趙納杰,王聚信,李曉雙,高香紅,于 海,劉清華,張 明,于樹娜,蔣吉英△
(1.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院藥學(xué)院2013級2班,山東濰坊 261053;2.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院人體解剖學(xué)教研室,山東濰坊 261053)
?
論著·基礎(chǔ)研究
N-乙酰-L-色氨酸對新生鼠腦缺血缺氧紋狀體損傷的保護作用
趙納杰1,王聚信2,李曉雙2,高香紅2,于 海2,劉清華2,張 明2,于樹娜2,蔣吉英2△
(1.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院藥學(xué)院2013級2班,山東濰坊 261053;2.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院人體解剖學(xué)教研室,山東濰坊 261053)
目的 探討N-乙酰-L-色氨酸(L-NAT)對新生鼠腦缺血缺氧紋狀體損傷的保護作用。 方法 用出生第7天的SD大鼠制備新生鼠腦缺血缺氧模型,HE染色觀察紋狀體的形態(tài)學(xué)變化;免疫熒光染色觀察Caspase3、Bcl-2和Bax的表達(dá)情況。結(jié)果 與Sham組相比,HIE組紋狀體中神經(jīng)細(xì)胞排列紊亂,且數(shù)量明顯減少,Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax的表達(dá)升高;HIE +L-NAT組紋狀體細(xì)胞的損傷程度減輕,Bax、Caspase-3表達(dá)下降,Bcl-2的表達(dá)進一步升高。結(jié)論 L-NAT可能通過調(diào)節(jié)Bcl-2家族蛋白的表達(dá)減輕紋狀體細(xì)胞的損傷程度,從而保護新生鼠腦缺血缺氧損傷。
缺血缺氧損傷;L-乙酰-N-色氨酸;紋狀體;細(xì)胞凋亡;大鼠
新生兒缺血缺氧性腦病(hypoxic-ischemicencephalopathy,HIE)是各種圍生期因素引起的缺氧和血流量減少或停止導(dǎo)致的新生兒腦損傷,在我國的發(fā)病率為2‰~4‰,其中1‰~2‰出現(xiàn)腦癱、癲癇、智力低下等程度不等的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥,其高發(fā)病率和高致殘率使其成為目前神經(jīng)科學(xué)研究的熱點。紋狀體是缺氧敏感區(qū)[1-3],以往的研究表明,NK1受體拮抗劑N-乙酰-L-色氨酸(L-NAT)對新生鼠腦缺血缺氧后的海馬神經(jīng)元有保護作用[4]。本實驗探討L-NAT對缺血缺氧損傷紋狀體的保護作用,以期為L-NAT的臨床應(yīng)用提供實驗依據(jù)。
1.1 實驗動物的分組及動物模型的制備 將出生第7天的新生沙土鼠18只分成假手術(shù)組(Sham)、缺血缺氧損傷組(HIE)、缺血缺氧損傷加L-NAT組(HIE +L-NAT),每組6只。經(jīng)乙醚吸入麻醉后,頸部常規(guī)消毒,頸正中切口,分離右側(cè)頸總動脈,電凝結(jié)扎;置于37 ℃的缺氧容器中,通入92%氮氣和8%氧氣,流量2 L/min,持續(xù)3 h。HIE+L-NAT組分別在造模前和缺氧后30 min腹腔注射L-NAT 5 mg/kg;HIE組腹腔注射同等劑量的生理鹽水;Sham組只分離右側(cè)頸總動脈,不做結(jié)扎也不做缺氧處理。
1.2 取材與切片 各組分別于術(shù)后12 h處死動物,4%多聚甲醛灌注固定,斷頭取腦組織,置4%多聚甲醛固定24~48 h后,冠狀取材,進行常規(guī)脫水,石蠟包埋,連續(xù)切片(厚5 μm)。
1.3 HE染色 各組切片經(jīng)二甲苯脫蠟、梯度乙醇水化,常規(guī)HE染色,中性樹膠封片,光鏡下觀察紋狀體的形態(tài)學(xué)變化。
1.4 免疫熒光染色 各組切片常規(guī)脫蠟、水化;0.3%H2O2孵育15 min,以封閉內(nèi)源性過氧化物酶的活性;多克隆抗體Caspase-3(1∶200,Cell Signaling)、Bcl-2(1∶200,Santa Cruz)、Bax(1∶50,Santa Cruz)4 ℃孵育過夜;FITC-conjugated Donkeny anti-Rabbit IgG(1∶200,Jackson Immunoresearch)37 ℃孵育30 min。以PBS代替一抗作陰性對照。熒光顯微鏡(激發(fā)光波長為490~495 nm)觀察。
