潘成文 吳育連
(浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院外二科,杭州 310003)
·臨床研究·
腹腔鏡與開腹膽總管取石一期縫合的臨床比較
潘成文 吳育連*
(浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院外二科,杭州 310003)
目的 探討膽總管結(jié)石腹腔鏡膽總管取石(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)一期縫合的臨床療效。 方法 回顧性分析2010年1月~2014年12月322例膽總管取石一期縫合的臨床資料,LCBDE組133例,開腹組189例,比較2組手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后6 h疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、術(shù)后首次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。 結(jié)果 2組手術(shù)均獲成功,無術(shù)中并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,LCBDE組無中轉(zhuǎn)開腹。與開腹組相比,LCBDE組術(shù)中出血少[(33.9±18.3) ml vs. (72.6±38.5) ml,t=-10.755,P=0.000],術(shù)后疼痛輕[(3.8±1.6)分vs.(5.3±1.2)分,t=-9.610,P=0.000],術(shù)后首次下床活動(dòng)早[(9.2±2.1)h vs.(14.3±2.7)h,t=-18.242,P=0.000],住院費(fèi)用少[(3.03±0.50)萬(wàn)元vs.(3.50±0.68)萬(wàn)元,t=-6.864,P=0.000],住院時(shí)間短[(12.0±2.1) d vs.(15.0±4.4)d,t=-7.596,P=0.000],2組手術(shù)時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 腹腔鏡與開腹膽總管取石術(shù)后一期縫合治療膽總管結(jié)石均安全、有效,LCBDE具有術(shù)后疼痛輕、住院時(shí)間短、住院費(fèi)用低、恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn),值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。
膽總管結(jié)石; 腹腔鏡; 一期縫合
膽總管結(jié)石易并發(fā)急性化膿性膽管炎、急性胰腺炎,對(duì)于十二指腸鏡不能處理的膽總管結(jié)石,外科膽總管切開取石術(shù)是最常用的治療方法。膽總管切開膽道探查取石T管引流是傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)典術(shù)式,包括開腹和腹腔鏡膽總管切開取石(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)。對(duì)術(shù)中證實(shí)膽管結(jié)石已經(jīng)取凈的患者,膽總管切開取石術(shù)后膽總管一期縫合的報(bào)道越來越多。2010年1月~2014年12月,我院行322例膽總管切開取石一期縫合,其中LCBDE 133例,開腹手術(shù)189例,術(shù)后均恢復(fù)良好,未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1.1 一般資料
病例選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)前經(jīng)外科與十二指腸鏡內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)生討論,不適合或無法行ERCP十二指腸鏡下一期取凈結(jié)石或ERCP失敗,行外科手術(shù)治療;術(shù)前常規(guī)B超、CT或MRCP檢查提示膽總管直徑>8 mm,無肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石,膽總管下端無狹窄,排除膽道惡性腫瘤、肝硬化,無嚴(yán)重合并癥,符合膽管一期縫合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
共322例膽總管切開取石一期縫合,主訴腹痛168例,發(fā)熱106例,黃疸160例,無癥狀113例。按不同術(shù)者的習(xí)慣,行腹腔鏡手術(shù)133例(LCBDE組),開腹手術(shù)189例(開腹組)。術(shù)前常規(guī)B超、CT或MRCP檢查,明確為肝外膽管結(jié)石,244例合并膽囊結(jié)石。LCBDE組平均年齡比開腹組小3歲(P=0.035),無臨床意義,其余一般資料2組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
