張正群 馬興剛
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CIK細(xì)胞的特點(diǎn)及在消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤免疫治療中的研究進(jìn)展
張正群 馬興剛
腫瘤過繼細(xì)胞免疫治療(ACI)是一種新的腫瘤治療技術(shù),是繼傳統(tǒng)的手術(shù)、化療、放療等腫瘤治療方法的又一治療模式,被Science評(píng)選為2013年十項(xiàng)重大突破之首。細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)的殺傷細(xì)胞(CIK)因其具有獨(dú)特性、可行性、有效性及安全性等,已成為腫瘤免疫治療的首選方案,但CIK細(xì)胞的殺傷機(jī)制尚不完全清楚,而且CIK細(xì)胞治療技術(shù)仍處于臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,有待進(jìn)一步深入研究及突破,本文從CIK細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)特性、殺傷機(jī)制以及CIK細(xì)胞對(duì)于消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤的基礎(chǔ)和臨床應(yīng)用的研究進(jìn)展的幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行綜述。
消化系統(tǒng); 免疫治療; CIK細(xì)胞
消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤是常見的惡性腫瘤,據(jù)國(guó)際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)2009年的一項(xiàng)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)研究資料顯示,全球范圍內(nèi)每年約有超過10萬的結(jié)直腸癌新發(fā)病例,五年生存率僅接近50%,而胃癌位居世界范圍內(nèi)最常見的惡性腫瘤的第四位,在亞洲,日本和我國(guó)更是胃腸道腫瘤的高發(fā)區(qū)。同時(shí)中國(guó)是食管癌高發(fā)國(guó)家,也是食管癌病死率最高的國(guó)家。而肝細(xì)胞癌也是全世界第三常見的癌癥,其惡性度高,嚴(yán)重威脅到人類的健康健康。目前,消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤的治療仍以手術(shù)為主,輔以局部放療和全身化療,而以腫瘤免疫治療為基礎(chǔ)的腫瘤生物治療作為現(xiàn)代腫瘤治療的新型模式越來越受到重視,且被Science評(píng)選為2013年十項(xiàng)重大突破之首。常用于細(xì)胞免疫治療的細(xì)胞包括細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)的殺傷(cytokine-induced killer cells,CIK)細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞(dendritic cell,DC)、自然殺傷(natural killer,NK)細(xì)胞等。CIK細(xì)胞是一種新型的免疫治療細(xì)胞,它是將人靜脈血或臍血中單個(gè)核細(xì)胞在體外通過多種細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)一段時(shí)間后獲得的一群免疫活性細(xì)胞,具有T淋巴細(xì)胞性和非主要組織相容性復(fù)合體(major histocompatibility complex,MHC)限制性強(qiáng)大的抗瘤活性,因其具備增殖速度快、殺瘤活性高、殺瘤譜廣等優(yōu)越性,已成為細(xì)胞免疫治療的首選方案,CD3+CD56+T細(xì)胞是CIK群體中的主要活性細(xì)胞[1]。
CIK細(xì)胞是一種新型的過繼免疫治療細(xì)胞,其體外增殖能力遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于淋巴因子激活的殺傷細(xì)胞(lymphokine activated killer cells,LAK),經(jīng)10天左右培養(yǎng)后就可以達(dá)到臨床抗腫瘤效應(yīng)細(xì)胞所需的細(xì)胞數(shù)量。CIK細(xì)胞具有廣泛的、強(qiáng)大的殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞的作用,對(duì)具有耐藥性的腫瘤細(xì)胞的殺傷活性也無明顯減弱[2]。CIK細(xì)胞對(duì)不同來源的腫瘤細(xì)胞均具有相似的細(xì)胞毒性作用,并且對(duì)一般的腫瘤干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞也具有細(xì)胞毒性作用[3],已成為生物治療的首選方案。CIK細(xì)胞的增殖量及其細(xì)胞殺傷活性的大小與不同來源血及其培養(yǎng)過程中添加的細(xì)胞因子有密切關(guān)系[4-5],Kim等[6]實(shí)驗(yàn)說明加入CIK細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)體系中的不同的外源性細(xì)胞因子所起的作用不同,例如IL-2在CIK細(xì)胞增殖過程中起關(guān)鍵作用,它一方面能刺激CIK細(xì)胞數(shù)量增長(zhǎng),另一方面能促進(jìn)CIK細(xì)胞殺傷活性的增強(qiáng)。CD3抗體激發(fā)T細(xì)胞的增殖,而IFN-γ、IL-1β、TNF-α則主要用于增強(qiáng)其細(xì)胞活性。