合成過程中起到重要作用,可有效促進(jìn)孵化期胚胎生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,尤其是刺激了肌細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和腸道的早期發(fā)育,提前發(fā)揮其遺傳潛力。胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB具有激活家禽生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)力的作用,促進(jìn)了家禽早期生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,使出殼時(shí)的體重優(yōu)勢(shì)持續(xù)到試驗(yàn)期結(jié)束。綜上,胚蛋給養(yǎng)是一種改善肉仔雞生產(chǎn)性能的有效手段。
3.2 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞胴體性狀的影響
現(xiàn)有試驗(yàn)表明,HMB能促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)合成,抑制蛋白質(zhì)降解,增加脂肪代謝。臨床上,運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練中補(bǔ)充適合劑量的HMB具有增加肌肉體積和力量[23],減輕肌肉損傷和延緩肌肉疲勞的作用[24]。胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)家禽骨骼肌的發(fā)育作用明顯,研究表明,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB,通過增加體內(nèi)糖原水平和刺激肌肉衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞增殖,可顯著提高肉仔雞胸肌重和胸肌率[25]。本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)在早期試驗(yàn)中,向孵化期的雞胚羊膜腔注射HMB,結(jié)果顯示,在21日齡肉仔雞胸肌率和腿肌率均顯著提高[5]。與以上結(jié)果類似,本試驗(yàn)表明,胚蛋注射HMB對(duì)肉仔雞全凈膛率、腿肌率影響不大,但顯著提高了7和21日齡時(shí)肉仔雞的胸肌率,對(duì)42日齡時(shí)胸肌率沒有顯著性影響。HMB對(duì)幼雛的有效作用可能是因?yàn)橛纂r的生長(zhǎng)潛能和肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞的活力較大[11]。相對(duì)于胸肌率的顯著提高,肉仔雞腿肌率未見受到影響,表明胸肌對(duì)HMB更敏感,具體機(jī)理還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
與空白組相比,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB的肉仔雞在第21日齡時(shí)腹脂率降低,而在42日齡時(shí)無顯著變化。提示肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)前期,HMB參與了機(jī)體的脂肪代謝。一些報(bào)道研究HMB對(duì)肌肉生長(zhǎng)和脂肪含量的作用時(shí)也得到了相似的結(jié)果,日糧中添加HMB能夠降低兔子[26]、肉牛[8]脂肪的含量。臨床試驗(yàn)報(bào)道,每天補(bǔ)充3 g HMB顯著降低了體脂百分率,降低血漿中總膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白[27]。目前,對(duì)于HMB參與脂肪代謝的機(jī)制尚未清楚。綜上,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB可改善肉仔雞的胴體性狀,增加胸肌比例,降低脂肪含量。
3.3 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞肌細(xì)胞形態(tài)和衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性的影響
肌纖維的形成分為孵化和出殼后兩階段,孵化階段主要是肌源性衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞的增殖,出殼后階段肌細(xì)胞數(shù)量幾乎不再改變,主要是肌細(xì)胞的肥大。肌肉組織離體培養(yǎng)研究表明,HMB可上調(diào)衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞增殖及成肌分化調(diào)節(jié)因子的表達(dá),促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)合成[25]。日糧中添加適量HMB可增加小鼠[28]和肉雞[18]的肌纖維直徑。與以上結(jié)果相似,在本試驗(yàn)中,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB提高了肉仔雞出殼后一周以內(nèi)的肌細(xì)胞直徑,未見顯著影響胸肌細(xì)胞密度。一般情況下肌細(xì)胞密度與肌細(xì)胞直徑呈負(fù)相關(guān),HMB引起的肌纖維的生長(zhǎng)可能與肌細(xì)胞的肥大和肌細(xì)胞密度未明顯降低有關(guān)。
衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞的活力在家禽出雛后的第一周較高,然后不斷下降[29]。與出殼后立即飼喂商業(yè)日糧相比,孵化后即刻采食含有HMB日糧的仔火雞48 h和1周齡體重顯著增加,且48 h的衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞核分裂能力最高[11]。本試驗(yàn)觀察肉雞出殼后一周內(nèi)的胸肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性的變化,結(jié)果顯示胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB顯著提高了雛雞肌肉衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性指數(shù)。因成熟肌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)能力有限,家禽出雛后期肌肉最終重量更大程度上取決于肌細(xì)胞核增殖和融合。比日糧添加HMB更有優(yōu)勢(shì),通過胚蛋給養(yǎng)可以將HMB對(duì)肌肉發(fā)育的作用提前到胚胎期,及早調(diào)控了衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞的增殖潛力。綜上,HMB改善骨骼肌生長(zhǎng)和增加肌肉產(chǎn)量,可通過影響肉仔雞出殼后衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞的活性實(shí)現(xiàn)。
3.4 胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB對(duì)肉仔雞血漿激素水平的影響
肌纖維的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育受體內(nèi)代謝激素的調(diào)節(jié),其中GH是促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)合成的重要激素之一。研究表明GH可直接作用于組織器官中的特異性受體,促進(jìn)組織對(duì)糖和氨基酸的吸收利用;GH促生長(zhǎng)作用還可經(jīng)IGF-1的介導(dǎo)實(shí)現(xiàn)[30]。IGF-1是GH誘導(dǎo)靶細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的一種肽類物質(zhì),主要由肝合成,是調(diào)節(jié)肌衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞增殖和分化的主要生長(zhǎng)因子之一,其能促進(jìn)骨骼肌的合成,促使肌纖維增大。給妊娠母豬補(bǔ)充HMB可顯著提高仔豬血清中GH和IGF-1的含量(38%和20%),從而促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)軸的調(diào)節(jié)作用[19];類似的,肉羊試驗(yàn)表明,采食HMB飼糧的羔羊血清GH和IGF-1水平均顯著高于對(duì)照組[31]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB未見影響各階段肉仔雞血漿GH,這與前期研究相類似[5,12],表明HMB對(duì)肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)的調(diào)節(jié)與GH關(guān)聯(lián)性不強(qiáng)。胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB能夠提高7日齡肉仔雞血漿中的IGF-1水平,對(duì)1、21和42日齡IGF-1水平的影響不顯著,這可能與日糧營(yíng)養(yǎng)水平、肉雞的生理狀態(tài)和生長(zhǎng)階段有關(guān)。
