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去除蘋果上殘留農(nóng)藥噻菌靈的清洗方法研究

2016-12-22 09:18孟志遠(yuǎn)沙小玲顧浩天陳小軍
關(guān)鍵詞:去皮去除率沖洗

陳 思,趙 明,任 莉,孟志遠(yuǎn),沙小玲,韓 卉,顧浩天,陳小軍

(揚(yáng)州大學(xué)園藝與植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,江蘇 揚(yáng)州 225009)

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去除蘋果上殘留農(nóng)藥噻菌靈的清洗方法研究

陳 思,趙 明,任 莉,孟志遠(yuǎn),沙小玲,韓 卉,顧浩天,陳小軍*

(揚(yáng)州大學(xué)園藝與植物保護(hù)學(xué)院,江蘇 揚(yáng)州 225009)

本研究以蘋果中殘留噻菌靈為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)中國(guó)家庭在蘋果食用前的清洗習(xí)慣,選擇6種不同清洗方式(清水沖洗、清水浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、食用鹽溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、食用堿溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗和果蔬清洗劑溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗)清洗蘋果。研究表明,食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果殘留噻菌靈的去除效果最好,去除率為19.88 %~88.88 %,加工因子為0.1112~0.8012。在蘋果加工方式中,食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、去皮對(duì)蘋果殘留噻菌靈去除率為91.61 %~98.77 %,加工因子為0.0123~0.0839。食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、去皮、榨汁對(duì)蘋果殘留噻菌靈的去除率為95.31 %~99.19 %,加工因子為0.0081~0.0469。此研究為評(píng)估不同的清洗、加工方式對(duì)蘋果中殘留農(nóng)藥的去除效果,對(duì)食品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性評(píng)估具有重要指導(dǎo)意義。

蘋果;噻菌靈;清洗方法;去除率;加工因子

目前,人們關(guān)注更多的是初級(jí)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中的殘留農(nóng)藥,而忽視殘留農(nóng)藥在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工過程中變化。在加工過程中涉及清洗、高溫、腌制、濃縮等,這些加工方式可能改變農(nóng)藥的殘留動(dòng)態(tài),從而產(chǎn)生對(duì)健康有潛在影響的降解物。如清洗、發(fā)酵等加工方式會(huì)降低農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中的農(nóng)藥殘留水平,但是晾干、干燥等加工方法卻會(huì)提高農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中的農(nóng)藥殘留水平,以及由于加工過程中的溫度和微生物的影響,一些農(nóng)藥會(huì)發(fā)生降解等,使農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中農(nóng)藥毒性提高或降低[1-5]。最終食用的食品大部分都是經(jīng)過加工的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。所以,在關(guān)注初級(jí)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品農(nóng)藥殘留的同時(shí),更要重視加工過程中農(nóng)藥殘留的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。

蘋果是世界性果品,相當(dāng)多的國(guó)家都將其列為主要消費(fèi)果品而大力推薦[6]。噻菌靈是一種苯并咪唑類農(nóng)藥,是高效、低毒、內(nèi)吸性的廣譜殺菌劑,是果品生產(chǎn)、貯藏及保鮮過程中最重要的殺菌劑,對(duì)果品的多種病蟲害防治具有重要作用,在無公害水果生產(chǎn)中也被重點(diǎn)推薦使用,具有使水果原有風(fēng)味不受影響、持效期長(zhǎng)、不易誘發(fā)病原菌抗藥性等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[7-8]。噻菌靈在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的大量使用,其農(nóng)藥殘留必然會(huì)給消費(fèi)者帶來潛在的危險(xiǎn)。本研究以蘋果中殘留噻菌靈為對(duì)象,根據(jù)中國(guó)家庭在蘋果食用前的清洗和加工方式去除蘋果上的殘留噻菌靈,此研究為評(píng)估不同的清洗、加工方式對(duì)蘋果中殘留農(nóng)藥的去除效果,為選擇科學(xué)合理的清洗方式去除農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中的殘留,保證食品安全等提供重要的指導(dǎo)作用。

1 材料與方法

1.1 儀器與試劑

L-2000型高效液相色譜儀:日本Hitachi公司;BS210S型電子天平:德國(guó)Sartorius公司;SB-1000型旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)器:日本Eyela公司;THZ-82A型振蕩機(jī):江蘇富華儀器有限公司。

噻菌靈標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品(w=98.5 %):德國(guó)Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH公司;42 %噻菌靈懸浮液:江蘇百靈農(nóng)化有限公司;恒冠鎮(zhèn)江白醋、海藻碘食用鹽、小蘇打、果蔬清洗劑:市售;乙腈(色譜純):美國(guó)Tedia公司;無水硫酸鈉(A.R)、氯化鈉(A.R):國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司;N-丙基乙二胺、C18填料:迪馬科技有限公司;試驗(yàn)用蒸餾水經(jīng)0.22 μm的微孔濾膜過濾后使用。