收獲的CIK細(xì)胞是異質(zhì)細(xì)胞群,一般95%以上的細(xì)胞表達(dá)CD3+,其中包含NK細(xì)胞,但量少。CIK細(xì)胞主要的活性群體是一群終末分化的淋巴細(xì)胞,主要為表面表達(dá)CD3+CD56+的淋巴細(xì)胞。在單個(gè)核細(xì)胞中,原有CD3+CD56+T表達(dá)率很低;經(jīng)過體外細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)以后,表達(dá)CD3+CD56+T的細(xì)胞迅速大量增殖[7],這些細(xì)胞來源于單個(gè)核細(xì)胞中的CD3+CD56-T細(xì)胞,是由CD3+CD56-T細(xì)胞中的CD4-CD8+細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)而獲得的。CIK細(xì)胞還表達(dá)部分NK細(xì)胞的受體,如NKG2D、DNAM-1等,NKp30也有少量表達(dá)[8]。
至今CIK細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤的殺傷機(jī)制尚不完全明確,目前經(jīng)研究證明可能有以下機(jī)制:(1)CIK細(xì)胞因其表面的CD3樣受體結(jié)合而被激活,CD3與MHC-TCR結(jié)合,參與信息傳遞,導(dǎo)致毒性顆粒介導(dǎo)的殺傷作用,同時(shí)提高機(jī)體的免疫功能[9];(2)NKG2D受體在CIK細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤過程中起重要的作用,使用NKG2D的抗體干預(yù)可以極大程度地降低CIK細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤活性[10]。目前已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)有許多NKG2D配體可以通過NKG2D活化免疫細(xì)胞,從而激活免疫應(yīng)答。其中最重要的,也是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的配體是人類MIC(major histoeompatibiitye complex class1chain-related moleeules)。其中只有MICA、MICB編碼、表達(dá)和轉(zhuǎn)錄。MICA和MICB這兩個(gè)基因的編碼區(qū)的同源序列高達(dá)90%,但與經(jīng)典的人類白細(xì)胞抗原(human leukoeyteantigen, HLA)分子同源性僅有30%[11]。腫瘤細(xì)胞表面NKG2D配體是機(jī)體免疫細(xì)胞識(shí)別腫瘤的關(guān)鍵分子,提高NKG2D配體的表達(dá),被認(rèn)為是增強(qiáng)免疫細(xì)胞的殺傷活性的可能機(jī)制之一[12-13];(3)CIK細(xì)胞表達(dá)淋巴因子功能相關(guān)抗原(lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1,LFA-1),而易感的靶細(xì)胞表達(dá)其配體細(xì)胞間黏附分子(inter cellular adhesion molecule 1,2,3,ICAM-1,2,3),CIK細(xì)胞通過LIF-1/ICAM-1系統(tǒng)與靶細(xì)胞結(jié)合,釋放顆粒酶和穿孔素對(duì)靶細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生MHC非限制性殺傷作用[14];(4)活化腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡基因和通過死亡受體(TNF-α、FasL)活化caspase級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng),促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[15-16]。孫抒等[17]通過實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)CIK細(xì)胞對(duì)MGC-803胃癌細(xì)胞的抑制和誘導(dǎo)凋亡作用,發(fā)現(xiàn)CIK細(xì)胞可能通過調(diào)控降低P53蛋白的表達(dá)而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡;(5)分泌多種細(xì)胞因子,如IL-2、TNF-α、IFN-γ等,可以直接抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞及調(diào)節(jié)免疫功能[18]。
Kim等[19]體外實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),在30:1(效靶比)的比例下CIK細(xì)胞殺死了大約58%的人胃癌MKN74細(xì)胞。CIK細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)體系雖然逐漸趨于完善,但仍處于臨床試驗(yàn)階段。如何獲得足夠數(shù)量并具有高細(xì)胞毒活性的CIK細(xì)胞已成為研究熱點(diǎn)[20]。Shi等在常規(guī)培養(yǎng)CIK細(xì)胞體系中增加刺激因子CD28單克隆抗(CD28 monoclon antibody,CD28 mAb)、白介素15(interleukin-15,IL-15)和IL-21后獲得的CD3+CD56+T為功能特征的異質(zhì)群T淋巴細(xì)胞,其增殖能力、細(xì)胞因子分泌和殺傷活性明顯提高[21]。Huang等[22]將CD133/CD3雙功能抗體在體外修飾結(jié)合到CIK細(xì)胞上,將其作用于胰腺癌細(xì)胞SW1990和肝癌細(xì)胞Hep3B中高表達(dá)CD133的腫瘤干細(xì)胞,觀察其殺傷效果,結(jié)果證明針對(duì)特定抗原的特異性抗體修飾CIK細(xì)胞能有效提高CIK細(xì)胞的靶向性和治療效果。