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特發(fā)性肺纖維化患者臨床和肺生理指標(biāo)的變化及其與預(yù)后關(guān)聯(lián)性的研究

2016-12-14 06:54:09彭守春李學(xué)任
中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué) 2016年35期
關(guān)鍵詞:變化率生存率變化

彭守春,李學(xué)任

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·論著·

特發(fā)性肺纖維化患者臨床和肺生理指標(biāo)的變化及其與預(yù)后關(guān)聯(lián)性的研究

彭守春,李學(xué)任

目的 評(píng)估臨床和肺生理指標(biāo)的時(shí)間變化量與特發(fā)性肺纖維化(IPF)患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系。方法 選擇2001年1月—2008年8月中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院和武警后勤學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院診治的126例IPF患者為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)隨訪時(shí)間,對(duì)隨訪6個(gè)月(納入隨訪4~8個(gè)月的患者,81例)和12個(gè)月(納入隨訪9~15個(gè)月的患者,52例)時(shí)的患者進(jìn)行分析。分析臨床和肺生理指標(biāo)〔呼吸困難評(píng)分、第1秒用力呼氣末容積(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、肺總量(TLC)、殘氣容積(RV)、一氧化碳彌散量(DLCO)、氧分壓(PaO2)、二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)、血氧飽和度(SaO2)和肺泡-動(dòng)脈氧分壓差(PA-aO2)〕較基礎(chǔ)變量的變化量(基礎(chǔ)變量-隨訪6個(gè)月的變量;基礎(chǔ)變量-隨訪12個(gè)月的變量)和變化率(變化量/基礎(chǔ)變量)與IPF患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系。同時(shí),依據(jù)各指標(biāo)變化率作為分組的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí)和12個(gè)月時(shí)的患者分別分為改善組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組。采用Log-rank檢驗(yàn)比較隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí)各指標(biāo)改善組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率的差異。采用Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析IPF患者預(yù)后的影響因素。結(jié)果 52例患者隨訪13~84個(gè)月,中位生存期為51〔95%CI(22,56)〕個(gè)月。單因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析結(jié)果顯示:隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí)呼吸困難評(píng)分、FEV1、FVC、TLC、DLCO、PaO2、SaO2、PA-aO2變化量、變化率是IPF患者預(yù)后的影響因素(P<0.05)。隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí),呼吸困難評(píng)分、FVC、DLCO、PaO2、SaO2和PA-aO2以及隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí)TLC改善組、穩(wěn)定組、惡化組組間生存率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析結(jié)果顯示:隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):呼吸困難評(píng)分變化率〔HR=1.131,95%CI(1.044,1.311),P=0.027〕、FVC變化率〔HR=0.899,95%CI(0.709,0.945),P<0.001〕和PaO2變化率〔HR=0.957,95%CI(0.890,0.987),P=0.034〕是影響IPF患者預(yù)后的因素;隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):FVC變化率〔HR=0.838,95%CI(0.811,0.910),P<0.001〕、TLC變化率〔HR=0.962,95%CI(0.890,0.987),P=0.048〕和DLCO變化率〔HR=0.932,95%CI(0.875,0.967),P<0.001〕是影響IPF患者預(yù)后的因素。結(jié)論 臨床和肺生理指標(biāo)易測(cè)定、重復(fù)性好,可作為IPF患者預(yù)后監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo),6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月指標(biāo)的變化率可較好地預(yù)測(cè)IPF患者的預(yù)后。

特發(fā)性肺纖維化;預(yù)后;比例危險(xiǎn)度模型;肺活量

彭守春,李學(xué)任.特發(fā)性肺纖維化患者臨床和肺生理指標(biāo)的變化及其與預(yù)后關(guān)聯(lián)性的研究[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(35):4338-4345.[www.chinagp.net]

PENG S C,LI X R.Relevance analysis of changes in clinical indicators and pulmonary physiological parameters and prognosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(35):4338-4345.