2.1 形態(tài)學(xué)變化 HE結(jié)果顯示,Sham組紋狀體神經(jīng)細(xì)胞形態(tài)正常,數(shù)量多,分布均勻,神經(jīng)細(xì)胞排列較緊密;HIE組細(xì)胞排列紊亂、疏松、形態(tài)不規(guī)則,神經(jīng)元數(shù)量明顯減少;L-NAT干預(yù)后細(xì)胞損傷程度明顯減輕(圖1)。
2.2 Bcl-2和Bax表達(dá)的改變 免疫熒光染色顯示,Sham組紋狀體中偶見Bcl-2和Bax表達(dá);HIE組損傷側(cè)紋狀體內(nèi)Bcl-2和Bax陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)明顯增多;L-NAT干預(yù)后Bcl-2陽性細(xì)胞較HIE組增加,而Bax陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少(圖2、3)。
2.3 Cacpase-3表達(dá)的改變 免疫熒光顯示,Sham組紋狀體中Caspase-3陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量很少;HIE組損傷側(cè)殼核處Caspase-3陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增多;L-NAT干預(yù)后陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少(圖4)。
A:Sham組;B:HIE組;C:HIE+L-MAT組。
圖1 紋狀體細(xì)胞HE染色結(jié)果(×400)
A:Sham組;B:HIE組;C:HIE+L-MAT組。
圖2 各組Bcl-2的表達(dá)(×200)
A:Sham組;B:HIE組;C:HIE+L-MAT組。
圖3 各組Bax的表達(dá)(×200)
A:Sham組;B:HIE組;C:HIE+L-MAT組。
圖4 各組Cacpase-3的表達(dá)(×200)
HIE是由于窒息而導(dǎo)致腦部出現(xiàn)缺血缺氧損傷,可引起新生兒死亡或永久性神經(jīng)功能缺陷及遺留并發(fā)癥,如腦性癱瘓、智力低下、癲癇等,是新生兒的常見病、多發(fā)病。雖然目前國內(nèi)外研究已取得很大進步,但至今無很好的治療方法[5]。因此,探討新的治療方案非常有意義。
腦缺血缺氧損傷的發(fā)病機制尚未明確,研究表明,缺血缺氧損傷后神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的死亡主要表現(xiàn)為缺血中心區(qū)的細(xì)胞壞死和缺血周邊區(qū)的細(xì)胞凋亡。與壞死相比,細(xì)胞凋亡是一種主動的、可控的自殺方式。因此,尋求減輕細(xì)胞凋亡的方法,對于缺血缺氧損傷的治療具有重要意義。細(xì)胞凋亡的誘導(dǎo)和調(diào)控過程十分復(fù)雜,在眾多的凋亡調(diào)控基因中,Caspase-3、Bcl-2和Bax在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡中的作用備受關(guān)注[6-7]。在細(xì)胞凋亡過程中,凋亡信號經(jīng)過復(fù)雜的信號通路,最終是通過Caspases蛋白的激活而實現(xiàn)的。Caspases是導(dǎo)致凋亡細(xì)胞解體的蛋白系統(tǒng),在細(xì)胞凋亡機制網(wǎng)絡(luò)中居于中心地位。其中,Caspase-3是細(xì)胞凋亡起關(guān)鍵作用,是線粒體途徑細(xì)胞凋亡、死亡受體途徑細(xì)胞凋亡和內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)途徑細(xì)胞凋亡的的效應(yīng)分子,可啟動細(xì)胞凋亡[8-9]。近年來的一系列研究也證實了Caspase-3在腦缺血缺氧損傷中的作用。有研究表明,腦缺血后缺血半暗區(qū)的活化型Caspase-3的表達(dá)增加,并且Caspase-3活性的變化的時序性與DNA片段化的改變一致[10],Caspase-3的抑制劑[11]或Caspase-3基因敲除[12]等均可減輕腦缺血缺氧引起的損傷。上述結(jié)果說明,Caspase-3參與了腦缺血缺氧損傷,可作為缺血缺氧損傷后細(xì)胞凋亡的標(biāo)志物。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血缺氧側(cè)紋狀體神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中活化型Caspase-3的表達(dá)明顯增多,提示Caspase-3參與了新生鼠腦缺血缺氧損失的發(fā)生。