表1 2組一般資料比較
1.2 方法
1.2.1 LCBDE組 全身麻醉,平臥位,頭高足低左傾30°,按四孔法膽囊切除的方式置放trocar。建立氣腹,探查腹腔,如未發(fā)現(xiàn)其他病變,解剖膽囊三角,分離膽囊動(dòng)脈用Hem-o-lok夾閉、離斷,分離出膽囊管用Hem-o-lok夾閉,暫不離斷。根據(jù)膽囊局部情況采用順行或逆行分離膽囊,膽囊床徹底止血,牽拉膽囊底部使膽總管充分暴露,穿刺針穿刺明確膽總管,剪刀在膽總管前壁縱行切開1~1.5 cm,先常規(guī)吸引器頭端連接一段長(zhǎng)約8 cm的普通輸液皮管,將吸引器頭端皮管自劍突下主操作孔置入膽總管內(nèi),50 ml注射器裝滿生理鹽水自吸引器端進(jìn)行沖洗,充分沖洗后膽道鏡取石籃取出膽總管結(jié)石,再次膽道鏡檢查肝內(nèi)外膽管均通暢,膽道鏡見到十二指腸乳頭開閉,膽道無殘石及狹窄后,用4-0或者5-0可吸收縫線間斷縫合膽總管切口,針距2~3 mm,邊距1 mm。術(shù)中均未行膽道造影。切除膽囊,將膽囊放入標(biāo)本袋自臍上切口取出。常規(guī)Winslow孔處放置腹腔引流管1根,自右下操作孔引出。
1.2.2 開腹組 全身麻醉,右肋緣下斜切口,行膽囊逆行或順行切除,穿刺針穿刺明確膽總管,在膽總管前壁縱行切開1~1.5 cm,50 ml注射器裝滿生理鹽水行膽總管內(nèi)沖洗,置入膽道鏡,取石籃取出膽總管結(jié)石,膽道鏡探查膽道通暢,無殘留結(jié)石及膽總管狹窄,用4-0或者5-0 Prolene線間斷縫合或連續(xù)縫合。常規(guī)Winslow孔處放置腹腔引流管1根,自切口右側(cè)引出。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
從病歷中提取以下數(shù)據(jù):手術(shù)時(shí)間,術(shù)中出血量,首次下床活動(dòng)時(shí)間,術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分,總住院時(shí)間,住院費(fèi)用,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥包括膽漏、膽道狹窄、切口感染、結(jié)石殘留率及結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率。術(shù)后6 h護(hù)士記錄患者的疼痛視覺模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale,VAS)(0為不痛,10為最痛)。術(shù)后切口感染的判定:術(shù)后切口局部紅、腫、熱、疼痛和壓痛,有膿性分泌物,伴或者不伴有發(fā)熱癥狀。膽漏的判斷:術(shù)后腹腔引流,單次膽汁樣液體超過100 ml,或連續(xù)3天有膽汁流出。術(shù)后定期電話及門診隨訪,術(shù)后2個(gè)月常規(guī)B超檢查了解有無結(jié)石殘留,2個(gè)月后對(duì)于有腹痛、黃疸等癥狀者行CT或MRCP檢查了解有無結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)及膽管狹窄。結(jié)石殘留判定:術(shù)后2個(gè)月常規(guī)復(fù)查B超發(fā)現(xiàn)肝外膽管結(jié)石;未來院隨訪患者1年內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)石。結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)判定:術(shù)后2個(gè)月常規(guī)復(fù)查B超未發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)石,以后檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)的肝外膽管結(jié)石;未來院隨訪患者1年以上發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)石。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理
2組手術(shù)均獲成功,無術(shù)中并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,LCBDE組無中轉(zhuǎn)開腹。2組觀察指標(biāo)比較見表2。與開腹組相比,LCBDE組術(shù)中出血少,術(shù)后疼痛輕,術(shù)后首次下床活動(dòng)早,住院費(fèi)用少,住院時(shí)間短(P<0.05),2組手術(shù)時(shí)間、并發(fā)癥差異無顯著性(P>0.05)。LCBDE組膽漏7例,腹腔引流5~18d自愈;開腹組11例膽漏,10例經(jīng)腹腔引流6~20d自愈,1例引流量較多,術(shù)后第3天行內(nèi)鏡下鼻膽管引流,腹腔引流管引流液逐漸減少,10天后拔除腹腔引流管,術(shù)后1個(gè)月拔除鼻膽管。切口感染2組共8例,經(jīng)切口換藥6~12天愈合。2組隨訪2~15個(gè)月,均無膽道狹窄和結(jié)石殘留。6例結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)均隨訪12個(gè)月以上發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)石直徑均<1cm,均ERCP后取石。