劉洪一等[23]將SWlll6細(xì)胞種植裸鼠后,建立裸鼠結(jié)腸癌模型,分為3組分別經(jīng)靜脈注入生理鹽水、CIK細(xì)胞及CIK細(xì)胞及雙特異性抗體,結(jié)果CIK組和CIK及雙抗組均可抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng),抑瘤率分別為29.70%和65.02%,各組在瘤體積、瘤重、抑瘤率等方面比較都有顯著差異。說明CIK細(xì)胞本身可以抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng),在加入抗CD3抗癌胚抗原(CEA)雙特異性單鏈抗體后抑瘤作用明顯增強(qiáng),其原因可能是CIK細(xì)胞結(jié)合了雙特異性抗體后,具有更好的腫瘤靶向作用。王美梅等[24]通過白樺酯酸對(duì)人CIK細(xì)胞殺傷胃癌細(xì)胞株SGC-7901作用的研究中證實(shí)白樺酯酸能夠顯著促進(jìn)CIK細(xì)胞增殖(P<0.05),經(jīng)白樺酯酸誘導(dǎo)后的CIK細(xì)胞殺傷胃癌SGC-7901細(xì)胞的活性明顯提高(P<0.05),其機(jī)制可能與活化ERKl/2信號(hào)通路、增強(qiáng)信號(hào)接頭蛋白SLP-76、LAT表達(dá)和上調(diào)CIK細(xì)胞表面穿孔素和顆粒酶B、CDl07a的表達(dá)有關(guān)。Yu等[25]在研究IL-24時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),將IL-24基因轉(zhuǎn)染到DC細(xì)胞中,將轉(zhuǎn)染的DC細(xì)胞和CIK細(xì)胞共培養(yǎng),研究共培養(yǎng)的CIK細(xì)胞殺傷肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞系SMMC7721的活性,其研究結(jié)果表明轉(zhuǎn)染了IL-24基因的DC細(xì)胞可以分泌更多的細(xì)胞因子如IL-12、TNF-a等,而與其共培養(yǎng)的CIK細(xì)胞對(duì)肝細(xì)胞癌細(xì)胞系SMMC7721的殺傷活性也有顯著提高。陳艷等[26]研究顯示表達(dá)新型干擾素的CIK細(xì)胞體外可以發(fā)揮聯(lián)合抗結(jié)腸癌效應(yīng)。
CIK細(xì)胞臨床試驗(yàn)最多的國(guó)家是中國(guó),Li等[27]對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)20多個(gè)CIK細(xì)胞臨床試驗(yàn)做了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,涉及消化系統(tǒng)的肝癌、胃癌及其他系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,其中5例是DC-CIK聯(lián)合治療,其余為CIK治療,總有效率達(dá)50%。Shi等[28]報(bào)道了自體CIK細(xì)胞聯(lián)合化療在晚期胃癌臨床應(yīng)用中的治療效果,研究觀察151例患者,將其分成兩組,一組僅給予化療(對(duì)照組);另一組給予CIK細(xì)胞聯(lián)合化療(實(shí)驗(yàn)組)。治療后,實(shí)驗(yàn)組的療效顯著高于對(duì)照組,且患者的免疫功能和生活質(zhì)量都顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組。表皮生長(zhǎng)因子受體(epidermal growth facor receptor,EGFR)靶向藥物已成為腫瘤治療的熱點(diǎn),研究表明多種實(shí)體瘤中存在EGFR高表達(dá)或異常表達(dá),并與治療無效、預(yù)后差、病情惡化相關(guān)[29]。目前CIK細(xì)胞聯(lián)合靶向藥物治療已運(yùn)用于臨床,索拉菲尼(Sorafenib)是一種常用的多酶抑制靶向抗腫瘤藥物。它不僅能通過RAF/MEK/ ERK信號(hào)通路直接對(duì)抗腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,同時(shí)還可以抑制VEGFR和PDGFR進(jìn)而阻斷腫瘤血管生成,間接抑制瘤體生長(zhǎng)。李建旺等[30]的臨床觀察結(jié)果表明CIK-DC細(xì)胞聯(lián)合索拉菲尼治療晚期肝癌可使索拉菲尼副反應(yīng)減輕、對(duì)不宜進(jìn)行手術(shù)或化療晚期的肝癌患者具有改善癥狀(疲勞乏力、食欲不振等)、提高生活質(zhì)量的作用。目前,經(jīng)大量的臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CIK細(xì)胞與DC聯(lián)合治療腫瘤,已經(jīng)獲得較好的臨床效果,可能的機(jī)制是CIK細(xì)胞與DC混合以后,提高了DC的抗原遞呈能力,并促進(jìn)了CTL的增殖[31-32]。肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞術(shù)(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)當(dāng)前被認(rèn)為是中晚期肝癌的首選治療手段。但TACE治療后的復(fù)發(fā)率以及生存率仍不理想。經(jīng)臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TACE后加以CIK細(xì)胞治療,不僅可以顯著提高其療效(包括提高患者的免疫力、減少?gòu)?fù)發(fā),延長(zhǎng)無進(jìn)展生存和總生存期),還可以減輕化療藥物對(duì)肝臟的毒性作用。