活化的Caspase-3是如何引起細(xì)胞凋亡?目前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),活化的Caspase-3可以裂解Bcl-2蛋白,使其失去抗凋亡活性,并且裂解的Bcl-2片段又可以進一步促進Caspase-3的活化,從而形成Caspase級聯(lián)正反饋環(huán)路。Bax是Bcl-2蛋白家族的促凋亡蛋白,通過形成Bax-Bax同源二聚體和Bcl-2-Bax異源二聚體調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞凋亡的發(fā)生,因此,Bcl-2/Bax的比例是啟動細(xì)胞凋亡的“分子開關(guān)”[13-15]。
SP是由11個氨基酸組成的多肽,屬于速激肽家族。有研究表明,SP使心肌對缺血再灌注損傷的耐受力下降,干擾SP/NK-1系統(tǒng)的作用可減輕心肌的缺血再灌注損傷[16]。另有研究表明,SP/NK1在心、肝、胰腺、肺、小腸等器官的缺血再灌注損傷中的作用[17-21]。近年來,SP/NK1受體系統(tǒng)在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病中的改變成為關(guān)注的熱點,大量實驗研究表明,抑制SP的釋放或SP的拮抗劑可使腦水腫減輕,并改善神經(jīng)功能評分[22-24],NK1受體的拮抗劑或基因敲除NK1受體均可緩解SP對神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的損傷[25]。SP與NK-1受體結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞死亡,在癲癇持續(xù)狀態(tài)和局灶缺血引起的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡中起重要作用[26]。NK1受體拮抗劑在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中可緩解神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的損傷,減輕腦水腫,減少細(xì)胞凋亡,保護海馬神經(jīng)元[4,27-29]。上述結(jié)果提示,NK1的拮抗劑L-NAT有可能對新生鼠腦缺血缺氧紋狀體的損傷有保護作用。本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),缺血缺氧損傷后,Caspase-3、Bcl-2、Bax表達(dá)明顯增多;L-NAT可抑制Caspase-3活化,減少Bax的表達(dá),并進一步提高Bcl-2的表達(dá)。提示L-NAT可通過調(diào)節(jié)Bcl-2家族蛋白的表達(dá)來減少紋狀體神經(jīng)元凋亡,減輕HIE損傷。
[1]Bokiniec R,Bekiesińska-Figatowska M,Rudzińska I,et al.Sonographic and MRI findings in neonates following selective cerebral hypothermia[J].Ginekol Pol,2014,85(12):933-938.
[2]Wang YJ,Mao J.Types of acute hypoxic-ischemic brain injury due to perinatal sentinel events in neonates[J].Chinese J Contemp Ped,2014,16(6):589-595.
[3]Ma Y,Feng Q,Ma J,et al.Melatonin ameliorates injury and specific responses of ischemic striatal neurons in rats[J].J Histochem Cytochem,2013,61(8):591-605.