特發(fā)性肺纖維化(IPF)為病因不明、出現(xiàn)在成年人、局限于肺、進(jìn)行性致纖維化的間質(zhì)性肺炎,其組織病理學(xué)和放射學(xué)表現(xiàn)為普通型間質(zhì)性肺炎[1]。IPF與特發(fā)性間質(zhì)性肺炎(IIP)相比,目前認(rèn)為IPF藥物治療無效,其預(yù)后不容樂觀[2-4]。IPF確診后患者中位生存期約為3年[5],個(gè)體生存時(shí)間存在差異[1],判斷IPF患者預(yù)后的非常困難。以往關(guān)于臨床和肺生理指標(biāo)與IPF預(yù)后的研究很多,但結(jié)論存在爭(zhēng)議[6-9]。關(guān)于臨床和肺生理指標(biāo)的時(shí)間變化量對(duì)IPF患者預(yù)后的影響也曾有報(bào)道,COLLARD等[10]評(píng)估6、12個(gè)月肺生理指標(biāo)的變化量是影響IPF患者預(yù)后的因素,但此結(jié)論存在爭(zhēng)議,因?yàn)榉喂δ苤笜?biāo)變化從80%到70%與從60%到50%,雖然變化量均是10%,但變化率不一樣,所以應(yīng)重新評(píng)估此結(jié)論。本研究假設(shè)隨訪6、12個(gè)月的臨床、肺功能和動(dòng)脈血?dú)庾兓瘦^變化量更有預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)意義。為此本研究以2011年中文美國(guó)胸科學(xué)會(huì)(ATS)、歐洲呼吸學(xué)會(huì)(ERS)、日本呼吸學(xué)會(huì)(JRS)和拉丁美洲胸科學(xué)會(huì)(ALAT)循證醫(yī)學(xué)指南的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[1]為基礎(chǔ),嚴(yán)格設(shè)計(jì),回顧性分析IPF患者隨訪6、12個(gè)月臨床、肺功能和動(dòng)脈血?dú)廨^基礎(chǔ)變量的變化率對(duì)IPF患者預(yù)后的影響。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象 選擇2001年1月—2008年8月中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院和武警后勤學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院診治的IPF患者為研究對(duì)象,納入的患者符合2002年中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)呼吸病學(xué)分會(huì)、ATS/ERS關(guān)于IPF診斷和治療指南的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11-12],再根據(jù)2011年由ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT共同制定的IPF診治指南[1],將不符合新指南標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者剔除,并排除慢性過敏性肺炎、石棉沉著病、血管炎、結(jié)締組織病、嗜酸粒細(xì)胞肺炎、藥物等因素所致的間質(zhì)性肺疾病。共納入126例IPF患者,根據(jù)隨訪時(shí)間,對(duì)隨訪6個(gè)月(納入隨訪4~8個(gè)月的患者,81例)和12個(gè)月(納入隨訪9~15個(gè)月的患者,52例)時(shí)的患者進(jìn)行分析,其中隨訪12個(gè)月的52例患者均來自隨訪6個(gè)月的81例患者。本研究經(jīng)患者知情同意,同時(shí)得到醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)支持。