表2 2組觀察指標(biāo)比較
膽總管探查術(shù)自1890年瑞士Ludwig Courvossier首創(chuàng)并應(yīng)用于臨床[1],已經(jīng)成為膽道外科常用的手術(shù)方法之一。傳統(tǒng)的膽總管探查術(shù)常規(guī)行T管引流,影響患者生活質(zhì)量[2],拔除T管后可能出現(xiàn)膽漏[3]等。隨著肝膽外科及微創(chuàng)外科的發(fā)展,更多學(xué)者在膽總管取石后行膽總管一期縫合[4]。Ahmed等[5]報(bào)道,膽總管切開取石后一期縫合的膽道并發(fā)癥低于T管引流組,術(shù)中需檢查證實(shí)無殘余結(jié)石。腹腔鏡膽總管探查一期縫合術(shù)后膽漏及膽管狹窄的發(fā)生率并不高。Decker等[6]統(tǒng)計(jì)100例腹腔鏡膽總管切開取石一期縫合,術(shù)后膽漏3例,未出現(xiàn)膽管狹窄。
膽總管結(jié)石取石后一期縫合的主要適應(yīng)證為:①術(shù)前彩超、CT或MRCP檢查未見膽管狹窄,肝內(nèi)膽管無結(jié)石;②膽總管直徑超過0.8 cm;③術(shù)中膽道鏡探查確定膽總管和肝總管結(jié)石已取凈;④膽總管下端通暢無狹窄,膽管炎癥、水腫不嚴(yán)重;⑤無嚴(yán)重肝硬化等基礎(chǔ)疾病。縫合的操作要點(diǎn)是:選擇盡量細(xì)的無損傷線縫合,減少對(duì)膽管壁的切割。開腹手術(shù)我們常規(guī)選用4-0或5-0 Prolene線間斷縫合或連續(xù)縫合,因?yàn)镻rolene線對(duì)于膽管壁的切割損傷相對(duì)小,如膽總管較細(xì),甚至可采用7-0 Prolene線縫合。因?yàn)镻olene線不利于腔鏡下操作,LCBDE膽總管縫合我們多采用4-0或5-0可吸收縫線(可吸收縫線腔鏡下更容易操作),連續(xù)或間斷縫合。針距2~3 mm為宜,邊距1 mm左右,打結(jié)松緊適宜。應(yīng)減少電刀的不正確使用,避免膽管壁熱灼傷??p合完畢后用紗布條輕沾以明確是否有膽汁滲出。LCBDE一期縫合對(duì)腹腔鏡操作技術(shù)要求高,操作需輕柔,精準(zhǔn),腔鏡下打結(jié)松緊適宜。Yokoyama等[7]報(bào)道腹腔鏡膽總管縫合采用單向倒刺線縫合安全、有效,節(jié)省縫合時(shí)間。
本研究LCBDE組手術(shù)采用4個(gè)小切口,患者術(shù)后疼痛感明顯減輕,術(shù)后首次下床活動(dòng)較開腹組早。住院費(fèi)用腹腔鏡組較開腹組少,主要與住院時(shí)間短以及腹腔鏡術(shù)后使用抗生素等藥物時(shí)間短等有關(guān)。LCBDE一期縫合具有創(chuàng)傷小、患者恢復(fù)快、疼痛感輕、住院時(shí)間短等優(yōu)點(diǎn),甚至適用于有腹部手術(shù)史者[8]。腹腔鏡膽道縫合創(chuàng)傷相對(duì)小,可降低患者的免疫抑制[9]。隨著微創(chuàng)外科的發(fā)展,LCBDE手術(shù)不但在成人方面,甚至在兒科方面也是可行的[10],也同樣適合于老年人[11],對(duì)符合適應(yīng)證的患者可以作為替代T管引流的術(shù)式[12]。Yi等[13]報(bào)道對(duì)于部分LCBDE一期縫合的長(zhǎng)期療效評(píng)估也是安全有效的。本研究術(shù)后隨訪2~15個(gè)月,復(fù)查B超、CT或MRCP未發(fā)現(xiàn)殘余結(jié)石及膽管狹窄,結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率1.9%(6/322),長(zhǎng)期結(jié)果尚待隨訪。
本研究術(shù)后并發(fā)癥主要為膽漏,LCBDE組7例,考慮與早期腔鏡下縫合技巧有關(guān)。Rossi等[14]報(bào)道膽道手術(shù)后膽漏發(fā)生率為0.8%~12%,膽總管直徑和膽總管結(jié)石清除是膽漏的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,另外,操作不熟練導(dǎo)致縫合時(shí)反復(fù)進(jìn)針、膽管壁較薄弱、嚴(yán)重膽管炎癥導(dǎo)致膽管壁容易被切割以及患者全身情況都有關(guān)系。Lee等[15]報(bào)道LCBDE采用V-loc線一期縫合,同時(shí)置入膽道支架,明顯減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。腹腔鏡外科醫(yī)生技術(shù)熟練,患者經(jīng)過仔細(xì)選擇,術(shù)后膽漏發(fā)生率相對(duì)降低[16]。為預(yù)防膽漏發(fā)生,我們認(rèn)為應(yīng)做到以下幾點(diǎn):①膽道鏡取石時(shí)動(dòng)作輕柔,避免膽管黏膜損傷水腫,以免術(shù)后膽道壓力增高引起膽漏;②縫合技巧,開放手術(shù)縫合建議用Prolene線,腔鏡下選擇可吸收線,膽管壁的縫合選用較細(xì)的針線,進(jìn)行黏膜對(duì)黏膜的細(xì)致縫合,縫合完畢以生理鹽水沖洗無膽汁滲出,結(jié)束手術(shù)前再次沖洗確認(rèn)無膽汁滲出;③膽道鏡檢查確保結(jié)石取凈,必要時(shí)術(shù)中膽道造影或腹腔鏡超聲檢查進(jìn)一步證實(shí);④常規(guī)術(shù)中放置腹腔引流管;⑤熟練的操作技術(shù)及選擇合適的病人也非常重要。
