羅宇家,李如波,馬詩(shī)雨,呂孟妍(.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)法醫(yī)學(xué)院法醫(yī)病理學(xué)教研室,遼寧沈陽(yáng)000;2.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè),遼寧沈陽(yáng)000)
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CCR2和CCL2與缺氧缺血性腦損傷的相關(guān)性研究進(jìn)展
羅宇家1,2,李如波1,馬詩(shī)雨1,2,呂孟妍1,2
(1.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)法醫(yī)學(xué)院法醫(yī)病理學(xué)教研室,遼寧沈陽(yáng)110001;2.中國(guó)醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè),遼寧沈陽(yáng)110001)
摘要:缺氧缺血性腦損傷(hypoxic-ischemic brain damage,HIBD)是指由于外力作用造成的腦皮質(zhì)淺層出血而軟腦膜完整的一種腦部損傷。近年來(lái)的研究表明,多種免疫細(xì)胞及細(xì)胞因子參與了HIBD的發(fā)生。CC趨化因子受體2(CC chemokine receptor 2,CCR2)是CC型趨化因子的代表受體,廣泛分布于腦組織內(nèi)神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞及小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,是腦組織中主要的趨化因子受體。CC趨化因子配體2(CC chemokine ligand 2,CCL2)為堿性蛋白,是CCR2的配體,在炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要的作用。本文對(duì)CCR2和CCL2的生物學(xué)特性進(jìn)行介紹,并對(duì)CCR2和CCL2與HIBD的關(guān)系進(jìn)行闡述,以期為HIBD的相關(guān)研究提供線索。
關(guān)鍵詞:法醫(yī)病理學(xué);腦損傷;綜述[文獻(xiàn)類型];缺氧缺血,腦;CC趨化因子受體2;CC趨化因子配體2
缺氧缺血性腦損傷(hypoxic-ischemic brain damage,HIBD)是一種常見(jiàn)的腦損傷,是由外力作用于頭顱而導(dǎo)致的顱骨、腦膜、腦血管和腦組織的機(jī)械形變及腦皮質(zhì)淺層出血,可在機(jī)體內(nèi)誘發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),其癥狀主要表現(xiàn)為精神障礙,嚴(yán)重者可導(dǎo)致死亡[1]。HIBD是當(dāng)前法醫(yī)學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)之一,因此探索與HIBD有較好相關(guān)性的指標(biāo)也就成為法醫(yī)學(xué)研究的重點(diǎn)課題[2]。研究表明,多種免疫細(xì)胞及細(xì)胞因子參與了HIBD的發(fā)生及發(fā)展[3],其中,由于趨化因子在炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,其與HIBD的關(guān)系越來(lái)越受到研究者的重視[4]。而趨化因子生物學(xué)作用的發(fā)揮需要通過(guò)相應(yīng)受體的介導(dǎo)。CC趨化因子受體2(CC chemokines receptor 2,CCR2)是CC型趨化因子的代表受體,是腦組織中主要的趨化因子受體。CC趨化因子配體2 (CC chemokines ligand 2,CCL2)是CCR2的特異性趨化因子,也稱單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白1(monocyte chemoattractant protein-1,MCP-1)或單核細(xì)胞趨化和激活因子(monocyte chemotactic and activating factor,MCAF),在炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要的作用。鑒于HIBD能夠在機(jī)體內(nèi)誘發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),以及CCR2與CCL2在炎癥反應(yīng)中的重要作用,本文回顧性分析兩者與HIBD的關(guān)系,為今后HIBD的相關(guān)研究提供線索。
CCL2通過(guò)與高親和力受體CCR2結(jié)合發(fā)揮生物學(xué)作用,參與炎癥反應(yīng)、血管生成和損傷修復(fù)等過(guò)程。當(dāng)CCL2與CCR2結(jié)合后,CCR2發(fā)生變構(gòu)與G蛋白結(jié)合,并使與Gα亞基結(jié)合的二磷酸鳥(niǎo)苷(guanosine diphosphate,GDP)被鳥(niǎo)嘌呤-5’-三磷酸(guanosine-5’-triphosphate,GTP)所取代,進(jìn)而使GαGβGγ亞基解聚,使其空間結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變。變構(gòu)后的復(fù)合物能夠激活磷脂酶C,進(jìn)而裂解磷脂酰肌醇4,5-二磷酸[phosphatidylinositol 4,5 -diphosphate,PIP2],生成1,4,5-三磷酸肌醇和二酯酰甘油。進(jìn)一步,三磷酸肌醇(inositol triphosphate,IP3)可增加鈣離子(Ca2+)釋放,二酯酰甘油(diacylglycerol,DAG)可活化蛋白激酶C,引起靶細(xì)胞效應(yīng)[5]。