1.2 方法 (1)呼吸困難評(píng)分:為半定量指標(biāo),分值為0~20分,分值越大表明呼吸困難越嚴(yán)重。0分:在劇烈活動(dòng)后無任何呼吸困難;2分:上5層樓梯或用力活動(dòng)10 min或使用重工具后出現(xiàn)呼吸困難;4分:在平地上行走超過1 500 m或上3層樓梯后出現(xiàn)呼吸困難;6分:在平地上行走500~<1 500 m或上兩層樓梯后出現(xiàn)呼吸困難;8分:在平地上行走100~<500 m或上1層樓梯后出現(xiàn)呼吸困難;10分:在平地上行走50~<100 m或上1層樓梯、洗澡、駕駛汽車、在裝配流水線上工作出現(xiàn)呼吸困難;12分:在平地上行走15~<50 m時(shí)出現(xiàn)呼吸困難;14分:在平地上行走5~<15 m或從事輕體力活動(dòng)或操作儀器出現(xiàn)呼吸困難;16分:從事輕微體力活動(dòng),如穿衣服、行走5 m以內(nèi)、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間交談出現(xiàn)呼吸困難;18分:從事極輕微的體力活動(dòng),如吃飯、排便、寫字、坐起出現(xiàn)呼吸困難;20分:休息時(shí)出現(xiàn)呼吸困難。肺功能檢查:應(yīng)用肺功能儀(sensormedics,Vmax229,美國(guó))進(jìn)行肺功能檢測(cè),檢測(cè)指標(biāo)包括第1秒用力呼氣末容積(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、肺總量(TLC)、殘氣容積(RV)、一氧化碳彌散量(DLCO),以上指標(biāo)用實(shí)際值占預(yù)計(jì)值的百分比表示;動(dòng)脈血?dú)鈾z測(cè)應(yīng)用AVL990型血?dú)庾詣?dòng)分析儀,所測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)全部按測(cè)定時(shí)的室溫、氣壓校正為BTPS狀態(tài),指標(biāo)包括氧分壓(PaO2)、二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)、血氧飽和度(SaO2)和肺泡-動(dòng)脈氧分壓差(PA-aO2)。(2)變化量和變化率定義:變化量=基礎(chǔ)變量-隨訪變量;變化率=變化量/基礎(chǔ)變量。(3)分組:參照ATS/ERS分組標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2],分別以呼吸困難評(píng)分變化2分,F(xiàn)VC和TLC變化率為10%,DLCO變化率為15%,SaO2變化率為4%,PaO2、PA-aO2變化4 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。呼吸困難評(píng)分和PA-aO2下降大于上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn),F(xiàn)VC、TLC、DLCO、SaO2增加大于上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義為改善組;呼吸困難評(píng)分和PA-aO2增加大于上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn),F(xiàn)VC、TLC、DLCO、SaO2下降大于上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義為惡化組;介于改善組和惡化組之間定義為穩(wěn)定組。

1.3 隨訪 要求患者每3~6個(gè)月隨訪1次,隨訪方式包括門診、電話,隨訪至2011年8月。檢查其臨床、肺功能、動(dòng)脈血?dú)饧胺尾扛叻直鍯T以指導(dǎo)下一步用藥,如患者未及時(shí)來診,對(duì)其進(jìn)行電話隨訪,如患者死亡記錄死亡時(shí)間,同時(shí)確定死因。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 IPF患者隨訪6、12個(gè)月各指標(biāo)的特征 隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):81例患者中男55例,女26例;年齡37~76歲,平均年齡(60.0±8.3)歲;45例為吸煙者,36例為非吸煙者。隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):52例患者中男36例,女16例;年齡42~76歲,平均年齡(60.0±7.6)歲;32例為吸煙者,20例為非吸煙者。FEV1、FVC、TLC、RV、DLCO、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、PA-aO2基線值和隨訪6個(gè)月值比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);隨訪6個(gè)月呼吸困難評(píng)分高于基線值,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001,見表1)。呼吸困難評(píng)分、FEV1、FVC、TLC、RV、DLCO、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2、PA-aO2隨訪6個(gè)月值和隨訪12個(gè)月值比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表2)。

2.2 IPF患者生存情況 52例患者隨訪13~84個(gè)月,平均隨訪46個(gè)月,中位生存期為51〔95%CI(22,56)〕個(gè)月。

2.3 單因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析 以患者預(yù)后為因變量(生存=1,死亡=0),分別以各指標(biāo)變化量、變化率為自變量,結(jié)果顯示,隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí)呼吸困難評(píng)分、FEV1、FVC、TLC、DLCO、PaO2、SaO2、PA-aO2變化量、變化率是IPF患者預(yù)后的影響因素(P<0.05,見表3、4)。

表1 IPF患者各指標(biāo)隨訪6個(gè)月和基線值比較

注:FEV1=第1秒用力呼氣末容積,F(xiàn)VC=用力肺活量,TLC=肺總量,RV=殘氣容積,DLCO=一氧化碳彌散量,PaO2=氧分壓,PaCO2=二氧化碳分壓,SaO2=氧飽和度,PA-aO2=肺泡-動(dòng)脈氧分壓差;a為例數(shù)有缺失

表2 IPF患者各指標(biāo)隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí)比較

注:a為例數(shù)有缺失

表3 隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月指標(biāo)變化量對(duì)IPF患者預(yù)后影響的單因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析

Table 3 Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis on changing value of parameters follow-up for the 6 and 12 months for prognosis of IPF patients