1.2 蘋果中噻菌靈的添加回收率

分別稱取5.0 g蘋果于勻漿杯中,再加入30 mL乙腈,在勻漿器上高速勻漿3 min,在搗碎的各處理中分別加入噻菌靈標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液,使各樣品中噻菌靈的濃度分別為5.00、1.00和0.20 mg/kg。同時(shí)設(shè)置空白對(duì)照,每處理重復(fù)3次。在上述各處理中分別加入1.5 g氯化鈉和6 g無水硫酸鎂,渦旋振蕩2 min,過濾,氮?dú)獯蹈芍? mL,取2 mL到盛有150 mg無水硫酸鎂,25 mg N-丙基乙二胺和25 mg C18填料的離心管中,4000 r/min離心5 min后,取上清液0.8 mL,加入0.2 mL水后混勻,0.22 μm有機(jī)相濾膜過濾處理,待HPLC檢測(cè)分析。優(yōu)化后噻菌靈的HPLC檢測(cè)條件為[9-10]:C18色譜柱(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm);柱溫:25 ℃;進(jìn)樣量:10 μl;流動(dòng)相:乙腈∶水=80∶20(V/V);檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng):288 nm;流速:1.0 mL/min。

1.3 不同清洗方式對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈去除效果

1.3.1 清水沖洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果 選取組織緊密、手感充實(shí)、無破損、無霉變、無蟲蛀的新鮮蘋果,并經(jīng)HPLC法檢測(cè)后未被噻菌靈污染。將15 %噻菌靈懸浮劑用水稀釋成質(zhì)量濃度為100 mg/L的溶液,選取蘋果若干,浸泡在上述配制好10L溶液中,充分浸泡,撈出晾干,待用。將蘋果置于篩中流水沖洗5 min,并轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)篩子以確保沖洗均勻,室溫下自然晾干。從洗滌完的樣品中取樣,提取、凈化和HPLC檢測(cè)分析蘋果中噻菌靈殘留量,計(jì)算去除率和加工因子,每處理重復(fù)3次。研究結(jié)果采用SPSS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行方差分析,采用鄧肯多重比較進(jìn)行差異性分析,去除率及加工因子的計(jì)算公式如下。

去除率(%)=

1.3.2 不同溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈去除效果 選取蘋果若干,在4 L不同溶液(清水、0.1 %食用鹽溶液、0.1 %食用醋溶液、0.1 %食用堿溶液、0.1 %果蔬清洗劑溶液)中浸泡5、10、15、30、45、60 min后,取出分別經(jīng)清水沖洗2 min,均勻沖洗后晾干待用,每處理重復(fù)3次。取樣、提取、凈化、HPLC檢測(cè)分析蘋果中噻菌靈殘留量,分別計(jì)算去除率和加工因子。

1.4 去皮對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果

食用醋溶液浸泡、沖洗后的蘋果再經(jīng)去皮處理,從去皮后的樣品中取樣,提取、凈化和HPLC檢測(cè)蘋果果肉中殘留噻菌靈量,計(jì)算去除率和加工因子。

1.5 榨汁對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果

食用醋溶液浸泡、沖洗后的蘋果再經(jīng)去皮、榨汁處理,從榨汁后的樣品中取樣,提取、凈化和HPLC檢測(cè)蘋果果汁中殘留噻菌靈量,計(jì)算去除率和加工因子。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 蘋果中噻菌靈的添加回收率

當(dāng)蘋果中噻菌靈的添加濃度分別為5.0、1.0和0.2 mg/kg時(shí),平均回收率分別為92.39 %、85.82 %和82.95 %,變異系數(shù)為3.02 %~4.28 %(表1)。結(jié)果表明,樣本中噻菌靈的添加回收率和變異系數(shù)在允許范圍內(nèi),符合農(nóng)藥殘留分析的要求。

表1 蘋果中噻菌靈的添加回收率

注:表中回收率為3次重復(fù)的平均值。

Note:The recoveries were the average of three replicates.

表2 清水沖洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果

注:殘留量為3次重復(fù)的平均值。

Note:Residues concentration was the average of three replicates.

