韓佳珺
單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)治療肺部疾病的應(yīng)用價值研究
韓佳珺
目的 探討單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)(uVATS)在肺部良惡性病變治療中的應(yīng)用價值。方法 回顧分析2016年2月至2017年3月40例行單孔胸腔鏡肺部手術(shù)患者的臨床資料。結(jié)果 所有患者均在單孔胸腔鏡下完成手術(shù),無中轉(zhuǎn)開胸手術(shù)患者。其中肺楔形切除術(shù)26例(A組),肺癌根治術(shù)14例(B組)。A組手術(shù)時間43~150min,平均(86.58±31.10)min;術(shù)中失血量5~200ml,平均(43.27±46.45)ml;術(shù)后第1天引流量0~400ml,平均(83.65±91.91)ml;術(shù)后總引流量0~1050ml,平均(285.19±264.43)ml;拔管天數(shù)1~5d,平均(2.65±1.09)d;術(shù)后住院天數(shù)2~11d,平均(4.62±1.83)d。B組手術(shù)時間120~270min,平均(207±52.39)min;術(shù)中失血量5~400ml,平均(110.71±104.11)ml;清掃淋巴結(jié)數(shù)10~26個,平均(17.07±5.37)個;術(shù)后第1天引流量0~300ml,平均(145±100.9)ml;術(shù)后總引流量160~2815ml,平均(1046.43±856.81)ml;拔管天數(shù)3~10d,平均(5.29±2.81)d;術(shù)后住院天數(shù)4~14d,平均(7.29±3.31)d。術(shù)后病理良性疾病9例,肺癌31例。由于患者高齡,肺功能較差不能耐受肺葉切除術(shù)或為晚期轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,部分肺癌患者僅行肺楔形切除術(shù)。有3例拔管后出現(xiàn)皮下氣腫,1例給予胸腔穿刺治療。3例術(shù)后出現(xiàn)漏氣,拔管時間較長。無肺部感染、出血、肺栓塞等術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。結(jié)論 單孔胸腔鏡治療肺部疾病是一種安全可行的手術(shù)方式,值得學(xué)習(xí)推廣。
單孔胸腔鏡 肺部疾病 手術(shù)
早在1924年,Singer就提出所有器械通過一個切口完成胸腔鏡手術(shù)的猜想[1]。直到20世紀(jì)初,這一構(gòu)想才變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。而2011年,Gonzalez等報道世界第一例單孔胸腔鏡下肺葉切除加縱隔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)[2]。肺癌作為我國發(fā)病率和病死率第一的癌癥[3],隨著低劑量CT篩查的普及,早期肺癌的檢出率不斷提高。因此單孔胸腔鏡下肺部疾病治療方式,值得每一位胸外科醫(yī)師學(xué)習(xí)。本文探討單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)(uVATS)在肺部良惡性病變治療中的應(yīng)用價值。
1.1 一般資料 2016年2月至2017年3月本院行單孔胸腔鏡肺部手術(shù)患者40例。其中男14例,女26例;年齡28~79歲,平均(54.58±11.62)歲。病灶位于左上肺7例、左下肺8例、右上肺12例、右中肺5例,右下肺8例。術(shù)后病理檢查提示為肺癌31例,良性疾病9例。
1.2 方法 術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備、麻醉方式、手術(shù)體位和常規(guī)單操作孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)相同。手術(shù)切口方面,根據(jù)病變部位,選取腋前線或腋中線第4或第5肋間,長度2~4cm,常規(guī)使用切口保護(hù)套,手術(shù)結(jié)束后于手術(shù)切口處放置常規(guī)胸腔閉式引流管1根。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 觀察手術(shù)時間,術(shù)中失血量,胸管放置時間,術(shù)后第1天引流量,術(shù)后總引流量,術(shù)后住院天數(shù),肺癌根治術(shù)患者統(tǒng)計淋巴結(jié)清掃數(shù);及術(shù)后漏氣、皮下氣腫、肺不張、肺部感染、出血、肺栓塞等術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。
所有患者均在單孔胸腔鏡下完成手術(shù),無中轉(zhuǎn)開胸手術(shù)患者。其中肺楔形切除術(shù)26例(A組),肺癌根治術(shù)14例(B組)。A組手術(shù)時間43~150min,平均(86.58±31.10)min;術(shù)中失血量 5~200ml,平均(43.27±46.45)ml;術(shù)后第 1天引流量 0~400ml,平均(83.65±91.91)ml;術(shù)后總引流量 0~1050ml,平均(285.19±264.43)ml;拔管天數(shù) 1~5d,平均(2.65±1.09)d;術(shù)后住院天數(shù) 2~11d,平均(4.62±1.83)d。B組手術(shù)時間 120~270min,平均(207±52.39)min;術(shù)中失血量 5~400ml,平均(110.71±104.11)ml;清掃淋巴結(jié)數(shù) 10~26個,平均(17.07±5.37)個;術(shù)后第1天引流量0~300ml,平均(145±100.90)ml;術(shù)后總引流量 160~2815ml,平均(1046.43±856.81)ml;拔管天數(shù)3~10d,平均(5.29±2.81)d;術(shù)后住院天數(shù)4~14d,平均(7.29±3.31)d。術(shù)后病理檢查良性疾病9例,肺癌31例。由于患者高齡,肺功能較差不能耐受肺葉切除術(shù)或為晚期轉(zhuǎn)移瘤,部分肺癌患者僅行肺楔形切除術(shù)。3例拔管后出現(xiàn)皮下氣腫,1例給予胸腔穿刺治療。3例術(shù)后出現(xiàn)漏氣,拔管時間較長。無肺部感染、出血、肺栓塞等術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。
自20世紀(jì)90年代初胸腔鏡問世以來,無論是手術(shù)入路還是切口長度,均得到快速發(fā)展。從最初的腔鏡輔助,到四孔、三孔、單操作孔,腔鏡手術(shù)逐步走向更加微創(chuàng),變?yōu)榉尾考膊〉囊环N標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化治療方式[4]。而隨著2004 年Rocco[5]首先報道經(jīng)單孔電視輔助胸腔鏡下行肺楔形切除術(shù),又將胸腔鏡的發(fā)展推向一個新的高度。隨后單孔胸腔鏡技術(shù)得到充分發(fā)展。