指標(biāo)時(shí)間(月)-2likehoodβSEWaldχ2值HR95%CIP值呼吸困難評(píng)分647.50.3250.04541.6561.012(1.008,1.016)<0.0011212.80.5850.1158.5201.011(1.004,1.019)0.004FEV1627.4-0.0650.01421.7100.937(0.911,0.963)<0.0011210.0-0.0140.0673.9930.024(0.001,0.933)0.046FVC656.0-0.0540.00845.2860.918(0.895,0.941)<0.0011230.0-0.0350.01120.7130.894(0.852,0.934)<0.001TLC612.0-0.0480.0095.8100.974(0.953,0.993)0.0161213.0-0.0500.0118.7600.959(0.933,0.986)0.003RV69.0-0.0110.0063.0280.993(0.985,1.001)0.082126.00.0110.0100.9221.007(0.993,1.022)0.337DLCO629.0-0.0680.01023.3500.952(0.931,0.970)<0.0011226.0-0.0580.01323.4400.932(0.906,0.959)<0.001PaO2621.0-0.0550.01116.2500.928(0.895,0.962)<0.0011223.0-0.0740.01524.0700.919(0.888,0.950)<0.001PaCO265.0-0.5040.2741.8060.997(0.907,1.025)0.098123.00.2340.3120.7751.015(0.962,1.139)0.644SaO2622.0-0.2000.03818.1150.848(0.786,0.915)<0.0011217.0-0.2410.05214.0330.803(0.716,0.901)<0.001PA-aO2662.00.0530.00941.5661.177(1.120,1.237)<0.0011220.00.0550.01416.4741.177(1.088,1.274)<0.001

2.4 組間生存率比較 依據(jù)各指標(biāo)分組標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月患者分別分為改善組、穩(wěn)定組、惡化組,進(jìn)行組間生存率比較。

隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):呼吸困難評(píng)分改善組和穩(wěn)定組生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.546,P=0.214);改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=34.661,P<0.001;χ2=67.098,P<0.001)。隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):呼吸困難評(píng)分改善組和穩(wěn)定組生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.047,P=0.306);改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=5.088,P=0.024;χ2=68.341,P<0.001,見圖1)。

注:A為隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí),B為隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí);A和B例數(shù)有缺失

圖1 IPF患者隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月呼吸困難評(píng)分各組生存曲線

Figure 1 Survival curves of each group of dyspnea scores among IPF patients follow-up for the 6 and 12 months

表4 隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月指標(biāo)變化率對(duì)IPF患者預(yù)后影響的單因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析

Table 4 Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis on changing ratio of parameters follow-up for the 6 and 12 months for prognosis of IPF patients

指標(biāo)時(shí)間(月)-2likehoodβSEWaldχ2值HR95%CIP值呼吸困難評(píng)分672.70.0670.00649.1611.441(1.301,1.596)<0.0011225.30.0450.01218.4801.620(1.300,2.030)<0.001FEV1630.6-0.0500.01023.1330.952(0.933,0.971)<0.0011213.0-0.0340.0157.5230.923(0.872,0.977)0.006FVC676.6-0.0860.01351.5500.859(0.824,0.895)<0.0011240.0-0.0560.02132.6500.874(0.829,0.913)<0.001TLC613.0-0.0220.0087.6650.978(0.963,0.994)0.0061215.0-0.0310.0109.4150.968(0.948,0.998)0.002RV67.0-0.0050.0032.0280.956(0.945,1.012)0.182127.00.0040.0051.9221.017(0.983,1.122)0.937DLCO638.0-0.0390.00729.5060.962(0.949,0.976)<0.0011235.0-0.0600.01129.2200.942(0.921,0.962)<0.001PaO2630.0-0.0770.01623.2140.926(0.898,0.956)<0.0011227.0-0.0750.01524.0840.928(0.900,0.956)<0.001PaCO266.0-0.0130.0140.8060.987(0.960,1.015)0.369124.00.0070.0080.1751.021(0.942,1.064)0.584SaO2624.0-0.1680.03819.5240.846(0.785,0.911)<0.0011219.0-0.2160.05714.5070.806(0.721,0.900)<0.001PA-aO2668.00.0530.00846.9441.054(1.038,1.070)<0.0011223.00.0360.00918.6291.055(1.030,1.080)<0.001

隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):FVC改善組和穩(wěn)定組、改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=16.197,P<0.001;χ2=67.727,P<0.001;χ2=30.623,P<0.001)。隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):FVC改善組和穩(wěn)定組、改善組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=35.314,P<0.001;χ2=37.987,P<0.001);穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2<0.001,P=0.983,見圖2)。

注:A為隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí),B為隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí);B例數(shù)有缺失

圖2 IPF患者隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月FVC各組生存曲線

Figure 2 Survival curves of each group of FVC among IPF patients follow-up for the 6 and 12 months

隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):TLC改善組和穩(wěn)定組、改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.576,P=0.209;χ2=1.774,P=0.183;χ2=0.055,P=0.814)。隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):TLC改善組和穩(wěn)定組、改善組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=8.271,P=0.004;χ2=19.677,P<0.001);穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.355,P=0.244,見圖3)。

注:A為隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí),B為隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí);B例數(shù)有缺失

圖3 IPF患者隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月TLC各組生存曲線

Figure 3 Survival curves of each group of TLC among IPF patients follow-up for the 6 and 12 months

隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):DLCO改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和改善組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=21.455,P<0.001;χ2=7.632,P=0.006;χ2=4.016,P=0.045)。隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):DLCO改善組和穩(wěn)定組生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=3.025,P=0.082);改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=23.551,P<0.001;χ2=13.781,P<0.001,見圖4)。

注:A為隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí),B為隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí)

圖4 IPF患者隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月DLCO各組生存曲線

Figure 4 Survival curves of each group of DLCO among IPF patients follow-up for the 6 and 12 months

隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):PaO2改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=21.594,P<0.001;χ2=11.958,P=0.001);穩(wěn)定組和改善組生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.450,P=0.502)。隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):PaO2改善組和穩(wěn)定組、改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=12.344,P<0.001;χ2=29.527,P<0.001;χ2=10.290,P=0.001,見圖5)。

注:A為隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí),B為隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí);A例數(shù)有缺失

圖5 IPF患者隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月 PaO2各組生存曲線

Figure 5 Survival curves of each group of PaO2among IPF patients follow-up for the 6 and 12 months

隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):SaO2改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=6.743,P=0.009;χ2=9.968,P=0.002);穩(wěn)定組和改善組生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=1.080,P=0.299)。隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):SaO2改善組和穩(wěn)定組生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=0.732,P=0.392);改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=5.523,P<0.001;χ2=12.431,P<0.001,見圖6)。

注:A為隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí),B為隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí);A例數(shù)有缺失

圖6 IPF患者隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月SaO2各組生存曲線

Figure 6 Survival curves of each group of SaO2among IPF patients follow-up for the 6 and 12 months

隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):PA-aO2改善組和惡化組、改善組和穩(wěn)定組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=68.618,P<0.001;χ2=11.520,P=0.001);穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=3.435,P=0.064)。隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):PA-aO2改善組和穩(wěn)定組、改善組和惡化組、穩(wěn)定組和惡化組生存率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=46.678,P<0.001;χ2=36.539,P<0.001;χ2=5.079,P=0.024,見圖7)。

注:A為隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí),B為隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí);A例數(shù)有缺失

圖7 IPF患者隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月 PA-aO2各組生存曲線

Figure 7 Survival curves of each group of PA-aO2among IPF patients follow-up for the 6 and 12 months

2.5 多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析 對(duì)單因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸有意義的指標(biāo)進(jìn)行多因素分析,隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí):呼吸困難評(píng)分變化率〔β=0.157,SE=0.058,HR=1.131,95%CI(1.044,1.311),Wald χ2值=4.919,P=0.027〕、FVC變化率〔β=-0.101,SE=0.034,HR=0.899,95%CI(0.709,0.945),Wald χ2值=17.104,P<0.001〕和PaO2變化率〔β=-0.078,SE=0.021,HR=0.957,95%CI(0.890,0.987),Wald χ2值=4.489,P=0.034〕是影響IPF患者預(yù)后的因素;隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí):FVC變化率〔β=-0.067,SE=0.023,HR=0.838,95%CI(0.811,0.910),Wald χ2值=17.336,P<0.001〕、TLC變化率〔β=-0.145,SE=0.078,HR=0.962,95%CI(0.890,0.987),Wald χ2值=3.895,P=0.048〕和DLCO變化率〔β=-0.032,SE=0.012,HR=0.932,95%CI(0.875,0.967),Wald χ2值=15.709,P<0.001〕是影響IPF患者預(yù)后的因素。