[4]蔣吉英,姜桂蘭,李磊,等.N-乙酰-L-色氨酸具有對新生鼠腦缺血/缺氧損傷的保護作用[J].解剖學(xué)報,2011,42(4):451-455.
[5]Tagin MA,Woolcott CG,Vincer MJ,et al.Hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy:an updated systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,2012,166(6):558-566.
[6]Sun MY,Cui KJ,Yu MM,et al.Bax inhibiting peptide reduces apoptosis in neonatal rat hypoxic-ischemic brain damage[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2015,8(11):14701-14708.
[7]劉新建,劉麗娜,溫慧敏,等.缺氧缺血性腦損傷新生大鼠海馬區(qū)腦紅蛋白、凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-2、Bax的表達(dá)及其相關(guān)性[J].細(xì)胞與分子免疫學(xué)雜志,2010,26(10):1040-1042.
[8]Pandey P,Saleh A,Nakazawa A,et al.Negative regulation of cytochrome c-mediated oligomerization of apaf-1 and activation of procaspase-9 by heat shock protein 90[J].EMBO J,2000,19(16):4310-4322.
[9]Mccullough KD,Martindale JL,Klotz LO,et al.Gadd153 sensitizes cells to endoplasmic reticulum stress by down-regulating Bcl2 and perturbing the cellular redox state[J].Mol Cell Biol,2001,21(4):1249-1259.
[10]Han BH,Xu D,Choi J,et al.Selective,reversible caspase-3 inhibitor is neuroprotective and reveals distinct pathways of cell death after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury[J].J Biol Chem,2002,277(33):30128-30136.
[11]趙敏,李江華,霍曉東,等.高血壓大鼠腦缺血再灌注后TGF-β1、Caspase-3的表達(dá)與細(xì)胞凋亡[J].中西醫(yī)結(jié)合心腦血管病雜志,2010,8(2):205-206.
[12]Le DA,Wu Y,Huang Z,et al.Caspase activation and neuroprotection in caspase-3- deficient mice after in vivo cerebral ischemia and in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,2002,99(23):15188-15193.
[13]王衛(wèi)東,陳正堂.Bcl-2/Bax 比率與細(xì)胞“命運”[J].中國腫瘤生物治療雜志,2007,14(4):393-396.
[14]Schoneich C,Dremina E,Galeva N,et al.Apoptosis in differentiating C2C12 muscle cells selectively targets Bcl-2-deficient myotubes[J].Apoptosis,2014,19(1):42-57.
[15]Qiu J,Zhou XY,Zhou XG,et al.Neuroprotective effects of microRNA-210 against oxygen-glucose deprivation through inhibition of apoptosis in PC12 cells[J].Mol Med Rep,2013,7(6):1955-1959.
[16]Kramer JH,Spurney C,Iantorno M,et al.Neurogenic inflammation and cardiac dysfunction due to hypomagnesemia[J].Am J Med Sci,2009,338(1):22-27.
[17]Nimmo AJ,Cernak I,Heath DL,et al.Neurogenic inflammation is associated with development of edema and functional deficits following traumatic brain injury in rats[J].Neuropeptides,2004,38(1):40-47.
[18]Grady EF,Yoshimi SK,Maa J,et al.Substance P mediates inflammatory oedema in acute pancreatitis via activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor in rats and mice[J].Br J Pharmacol,2000,130(3):505-512.
[19]Li PC,Lai IJ,Lin YC,et al.Substance P scavenger enhances antioxidant defenses and prevents prothrombotic effects on the rat lung after acute exposure to oil smoke[J].J Biomed Sci,2008,16(16):1-10.
[20]Stucchi AF,Shofer S,Leeman S,et al.NK-1 antagonist reduces colonic inflammation and oxidative stress in dextran sulfate-induced colitis in rats[J].Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2000,279(6):1298-1306.