與傳統(tǒng)胸腔鏡手術(shù)比較,單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷更小,有效降低患者的術(shù)后疼痛,有利于患者早期下床,充分引流,更為患者早期拔管、早期出院提供便利,符合快速康復(fù)的理念。由于手術(shù)切口小,減輕患者圍手術(shù)期的心理負(fù)擔(dān),使患者更易接受手術(shù),對患者遠(yuǎn)期感覺及運(yùn)動影響也較?。?-8]。更小的手術(shù)切口也降低術(shù)中出血、神經(jīng)損傷及術(shù)后滲出、傷口感染等風(fēng)險。雖然切口變得更小,但手術(shù)一樣完成徹底,與傳統(tǒng)胸腔鏡及開放手術(shù)比較,單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)淋巴結(jié)清掃范圍無明顯差異[9]。有文獻(xiàn)報道,在清掃左側(cè)隆凸下淋巴結(jié)時,可將手術(shù)臺向前方傾斜25°,助手將左側(cè)主氣管朝前下輕輕推擋[10]。當(dāng)然實際操作時需根據(jù)具體情況,手術(shù)切口不同時,具體的操作流程尚有變化。作者認(rèn)為術(shù)中根據(jù)手術(shù)需要調(diào)整手術(shù)床傾斜角度,確實是行之有效的方法。
單孔胸腔鏡尚存在著一些技術(shù)難度,從而阻礙其廣泛開展。與傳統(tǒng)胸腔鏡手術(shù)一樣,一旦遇到胸腔粘連嚴(yán)重或解剖變異,常規(guī)手術(shù)入路恐難達(dá)到需要的視野角度,因此一些拐彎器械及耗材需要更進(jìn)一步研發(fā)。術(shù)者的不適應(yīng)或腫瘤巨大必須通過肋骨撐開器幫助移除仍是絕對禁忌證[11]。鏡頭與所有操作器械均需要從同一個操作孔中通過,同時主刀與扶鏡助手站在患者同側(cè),給手術(shù)難度造成影響。為便于圖像的穩(wěn)定性,扶鏡助手需將鏡頭固定于切口一側(cè),以減少圖像的晃動。在切口的選擇上,總體需把握適當(dāng)遠(yuǎn)離肺門結(jié)構(gòu)的原則,這有利于增加操作空間。如上肺手術(shù),多選擇第4肋間;中下肺手術(shù),多選擇第5肋間[10]。
單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)是安全、可靠、有效的肺部疾病治療方式。在手術(shù)時間、術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后引流、拔管時間、出院時間及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥均無明顯的適用禁忌。相反,可能部分指標(biāo)優(yōu)于單操作孔胸腔鏡手術(shù),這需要后續(xù)研究進(jìn)一步實踐驗證。在一些惡性征象不明顯或結(jié)合患者自身情況只能行楔形切除的情況下,單孔胸腔鏡能最大限度減少患者術(shù)后疼痛,加速患者的術(shù)后康復(fù)。隨著外科技術(shù)手段的不斷熟練和創(chuàng)新,器械設(shè)備的不斷進(jìn)步和革新,單孔胸腔鏡手術(shù)將會展現(xiàn)更大的優(yōu)勢。
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Objective To evaluate the effects of uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery(uVATS)in the pulmonary diseases.Methods The clinical data of 40 patients with pulmonary diseases from February 2016 to March 2017 treated by uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were retrospectively analyzed. Results All the operations were successfully completed,none of them was conversed to thoracotomy. There were 26 cases of wedge resection(Group A),14 cases of pulmonary lobectomy(Group B). In Group A,the operation time was 43-150min,(86.58±31.10)min in average. The blood loss was 5-200ml,(43.27±46.45)ml in average. The first 24h drainage was 0-400ml,(83.65±91.91)in average. Postoperative total drainage was 0-1050ml,(285.19±264.43)ml in average. Tube removed time was 1-5 days,(2.65±1.09)in average. Postoperative hospital stay was 2-11 days,(4.62±1.83)days in average. In Group B,the operation time was 120-270min,(207±52.39)min in average. The blood loss was 5-400ml,(110.71±104.11)ml in average. The amount of lymph node was 10-26,(17.07±5.37)in average. The first 24h drainage was 0-300ml,(145±100.90)in average. Postoperative total drainage was 160-2815ml,(1046.43±856.81)ml in average. Tube removed time was 3-10 days,(5.29±2.81)in average. Postoperative hospital stay was 4-14 days,(7.29±3.31)days in average. There were 9 cases of benign lung tumor,31 cases of lung cancer. Wedge resection of lung cancer was applied due to poor lung function in elderly patients,inadequate tolerance against lobectomy or metastatic tumor. Three patients had subcutaneous emphysema after removing the tube. One of them was given pleurocentesis. Three patients had pulmonary air leakage,which had a longer tube removed time. None of them had pulmonary infection,bleeding,pulmonary embolism and other complications. Conclusion The uniportal VATS is a safe and feasible way to treat the pulmonary diseases. It is worthy of clinical promotion.
Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery Pulmonary diseases Operation
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