1.1 CCR2的生物學(xué)特性
2002年,Banisadr等[6]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)成年大鼠腦組織中存在CCR2的基礎(chǔ)性表達(dá),廣泛分布于腦皮質(zhì)、海馬、紋狀體、丘腦等多個(gè)部位,并主要分布于腦神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞[6-8]。CCR2屬于G蛋白偶聯(lián)受體,含有7個(gè)跨膜區(qū),編碼355個(gè)氨基酸殘基蛋白,相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量為41 000。人類的CCR2基因定位于3p21,編碼CCR2蛋白。CCR2在單核細(xì)胞中是組成性表達(dá),而在T淋巴細(xì)胞中是誘導(dǎo)性表達(dá)[9]。正常情況下,CCR2在腦組織細(xì)胞內(nèi)的表達(dá)水平極低,而當(dāng)腦組織受到損傷時(shí),CCR2的表達(dá)會(huì)明顯增加。研究[10]表明,CCR2的快速脫敏對(duì)白細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)確遷移到病變部位很重要。此外,Coughlan等[11]在人體胚胎神經(jīng)元及NT2.N細(xì)胞(模擬發(fā)育中大腦神經(jīng)元的一種細(xì)胞模型)中均發(fā)現(xiàn)了CCR2的表達(dá)。
CCR2的激活包括如下幾種途徑:(1)CCR2可直接抑制腺苷酸環(huán)化酶的活性,降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)的環(huán)磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)水平,這一途徑可能依賴于G蛋白的Gα亞單位;(2)CCR2可通過(guò)JAK/STAT途徑介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)傳遞;(3)CCR2還可能通過(guò)活化磷脂酶C,增加甘油二酯和IP3的生成,進(jìn)而活化蛋白激酶C,使胞質(zhì)內(nèi)Ca2+水平升高。但對(duì)于CCR2活化后引起的胞質(zhì)內(nèi)Ca2+水平升高的機(jī)制,有學(xué)者[12-13]認(rèn)為其并不是通過(guò)IP3途徑,而是通過(guò)細(xì)胞內(nèi)一種特異性配體通道蛋白R(shí)yR介導(dǎo)的途徑使Ca2+釋放量增加。
1.2 CCL2的生物學(xué)特性
根據(jù)N端4個(gè)保守的半胱氨酸前兩個(gè)位置的不同,趨化因子可以分為CXC、CC、C和CX3C四個(gè)亞族,CCL2是CC亞族的成員之一[14]。CCL2可由多種細(xì)胞分泌,如纖維母細(xì)胞、血管平滑肌細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、T細(xì)胞等[15]。從CCL2的基因?qū)用?,人類CCL2基因定位于17q11.2-q21.1區(qū),啟動(dòng)區(qū)內(nèi)含有1個(gè)激活蛋白-1(activator protein-1,AP-1)和1個(gè)核因子-kappa B(nuclear factor-kappa B,NF-κB)的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),其中NF-κB是CCL2基因表達(dá)CCL2所必需的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子。從CCL2的分子層面,人類CCL2的前體蛋白包含其N端23個(gè)氨基酸殘基所組成的信號(hào)肽序列以及76個(gè)氨基酸殘基組成的成熟分子。研究[16]證明,CCL2的C端1~6位的氨基酸殘基與CCL2的趨化能力有著十分密切的關(guān)系,尤其是第3位的天冬氨酸(Asp)。此外,第1位的氨基酸與二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的形成或受體的結(jié)合有關(guān),第7~10位的氨基酸殘基是受體脫敏作用的關(guān)鍵位置[5]。CCL2既可以趨化炎癥細(xì)胞,如中性粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞等向病變部位聚集[17],還可以誘導(dǎo)其他細(xì)胞因子如白細(xì)胞介素2(interleukin,IL-2)、IL-6或細(xì)胞黏附分子的合成。
HIBD是一種由多種生物化學(xué)因子參與的復(fù)雜的病理及生理改變,這一過(guò)程的中心環(huán)節(jié)是腦細(xì)胞的缺血、缺氧。發(fā)生HIBD時(shí),缺血再灌注過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生了大量氧自由基,從而損傷腦細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞膜和線粒體[18],進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)代謝及微循環(huán)障礙,造成腦組織缺血,白細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn),引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)[19]。隨著人們對(duì)腦內(nèi)免疫反應(yīng)認(rèn)識(shí)的不斷加深,趨化因子與HIBD的相關(guān)性也越來(lái)越受到人們的重視。
2.1 CCR2表達(dá)與HIBD的相關(guān)性