胚蛋給養(yǎng)HMB可提高肉仔雞出殼重,增加衛(wèi)星細(xì)胞有絲分裂活性,促進(jìn)肉仔雞肌肉發(fā)育,加快肉仔雞生長(zhǎng),尤其是在其生長(zhǎng)前期;注射HMB不影響種蛋孵化率和肉仔雞飼料/增重;注射生理鹽水與不注射處理結(jié)果相似,對(duì)肉仔雞生長(zhǎng)沒有影響。
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(編輯 郭云雁)
Effect ofinOvoFeeding of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate on Hatchability,Performance and Skeletal Muscle Development in Broilers
MA You-biao#,ZHANG Hai-jun#,WANG Jing,WU Shu-geng*,QI Guang-hai
(KeyLaboratoryofFeedBiotechnologyofMinistryofAgriculture,FeedResearchInstitute,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081,China)
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect ofinovofeeding of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on hatchability, growth performance and skeletal muscle development in broilers. A total of 540 fertilized eggs from Arbor Acre broilers were allotted into 3 treatments: one control group (without injection), and two injection groups injected with 1 mL 0.9% saline (saline group) and 1 mL 0.1% HMB (HMB group) at 7 d of incubation, respectively. After hatching, 72 healthy male chicks were selected from each treatment and randomly divided into 6 replicates with 12 birds each. The results showed that: 1)Inovofeeding had no significant effect on hatchability of fertilized eggs (P>0.05). 2) Compared with the other groups, HMB injection significantly increased the BW of broiler at hatch and 21 d posthatch and markedly elevated ADG during the first 21 days (P<0.05). 3) At 7 d of age, breast muscle percentage of chicks from HMB injection group were increased by 1.01% than that of chicks from saline group (P=0.019).Inovofeeding HMB significantly increased breast muscle percentage of broilers by 1.11% (P<0.05) than the control group and by 1.04% (P<0.05) than the saline injection group at 21 d of age. 4) The abdominal fat percentage of chicks from HMB injection group was the lowest, and significantly lower than that of chicks from the control group at 21 d of age (P=0.018). 5) Compared with the control group and saline group, chicks from HMB injection group had significantly higher myofiber diameter at hatch and 4 d of age (P<0.05). 6) At hatch and 7 d of age, the mitotic activity of satellite cells in breast muscle in chicks from HMB group were significantly higher than that from other groups (P<0.05). 7) At 7 d of age, plasma Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) content in HMB injection group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between HMB and the saline groups (P>0.05).Inovofeeding HMB may improve BW at hatch, increase mitotic activity of satellite cells and IGF-1 content in the blood circulation, thus facilitating the breast muscle development and promoting the growth in the early period.Inovofeeding HMB did not affect hatchability and feed conversion ratio in broilers. Growth performance was not different between the control and saline injection groups.
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate;inovofeeding; growth performance;breast muscle; broiler
10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2016.11.012
2016-01-08
家禽產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系北京市創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)(CARS-PSTP);北京市自然科學(xué)基金(6132027)
馬友彪(1989-),男,山東濟(jì)寧人,碩士生,主要從事動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)與飼料科學(xué)研究,E-mail:myb0514@126.com;張海軍(1976-),男,河南南陽人,副研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控研究,E-mail:fowlfeed@163.com。馬友彪和張海軍并列為第一作者
*通信作者:武書庚,研究員,碩士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)控研究,E-mail:wushugeng@caas.cn
S831.4
A
0366-6964(2016)11-2248-09