3 討論

IPF患者預(yù)后影響因素的研究一般以基線變量為主,一系列基線變量的研究包括:年齡、性別、吸煙狀態(tài)、呼吸困難評(píng)分、FEV1、FVC、TLC、RV、DLCO、PaO2、PA-aO2、胸部X線病變程度、運(yùn)動(dòng)生理學(xué)、支氣管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺組織病理學(xué)[6-9]。但這些研究結(jié)論不一。關(guān)于基線變量的綜合評(píng)分系統(tǒng)包括臨床、影像學(xué)和生理[6],雖然是敏感的IPF患者預(yù)后影響因素,但其影像學(xué)分析和運(yùn)動(dòng)肺功能測(cè)定很難推廣,限制臨床應(yīng)用。本研究假設(shè)隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月指標(biāo)變化率較變化量更有預(yù)后預(yù)測(cè)意義,以2011年ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT循證醫(yī)學(xué)指南為診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),結(jié)果顯示:呼吸困難評(píng)分、肺功能指標(biāo)(除RV)和動(dòng)脈血?dú)庵笜?biāo)(除PaCO2)的組間生存率比較有差異;隨訪6個(gè)月時(shí)呼吸困難評(píng)分、FVC和PaO2變化率和隨訪12個(gè)月時(shí)FVC、TLC和DLCO變化率是影響IPF患者預(yù)后的因素。

本研究單因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析中,發(fā)現(xiàn)FVC變化量及其變化率在隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí)是影響IPF患者預(yù)后最強(qiáng)的因素,F(xiàn)VC測(cè)定簡(jiǎn)單易行,可重復(fù)性好,通常作為評(píng)價(jià)肺部疾病患者的常用指標(biāo)[13],為IPF患者提供有力的預(yù)后信息,更重要的是,在調(diào)整基礎(chǔ)變量后,多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,F(xiàn)VC變化率也是影響IPF患者預(yù)后的因素,表明患者疾病進(jìn)展的程度和初始病變程度是獨(dú)立的,均是影響IPF患者預(yù)后的因素。已往研究一般注意到IPF患者隨訪過程中FVC變化量對(duì)其預(yù)后的影響[14-15],研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FVC在隨訪中較基礎(chǔ)值的下降可能帶來病死率增加[16-21],HANSON等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在1年隨訪中FVC下降大于10%的IPF患者預(yù)后較差,一些研究把FVC變化率為10%~15%作為分組的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[17,22-25]。本研究在組間生存率比較中發(fā)現(xiàn):隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月FVC改善組(下降大于10%)、穩(wěn)定組(下降10%和升高10%之間)和惡化組(升高10%以上)組間生存率比較有明顯差異。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)DLCO下降大于15%的IPF患者死亡危險(xiǎn)升高,雖然DLCO的測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在國(guó)外已確定[26],但DLCO較FVC的測(cè)量變異程度大,所以對(duì)于IPF患者的臨床顯著改善一般以15%為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[22-24]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道IPF患者經(jīng)過1年的治療,DLCO改善和未變化組較DLCO下降>20%組預(yù)后好,如果結(jié)合FVC和DLCO的變化,預(yù)后價(jià)值會(huì)更好[22]。本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)呼吸困難評(píng)分、TLC、PaO2、SaO2、PA-aO2組間生存率比較有差異,IPF患者隨訪6個(gè)月呼吸困難評(píng)分、PaO2變化率和隨訪12個(gè)月TLC變化率是影響IPF患者的預(yù)后因素,但還未被其他研究所證實(shí),需要進(jìn)一步研究。

本研究存在缺陷:病例選擇偏倚,因?yàn)橐笏腥脒x病例生存>6或12個(gè)月,要求所有IPF患者在6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月時(shí)進(jìn)行隨訪,但很多患者沒有及時(shí)來訪。

臨床和肺生理指標(biāo)易測(cè)定、重復(fù)性好,可作為IPF患者預(yù)后監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo),隨訪6個(gè)月和12個(gè)月指標(biāo)的變化率較指標(biāo)變化量對(duì)IPF患者的預(yù)后意義更好,但應(yīng)進(jìn)一步研究。

作者貢獻(xiàn):彭守春進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)施、資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對(duì)文章負(fù)責(zé);李學(xué)任進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)實(shí)施、評(píng)估、資料收集、質(zhì)量控制及審校。

本文無利益沖突。

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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)

Relevance Analysis of Changes in Clinical Indicators and Pulmonary Physiological Parameters and Prognosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

PENGShou-chun,LIXue-ren.