[21]Bang R,Biburger M,Neuhuber WL,et al.Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists protect mice from CD95- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptotic liver damage[J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2004,308(3):1174-1180.
[22]Vink R,Nimmo AJ.Novel therapies in development for the treatment of traumatic brain injury[J].Exp Opin Invesg Drug,2002,11(10):1375-1386.
[23]Donkin JJ,Turner RJ,Hassan I,et al.Substance P in traumatic brain injury[J].Prog Brain Res,2007,161(1):97-109.
[24]Vink R,van den Heuvel C.Substance P antagonists as a therapeutic approach to improving outcome following traumatic brain injury[J].Neurotherapeutics,2010,7(1):74-80.
[25]Ansar S,Svendgaard NA,Edvinsson L.Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage:prevention of upregulation of contractile ETB and 5-HT1B receptors and cerebral blood flow reduction[J].J Neurosurg,2007,106(5):881-886.
[26]Castro-Obregón S,Rao RV,Del Rio G,et al.Alternative,nonapoptotic programmed cell death:mediation by arrestin 2,ERK2,and Nur77[J].J Biol Chem,2004,279(17):17543-17553.
[27]Donkin JJ,Nimmo AJ,Cernak I,et al.Substance P is associated with the development of brain edema and functional deficits after traumatic brain injury[J].J Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2009,29(8):1388-1398.
[28]Donkin JJ,Cernak I,Blumbergs PC,et al.A substance P antagonist reduces axonal injury and improves neurologic outcome when administered up to 12 hours after traumatic brain injury[J].J Neurotrauma,2011,28(2):217-224.
[29]Zhu J,Xu W,Wang J,et al.The neurokinin-1 receptor modulates the methamphetamine-induced striatal apoptosis and nitric oxide formation in mice[J].J Neurochem,2009,111(3):656-668.
Protective effect of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan on striatal injury of neonatal rat hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy*
ZhaoNajie1,WangJuxin2,LiXiaoshuang2,GaoXianghong2,YuHai2,LiuQinghua2,ZhangMing2,YuShuna2,JiangJiying2△
(1.Class2,Grade2013,DepartmentofPharmacy,WeifangMedicalCollege,Weifang,Shandong261053,China;2.TeachingandResearchingSectionofAnatomy,WeifangMedicalCollege,Weifang,Shandong261053,China)
Objective To investigate the protective effects of N-acetyl-L-tryptophan (L-NAT) on neonatal rat striatal injury hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE).Methods The HIE rat model was established with SD neonatal rats on 7 d.The morphological change of striatum was evaluated by HE staining and the expression levels of Caspase3,Bcl-2 and Bax were observed by immunofluorescence staining.Results Compared with the sham group,the expression of Caspase-3,Bcl-2 and Bax in the HIE group was increased,while the neurons in striatum were arranged in disorder,moreover the number was significantly decreased;the injury degree of striatal neurons in the HIE+L-NAT group was alleviated,Caspase-3 and Bax expression was decreased and Bcl-2 expression was further increased.Conclusion L-NAT protects neonatal rat hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury possibly by regulating Bcl-2 family protein expression to alleviate the injury degree of striatal neurons.
hypoxic-ischemic injury;N-acetyl-L-tryptophan;striatum;apoptosis;rats
10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2016.31.004
山東省自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(ZR2010HM006,ZR2014HL020,ZR2014HL021);山東省教育廳資助項目(J11LF14);山東省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技發(fā)展計劃資助項目(2014WS0464);濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院科技創(chuàng)新研究基金資助項目(K1301001);濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院大學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新基金資助項目(KX20150091);濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院青年創(chuàng)新基金資助項目(K1302035)。
趙納杰(1995-),本科,主要從事腦缺血缺氧損傷研究。△
,E-mail:jiangjiying2002@163.com。
R743.3
A
1671-8348(2016)31-4331-03
2016-02-24
2016-06-12)