Huang等[33]一項(xiàng)回顧性研究對(duì)比了TACE及射頻消融(radiofrequeneyab lation,RFA)聯(lián)合CIK細(xì)胞治療和傳統(tǒng)TACE聯(lián)和RFA治療。該研究結(jié)果表明從預(yù)防腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移以及改善患者預(yù)后提高生存等方面來看,TACE加RFA聯(lián)合CIK治療比單獨(dú)(TACE+RFA)微創(chuàng)治療有顯著的優(yōu)越性。2013年Wang等[34]研究將CIK細(xì)胞通過腹膜灌注加局部射頻高溫治療不僅可以通過物理方式清除腫瘤細(xì)胞,還能促進(jìn)CIK細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞的結(jié)合進(jìn)而提高CIK細(xì)胞殺傷腫瘤的效率。而且局部射頻高溫還使得CIK細(xì)胞能夠更有效的對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞進(jìn)行滲透。
綜上,CIK細(xì)胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)為后繼腫瘤過繼免疫治療研究提供更高平臺(tái)。CIK細(xì)胞抗腫瘤治療現(xiàn)已逐漸趨于完善,但CIK細(xì)胞應(yīng)用于腫瘤治療仍處于臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)階段,而且缺乏前瞻性及大樣本的臨床研究,還有很多問題有待解決,例如CIK細(xì)胞的抗腫瘤機(jī)制尚未完全明確、培養(yǎng)增殖技術(shù)還有待進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化,其治療的適應(yīng)證、應(yīng)用方法及療效評(píng)估等也需進(jìn)一步系統(tǒng)規(guī)范。因此CIK細(xì)胞依然是目前研究的熱點(diǎn)。隨著對(duì)生物免疫作用機(jī)制的不斷探索以及對(duì)規(guī)范化生物免疫治療體系的逐漸深入研究,CIK細(xì)胞過繼免疫療法將在消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤治療中產(chǎn)生新的突破。
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The characteristics of CIK cells and the research progress in immune therapy of digestive system tumors
Zhang Zhengqun, Ma Xinggang. Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Huaian Aff i liated to Xuzhou Medical College (Second People′s Hospital of Huaian), Huaian 223002, China
Corresponding author: Ma Xinggang, Email:hamxg@sian.com
Tumor adoptive cellular immunotherapy is a new tumor treatment technology, is following the traditional surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and treatment of tumor treatment methods, such as model, has been named by Science for fi rst ten major breakthrough in 2013. Of cytokine induced killer cells (cytokine induced killer cells, CIK cells) because of its uniqueness, feasibility, effectiveness and safety, etc., has become the preferred scheme of tumor immunotherapy, but CIK cells killing mechanism is not fully clear, and CIK cell treatment technology is still in the clinical trials, remains to be further in-depth study and the breakthrough, this paper from the biological characteristics of CIK cells, killing mechanism and CIK cells on the basis of digestive system tumors and summarized the research progress of clinical application of several aspects.
Digestive system; Immunotherapy; CIK cells
2016-09-12)
(本文編輯:楊明)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3224.2017.01.011
淮安市科技局S科技支撐計(jì)劃(社會(huì)發(fā)展)基金(No.HAS2013022)
223002 淮安,徐州醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬淮安醫(yī)院(江蘇淮安市第二人民醫(yī)院)消化科
馬興剛,Email:hamxg@sian.com
張正群, 馬興剛. CIK細(xì)胞的特點(diǎn)及在消化系統(tǒng)腫瘤免疫治療中的研究進(jìn)展[J/CD].中華結(jié)直腸疾病電子雜志, 2017, 6(1): 52-55.