DepartmentofRespiratoryandIntensiveCare,AffiliatedHospitalofLogisticsCollegeofChinesePeople′sArmedPoliceForces,Tianjin300162,China

Correspondingauthor:PENGShou-chun,DepartmentofRespiratoryandIntensiveCare,AffiliatedHospitalofLogisticsCollegeofChinesePeople′sArmedPoliceForces,Tianjin300162,China;E-mail:Pengshouchun@163.com

Objective To assess the relationship between the changing quantities at different times of clinical indicators,pulmonary physiological parameters and the prognosis of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF).Methods 126 patients with IPF,who received treatment in the First Hospital of China Medical University and the Affiliated Hospital of Logistics College of Chinese People′s Armed Police Forces from January 2001 to August 2008,were selected as research objects.According to the follow-up time,the patients were followed up for 6 months(followed-up of 4-8 months,81 cases)and 12 months(followed-up of 9-15 months,52 cases)were analyzed.The relationship between the changing quantity of clinical indicators,pulmonary physiological parameters〔dyspnea score,forced expiratory volume in first second(FEV1),forced vital capacity(FVC),total lung volume(TLC),residual volume(RV),diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide(DLCO),oxygen partial pressure(PaO2),partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO2),oxygen saturation(SaO2)and alveolar-arterial partial pressure of oxygen difference(PA-aO2)〕,compared with underlying variables(underlying variables-variables within follow-up for 6 months;underlying variables-variables within follow-up for 12 months),changing ratio(changing quantity/underlying variables)and the prognosis of the IPF patients was analyzed.At the same time,taking the changing ratio as the grouping standard,the patients who were followed up for 6 months and 12 months in this study were respectively divided into improvement group,stable group and worsening group.Log-rank method was used to compare the differences in between-group survival rates of various clinical and pulmonary physiological parameters at the 6th month and the 12th month.The prognostic factors of IPF patients were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression.Results 52 patients had a follow-up of 13 to 84 months,and the median survival time was 51 months〔95%CI(22,56)〕.The results of univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed as follows:the changing value and ratio of dyspnea scores and the FEV1,F(xiàn)VC,TLC,DLCO,PaO2,SaO2,PA-aO2at the 6th month and the 12th month were the influencing factors of IPF patients′ prognosis(P<0.05).There were significant differences of survival rate of improvement group,stable group and worsening group of dyspnea scores,F(xiàn)VC,DLCO,PaO2,SaO2and PA-aO2at the 6th and the 12th month,and TLC at the 12th month(P<0.05).Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that the changing ratio of dyspnea scores〔HR=1.131,95%CI(1.044,1.311),P=0.027〕, FVC〔HR=0.899,95%CI(0.709,0.945),P<0.001〕 and PaO2〔HR=0.957,95%CI(0.890,0.987),P=0.034〕 were the influencing factors of the prognosis of IPF patients at the 6th month;the changing ratio of FVC〔HR=0.838,95%CI(0.811,0.910),P<0.001〕,TLC〔HR=0.962,95%CI(0.890,0.987),P=0.048〕and DLCO〔HR=0.932,95%CI(0.875,0.967),P<0.001〕 were the influencing factors of the prognosis of IPF patients at the 12th month.Conclusion Clinical indicators and pulmonary physiological parameters are easy to determine with good reproducibility,which can be the monitoring indicators of IPF patients′ prognosis.The changing ratio of the parameters at 6th month and 12th month can better predict the prognosis of patients with IPF.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis;Prognosis; Proportional hazards models;Vital capacity

武警后勤學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院種子基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(FYZ201510)

300162天津市,武警后勤學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院呼吸與重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科

彭守春,300162天津市,武警后勤學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院呼吸與重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科;E-mail:pengshouchun@163.com

R 563.13

A

10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.35.010

2015-05-23;

2016-08-20)

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