Liu等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),CCR2基因的G190A位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性會(huì)影響CCR2蛋白的表達(dá)。由于腦損傷后CCR2蛋白水平的上升,Liu等推測(cè)CCR2基因的G190A位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性可能與HIBD存在關(guān)聯(lián)性。Tylaska等[21]研究結(jié)果提示,腦損傷后CCR2的表達(dá)先升高至峰值后逐漸回落,并將其原因歸結(jié)于CCR2對(duì)CCL2的結(jié)合,即表達(dá)CCR2的細(xì)胞在CCL2的趨化作用下趨化至損傷部位后,與CCL2結(jié)合抑制過(guò)多單核巨噬細(xì)胞的遷移,形成自我限制的負(fù)反饋。陳彥婷[22]的研究支持了Tylaska等的研究結(jié)果,通過(guò)復(fù)制Marmarou’s落體打擊腦損傷模型,采用組織芯片技術(shù)結(jié)合免疫組化染色方法,分別檢測(cè)了CCR2在成年鼠腦損傷不同時(shí)間和不同部位的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果表明,CCR2在正常組及手術(shù)對(duì)照組呈極低水平表達(dá),實(shí)驗(yàn)組CCR2的表達(dá)水平明顯增加,并在損傷后24h,在大腦皮層、海馬和腦干達(dá)到高峰,維持較高水平至72h之后逐漸下降,于傷后5d回落至基線水平。Hsieh等[23]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷后早期腦損傷部位修復(fù)依賴于CCR2。Liu等[24]檢測(cè)了腦損傷后1~10 d CCR2的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果顯示,腦損傷3d后,CCR2在腦皮質(zhì)神經(jīng)元內(nèi)的表達(dá)達(dá)到峰值。此外,Negre-Salvayre等[25]研究證明了CCR2蛋白在巨核細(xì)胞聚集方面的獨(dú)立性作用。Berger 等[26]觀察到了CCR2蛋白在斑塊中炎癥細(xì)胞聚集方面的作用。CCR2在腦損傷后的動(dòng)態(tài)表達(dá),提示其在腦損傷后的病理生理過(guò)程中起著重要的調(diào)控作用。
2.2 CCL2表達(dá)與HIBD的相關(guān)性
CCL2對(duì)單核巨噬細(xì)胞有著強(qiáng)大的趨化能力,能夠趨化單核巨噬細(xì)胞穿過(guò)血管內(nèi)皮進(jìn)入損傷的腦組織內(nèi),并能夠通過(guò)激活單核-巨噬細(xì)胞系統(tǒng),使胞質(zhì)內(nèi)游離鈣的含量增加。此外,CCL2還可以通過(guò)促進(jìn)細(xì)胞因子的釋放間接趨化白細(xì)胞向腦損傷區(qū)域游走,加重腦損傷部位周圍的炎癥反應(yīng)[27]。Tan等[28]回顧了關(guān)于微小RNA(micro RNA,miRNA)在腦損傷后的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)多種miRNA發(fā)生變化,并在炎癥、腦水腫及細(xì)胞凋亡等方面發(fā)生作用。Taganov等[29]認(rèn)為miRNA對(duì)炎癥細(xì)胞的發(fā)育、炎性介質(zhì)和黏附分子的表達(dá)等方面有重要調(diào)節(jié)作用,并發(fā)現(xiàn)單核巨噬細(xì)胞受到脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)、腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)等刺激后,miRNA的表達(dá)譜發(fā)生改變,并且可以調(diào)節(jié)炎癥因子的產(chǎn)生,影響炎癥反應(yīng)過(guò)程。王承[30]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新生鼠腦缺血后1h即在腦室周圍及室管膜細(xì)胞檢測(cè)到CCL2 mRNA的存在,并小范圍地篩選了13個(gè)miRNA分子進(jìn)行qRT-PCR檢測(cè)。結(jié)果表明,腦損傷后肝特異性微小RNA-3592 (mo-miRNA-3592)和肝特異性微小RNA-434(miRNA-434)的表達(dá)呈進(jìn)行性下降趨勢(shì),而同期CCL2 mRNA表達(dá)呈進(jìn)行性上升趨勢(shì),表明miRNA-3592和miRNA-434可能參與了CCL2/CCR2通路介導(dǎo)的腦損傷;同時(shí)顯示,腦損傷早期血腫周圍的CCL2表達(dá)明顯增加,4 h可在腦實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)檢測(cè)到,腦損傷后12 h形成高峰。形態(tài)學(xué)表明,CCL2陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞主要分布在神經(jīng)元,星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞也可少量表達(dá)[31]。Liu等[24]的研究結(jié)果顯示,CCL2在腦損傷3d后出現(xiàn)峰值。Guo等[32]建立了腦缺血再灌注模型,研究結(jié)果顯示,CCL2在腦缺血2h后明顯增加,缺血再灌注16h后出現(xiàn)峰值,一直維持到腦缺血再灌注后48 h。Semple等[33]研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),CCL2在腦損傷后2 h明顯增加,4~12 h出現(xiàn)峰值,24h后恢復(fù)正常。此外,Strecker等[34]建立了CCL2缺陷大鼠短暫性局灶性腦缺血模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)顱內(nèi)炎癥反應(yīng)明顯減輕,同時(shí),梗死范圍和神經(jīng)功能損壞程度也輕于正常野生鼠。正常腦組織中CCL2的表達(dá)水平極低,在損傷、出血、缺血、缺氧等情況下,腦中多種細(xì)胞可以表達(dá)CCL2。CCL2在腦損傷后的動(dòng)態(tài)表達(dá),提示其在腦損傷后的病理生理過(guò)程中起著重要的調(diào)控作用。