2.2 不同清洗方式對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果

2.2.1 清水沖洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果 處理蘋果經(jīng)沖洗5 min后,去除率為33.01 %,加工因子為0.6699(表2)。

2.2.2 清水浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果 清水浸泡不同時(shí)間后再?zèng)_洗2 min比清水沖洗5 min去除效果好,對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果顯著提高,去除率為22.02 %~82.10 %,加工因子為0.179~0.7798(圖1)。浸泡30 min后,隨著浸泡時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),清水浸泡后再?zèng)_洗2 min對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果差異不顯著。

2.2.3 食用鹽溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果 食用鹽溶液浸泡再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中噻菌靈的去除率為15.57 %~72.17 %,加工因子為0.2783~0.8443(圖2)。

2.2.4 食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果 食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除率為19.88 %~88.88 %,加工因子為0.1112~0.8012(圖3)。浸泡30 min后,隨著浸泡時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),0.1 %食用醋溶液浸泡后清洗2 min對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果無顯著差異。

殘留量為3次重復(fù)的平均數(shù),數(shù)據(jù)采用鄧肯多重比較分析,數(shù)字上不同的小寫字母為5 %差異顯著,不同的大寫字母為1 %差異顯著Residues concentration was the average of three replicates. All data were analyzed by Duncan multiple comparison. Different lowercase letters after the number was 5 % significant difference. Different capital letters after the number was 1 % significant difference. Notes of figures 2-7 were the same to figure 1圖1 清水浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果Fig.1 Removal efficiency of residue triabendazole on the apples soaked in tap water followed by cleaning with running tap water

2.2.5 食用堿溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果 食用堿小蘇打溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除率為15.46 %~66.10 %,加工因子為0.3290~0.8454(圖4)。

2.2.6 果蔬清洗劑溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果 果蔬清洗劑溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果殘留噻菌靈的去除率為24.76 %~56.97 %,加工因子為0.4303~0.7524(圖5)。

圖2 食用鹽溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果Fig.2 Removal efficiency of residue triabendazole on the apples soaked in the salt solution followed by cleaning with running tap water

圖3 食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果Fig.3 Removal efficiency of residue triabendazole on the apples soaked in the edible vinegar solutions followed by cleaning with running tap water

圖4 食用堿溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果Fig.4 Removal efficiency of residue triabendazole on the apples soaked in the sodium bicarbonate solution followed by cleaning with running tap water

圖5 果蔬清洗劑浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果Fig.5 Removal efficiency of residue triabendazole on the apples soaked in the different concentrations of fruit and vegetable cleaning solution followed by cleaning with running tap water

2.3 食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、去皮對(duì)蘋果中噻菌靈的去除效果

食用醋溶液浸泡不同時(shí)間后再去皮,對(duì)蘋果殘留中噻菌靈的去除率為91.61 %~98.77 %,加工因子為0.0123~0.0839,隨著浸泡時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、去皮對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果差異不顯著(圖6)。

圖6 食用醋溶液浸泡再?zèng)_洗、去皮對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果Fig.6 Removal efficiency of residue triabendazole on the apples soaked in the edible vinegar solutions followed by cleaning with running tap water for different times and then through peeled processing

圖7 食用醋溶液浸泡后沖洗再去皮、榨汁對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果Fig.7 Removal efficiency of residue triabendazole on the apples soaked in the edible vinegar solutions followed by cleaning with running tap water for different times and then through peeled, fresh juice processing

圖8 不同清洗方式對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈去除效果Fig.8 Removal efficiency of residue triabendazole on the apples soaked in different solutions for different times

2.4 食用醋溶液浸泡后沖洗再去皮、榨汁對(duì)蘋果中噻菌靈的去除效果

食用醋溶液浸泡不同時(shí)間后去皮、榨汁,對(duì)蘋果中噻菌靈的去除效果顯著,去除率為95.31 %~99.19 %,加工因子為0.0081~0.0469;隨著浸泡時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),食用醋溶液浸泡后沖洗再去皮、榨汁對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果差異不顯著(圖7)。

不同清洗方式中,食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果中殘留噻菌靈的去除效果最佳,不同溶液浸泡30 min后,隨著浸泡時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)去除效果沒有顯著差異。噻菌靈在水體中隨著堿性的增加,溶解度逐漸降低,所以本實(shí)驗(yàn)中食用醋溶液浸泡后沖洗去除效果最好是符合理論實(shí)際的。本研究所選擇的6種清洗方式,符合生活實(shí)際情況,去皮和榨汁也是人們生活中食用蘋果的不同加工方式,研究表明去皮對(duì)蘋果中殘留農(nóng)藥噻菌靈有很好的去除效果,這可能是因?yàn)猷缇`大部分附著在蘋果表面,因此,去皮能夠有效的降低蘋果上的噻菌靈殘留水平;而食用醋溶液浸泡沖洗后去皮再榨汁,前面步驟已經(jīng)有效地降低了蘋果中噻菌靈的殘留水平,并且大量的農(nóng)藥殘留進(jìn)入果渣中,所以榨汁對(duì)蘋果中殘留農(nóng)藥噻菌靈有明顯的去除效果,但由于噻菌靈有一定的內(nèi)吸性,部分農(nóng)藥殘留進(jìn)入果汁中,導(dǎo)致榨汁處理并不能達(dá)到絕對(duì)的去除效果。此研究將為選擇科學(xué)合理的清洗方式去除農(nóng)產(chǎn)品表面上殘留農(nóng)藥具有重要的理論指導(dǎo)意義。