綜上所述,腹腔鏡和開腹膽總管切開取石一期縫合都是治療膽總管結(jié)石安全、有效的方法,LCBDE一期縫合具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快、治療費(fèi)用低等優(yōu)點(diǎn),同時(shí)要嚴(yán)格把握適應(yīng)證,術(shù)中做到精準(zhǔn)與熟練操作。
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(修回日期:2016-04-08)
(責(zé)任編輯:王惠群)
【編者按】 膽總管結(jié)石膽總管切開取石后膽管一期縫合還是置放T管引流已有很多報(bào)告,有成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn),也有值得吸取的教訓(xùn)。關(guān)鍵是膽漏的發(fā)生,一旦發(fā)生往往造成嚴(yán)重后果,有的甚至需要多次手術(shù)。本文無論開腹組還是腹腔鏡組,膽漏發(fā)生率都較高(>5%),遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過膽道手術(shù)并發(fā)癥膽漏發(fā)生率0.1%~0.5%,其原因和教訓(xùn)值得深究。本文18例幸好均經(jīng)持續(xù)引流得到緩解,應(yīng)引以為戒。膽總管一期縫合的病例選擇非常重要,術(shù)中證實(shí)膽道結(jié)石完全取凈非常關(guān)鍵,膽道鏡對(duì)2級(jí)肝內(nèi)膽管的觀察有局限性,術(shù)中造影十分必要,可避免殘留結(jié)石造成膽漏。對(duì)膽道結(jié)石殘余與復(fù)發(fā)的界定目前尚無統(tǒng)一意見。Thompson、Saharia等提出在膽道取石2年內(nèi)再出現(xiàn)的結(jié)石為殘余結(jié)石,2年后出現(xiàn)的結(jié)石為復(fù)發(fā)性結(jié)石[1]。而國(guó)內(nèi)黃志強(qiáng)[2]、石景森[3]等均以3年為界。再生的結(jié)石是手術(shù)后3年內(nèi)再形成的結(jié)石。(再生結(jié)石的條件是:①前次手術(shù)后T管造影未發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)石;②再次手術(shù)與前次手術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)石性質(zhì)、部位有所不同;③前次手術(shù)后3年內(nèi)無癥狀)。梁力建等[4]提出術(shù)后1年以內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)石者為殘余結(jié)石,1年或1年以上者為復(fù)發(fā)結(jié)石。殘余結(jié)石與結(jié)石再生(復(fù)發(fā))是兩個(gè)不同的概念,殘余結(jié)石與手術(shù)有關(guān),而結(jié)石再生(復(fù)發(fā))與患者體質(zhì)有關(guān)。本文作者以術(shù)后2個(gè)月為界缺乏文獻(xiàn)依據(jù)??谴宋?,供同道交流。
參考文獻(xiàn)
1 Saharia PC,Zuifema GD,Cameron JL.Primary common duct stones.Ann Surg,1977,185(5):598-604
2 黃志強(qiáng),主編.當(dāng)代膽道外科學(xué).上海:上??萍嘉墨I(xiàn)出版社,1998.437.
3 石景森,王炳煌,主編.膽道基礎(chǔ)與臨床.北京:人民衛(wèi)生出版社,2003.523.
4 梁力建,韓雨生.肝膽管殘余結(jié)石的診斷方法及治療選擇.中國(guó)實(shí)用外科雜志,2000,20(9):521-523.
執(zhí)行主編:傅賢波
Comparative Study Between Laparoscopic and Open Common Bile Duct Exploration with Primary Closure
PanChengwen,WuYulian.
SecondDepartmentofSurgery,SecondAffiliatedHospital,ZhejiangUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Hangzhou310003,China