總之,機(jī)體是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng),由神經(jīng)-內(nèi)分泌-免疫系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成了一個(gè)龐大的網(wǎng)絡(luò),并且彼此存在著制約和協(xié)同的關(guān)系。血管的損傷部位會(huì)產(chǎn)生炎癥反應(yīng),腦的血管非常密集,受損時(shí)炎癥反應(yīng)也十分明顯。因此,腦損傷時(shí),受損部位會(huì)產(chǎn)生細(xì)胞因子和炎癥介質(zhì)。其中,趨化因子是不同類型細(xì)胞分泌的低相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量(8 000~10 000)的細(xì)胞因子,其對(duì)多種白細(xì)胞的亞型如中性粒細(xì)胞、單核細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞等均具有趨化作用。CCR2和CCL2在HIBD后不同部位、不同時(shí)間呈現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)變化,提示其與HIBD存在一定的關(guān)聯(lián)性,有望成為HIBD鑒定的客觀指標(biāo)之一。然而,目前對(duì)CCR2和CCL2與腦損傷的關(guān)系在法醫(yī)學(xué)方面的研究不足,需要在今后的研究中進(jìn)行深入探索,使法醫(yī)學(xué)腦損傷鑒定更為準(zhǔn)確。
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(本文編輯:張建華)
Progress on Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Damage Associated with CCR2 and CCL2
LUO Yu-jia1,2, LI Ru-bo1, MA Shi-yu2, Lü Meng-yan2
(1. Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; 2. Specialty of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China)
Abstract:Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD)is referred to a common type of cerebral damage, which is caused by injury, leading to shallow bleeding in the cortex with intact cerebral pia mater. In recent years, studies show that a various kinds of immune cells and immune cellular factors are involved in the occurrence of HIBD. CC chemokine receptor 2(CCR2)is a representative of CC chemokine receptor, and is widely distributed in cerebral neuron, astrocyte, and microglial cells, and is the main chemo-tactic factor receptor in brain tissue. CC chemokine ligand 2(CCL2)is a kind of basophilic protein and the ligand of CCR2, and plays an important role in inflammation. In order to provide evidence for correlational studies in HIBD, this review will introduce the biological characteristics of CCR2 and CCL2, and illustrate the relationship between the immunoreactivity and HIBD.
Key words:forensic pathology; brain injuries; review [publication type]; hypoxia-ischemia, brain; CC chemokines receptor 2; CC chemokines ligand 2
收稿日期:(2014-08-11)
通信作者:李如波,男,博士,教授,主要從事法醫(yī)病理學(xué)教學(xué)、研究及鑒定;E-mail:rbli@mail.cmu.edu.cn
作者簡(jiǎn)介:羅宇家(1992—),男,碩士研究生,主要從事臨床醫(yī)學(xué)、法醫(yī)病理學(xué)研究;E-mail:852934195@qq.com
基金項(xiàng)目:遼寧省教育廳科學(xué)研究一般項(xiàng)目(L2013317);遼寧省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(2014021027)
文章編號(hào):1004-5619(2016)01-0054-04
中圖分類號(hào):DF795.1
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-5619.2016.01.012