清洗是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工鏈中的最初步驟,不論是在家庭制作過程還是工廠化生產(chǎn)過程中都是去除食品中農(nóng)藥殘留簡(jiǎn)單有效的手段。在本研究中,選擇清水沖洗、水浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、食用醋溶液浸泡后沖洗、食用鹽溶液浸泡后沖洗、食用堿溶液浸泡后沖洗和果蔬清洗劑浸泡后再?zèng)_洗共6種清洗方式清洗蘋果上殘留農(nóng)藥。在選擇方式上主要根據(jù)家庭在蘋果食用前的清洗習(xí)慣和日常家庭廚房中所常備的物品而選擇的,符合生活實(shí)際情況。清洗操作方式降低農(nóng)產(chǎn)品上農(nóng)藥殘留水平的大小與與農(nóng)藥的理化性質(zhì)有關(guān),如農(nóng)藥的辛醇/水分配系數(shù)(Kow值)、溶解度等;另外與清洗液的理化性質(zhì)有關(guān),如清洗液的溫度、pH值等[11-16]。在清洗過程中,農(nóng)藥的理化性質(zhì)對(duì)降低農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中農(nóng)藥殘留水平有著重要的影響。其中農(nóng)藥的辛醇/水分配系數(shù)(Kow值)決定了農(nóng)藥進(jìn)入農(nóng)產(chǎn)品表面蠟質(zhì)層的量,農(nóng)藥的Kow值越高越容易進(jìn)入農(nóng)產(chǎn)品表面的蠟質(zhì)層,清洗時(shí)不易被清洗液溶解,故很難降低這些農(nóng)藥在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品上的殘留。

3 結(jié) 論

研究表明在所選擇的6種清洗方式中,食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗對(duì)蘋果殘留噻菌靈的去除效果最好,去除率為19.88 %~88.88 %,加工因子為0.1112~0.8012;在蘋果加工方式中,食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、去皮對(duì)蘋果殘留噻菌靈去除率為91.61 %~98.77 %,加工因子為0.0123~0.0839;食用醋溶液浸泡后再?zèng)_洗、去皮、榨汁對(duì)蘋果殘留噻菌靈的去除率為95.31 %~99.19 %,加工因子為0.0081~0.0469。

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(責(zé)任編輯 李 潔)

Cleaning Methods for Reducing Triabendazole Residues on Apples

CHEN Si, ZHAO Ming, REN Li, MENG Zhi-yuan, SHA Xiao-ling, HAN Hui, GU Hao-tian, CHEN Xiao-jun*

(School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Yangzhou 225009, China)

In this study, pesticide residues triabendazole on the apples were cleaned with different techniques following vegetable cleaning habits, namely cleaning including rinsing with running water, cleaning after soaking in water, edible vinegar, edible salt, sodium bicarbonate solution or fruit and vegetable cleaning solution. It indicated that soaking the apples in edible vingar solutions followed by rinsing with running tap water could effectively remove the triabendazole residues on the apples and removal rates were 19.88 %-88.88 % and processing factor were 0.1112-0.8012. Removal rates were 91.61 %-98.77 % and processing factor were 0.0123-0.0839 when the apples were soaked in the edible vingar solutions for different times and then through peeled processing. Removal rates were 95.31 %-99.19 % and processing factor were 0.0081-0.0469 when the apples were soaked in the edible vingar solutions for different times and then through peeled, fresh juice processing. Our research provided the inherent relationship between pesticide residues and cleaning approaches, also the important theoretical basis for risk assessments of food.

Apples; Triabendazole; Cleaning methods; Removal efficiency; Processing factor

1001-4829(2016)07-1628-05

10.16213/j.cnki.scjas.2016.07.023

2015-06-08

揚(yáng)州市重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(YZ2015029);揚(yáng)州市社會(huì)發(fā)展科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃(2012110)

陳 思(1992-),女,從事農(nóng)藥殘留研究,*為通訊作者:陳小軍(1980-),男,博士,副教授,主要從事農(nóng)藥殘留與環(huán)境毒理學(xué)研究,E-mail: cxj@yzu.edu.cn。

S481.8

A

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