WuYulian,E-mail:wuyulian@medmail.com.cn
Objective To discuss the clinical efficacy of primary suture following laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) for choledocholithiasis. Methods Clinical data of 322 patients with common bile duct stones undergoing primary suture from January 2010 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 133 patients receiving laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE group) and 189 patients receiving open operation (open group). The operative time, blood loss, visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain 6 h after surgery, postoperative ambulation time, hospitalization time, hospitalization expenses, postoperative complication rate of the two groups were observed and compared. Results The procedure was successfully accomplished in all the patients in both groups. No complications occurred in the process of surgery. No conversion to open operation was required in the LCBDE group. The blood loss in the LCBDE group [(33.9±18.3) ml] was less than that in the open group [(72.6±38.5) ml,t=-10.755,P=0.000). The pain VAS scores were lower in the LCBDE group [(3.8±1.6) points] than in the open group [(5.3±1.2) points,t=-9.610,P=0.000]. The LCBDE group showed earlier out-of-bed activity [(9.2±2.1) hours] than the open group [(14.3±2.7) hours,t=-18.242,P=0.000]. The hospitalization expenses in the LCBDE group [(3.03±0.50)×104yuan] was lower than that in the open group [(3.50±0.68)×104yuan,t=-6.864,P=0.000]. The postoperative hospital stay in the LCBDE group [(12.0±2.1) days] was shorter than that in the open group [(15.0±4.4) days,t=-7.596,P=0.000]. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the operation time and postoperative complications rates (P>0.05). Conclusions LCBDE and the open choledocholithotomy with primary suture of the common bile duct are both effective and safe procedures for common bile duct stones. As compared with the open operation, LCBDE with primary suture has smaller incision, less pain, less hospitalization costs and quicker recovery, being more worthy of clinical application.
Choledocholithiasis; Laparoscope; Primary closure
A
1009-6604(2016)06-0518-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2016.06.011
2016-03-07)
*通訊作者,E-mail:wuyulian@medmail.com.cn