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外耳道膽脂瘤診療進(jìn)展

2017-01-12 13:33何觀文
中華耳科學(xué)雜志 2017年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:膽脂瘤乳突耳道

何觀文

福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬寧德市醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉科(寧德352100)

外耳道膽脂瘤診療進(jìn)展

何觀文

福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬寧德市醫(yī)院耳鼻咽喉科(寧德352100)

外耳道膽脂瘤(external auditory canal cholesteatoma,EACC)是一種少見(jiàn)的耳鼻喉科疾病,臨床癥狀不具有特征性,早期病變?nèi)菀渍`診、漏診,其病因和發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明了,國(guó)際上尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的分型和分期,治療原則為保守或手術(shù)清理膽脂瘤組織,術(shù)式選擇多樣。本文對(duì)EACC的病因、發(fā)病機(jī)制、分型分期和診斷治療進(jìn)展做一綜述,以期給臨床提供一點(diǎn)幫助。

外耳道膽脂瘤;發(fā)病機(jī)制;治療;分型;研究進(jìn)展

外耳道膽脂瘤(external auditory canal cholesteatoma,EACC)由Toynbee在1850年首次報(bào)道[1],但直到1980年才由Piepergerdes等[2]明確其定義。它并非是真性腫瘤,是一種外耳道皮膚脫屑、膽固醇結(jié)晶堆積、上皮包裹所形成的囊狀團(tuán)塊,囊狀團(tuán)塊的內(nèi)層為復(fù)層鱗狀上皮(包括基底層、顆粒層、棘細(xì)胞層、角化層),外層即基質(zhì)層為一層厚薄不一的纖維結(jié)締組織,該層受到慢性炎癥的侵犯,出現(xiàn)特征性的膽固醇結(jié)晶沉積和巨細(xì)胞、圓形細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)。

1 EACC的流行病學(xué)特點(diǎn)

EACC屬少見(jiàn)病,各年齡段均可發(fā)病,中老年人多見(jiàn)[3-5],多單側(cè)發(fā)病,側(cè)別和性別是否有差異各家報(bào)道相差懸殊[7,9],因其發(fā)病率低難以獲得較準(zhǔn)確的發(fā)病數(shù)據(jù),臨床觀察較中耳膽脂瘤少見(jiàn),約占其1/30~60[6],約占耳科門診新就診人數(shù)的1~7.1‰[7,9],10萬(wàn)居民年發(fā)病率約為0.15~0.3[7-10]。

2 EACC的分類和病因

一般將EACC分為原發(fā)性(自發(fā)性、特發(fā)性,即沒(méi)有明確病因的)和繼發(fā)性[8,11,19]。其病因并不非常明確,原發(fā)性EACC的病因(危險(xiǎn)因素)可能包括[8,9,12-14]:耳道的反復(fù)輕微外傷性刺激(如佩戴助聽(tīng)器、頻繁用棉棒挖耳),吸煙,糖尿病,第一鰓裂殘留,表皮樣囊腫等,當(dāng)然也有人否認(rèn)此觀點(diǎn)[15]。繼發(fā)性EACC的分類常基于病因?qū)W,最早由Holt等[3](1992)提出,隨著報(bào)道的增多其類別逐漸豐富,可分為[8,12]:耳道狹窄后(如耳道閉鎖、外生骨或骨瘤、骨纖維異常、Paget骨病等);手術(shù)后(如鼓室成型術(shù)、聽(tīng)骨鏈成形術(shù)、乳突切開(kāi)術(shù));創(chuàng)傷后;腫瘤治療后(如朗格漢斯巨細(xì)胞增多癥化療后);放射性損傷后(如放射性骨壞死、閉塞性動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜炎等);炎癥感染后(如麻疹、白喉、猩紅熱、梅毒、真菌等);耳道阻塞后(如異物肉芽腫、疣等)。

3 EACC的發(fā)病機(jī)制

EACC的發(fā)病機(jī)制均尚未完全明確[9],一般認(rèn)為是耳道皮膚的遷移能力紊亂、減退或缺失[9,16-21],引起角化物的堆積進(jìn)而形成膽脂瘤,然而也有人指出耳道上皮的遷移能力并無(wú)缺陷[20,23]。后來(lái)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EACC的組織樣本中血管生成的因子(如VEGF、HGF/SF、c-Met、FGF-2)表達(dá)增強(qiáng)[21],考慮是耳道皮膚的缺血和缺氧導(dǎo)致血管增生,認(rèn)為組織缺氧是膽脂瘤形成的極為重要的原因[20-22]。原發(fā)性EACC的發(fā)病原因中頻繁挖耳、佩戴助聽(tīng)器、吸煙及糖尿病等因素,以及繼發(fā)性EACC中各種原因引起的耳道狹窄和耳道異??赡軐?dǎo)致耳道微循環(huán)障礙、骨膜炎和無(wú)菌性骨壞死,局部的炎癥反應(yīng)可以改變上皮和骨膜的自我平衡狀態(tài),進(jìn)而引起角化物沉積和膽脂瘤形成[14-16,24]。各種原因形成膽脂瘤后,早期并無(wú)骨質(zhì)破壞,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)外耳道局限性骨膜炎時(shí),破骨細(xì)胞活性增強(qiáng),膽脂瘤基底部及鄰近骨質(zhì)局限性破壞吸收,骨性外耳道壁不斷擴(kuò)大,以此為中心向其他部位發(fā)展,即膽脂瘤引起的骨質(zhì)破壞來(lái)自兩個(gè)方面,一方面是膽脂瘤膨脹性生長(zhǎng)引起的壓迫性壞死,另一方面是上述機(jī)制中的骨質(zhì)溶解所致[41]。

4 EACC的臨床特點(diǎn)和診斷

EACC主要的臨床癥狀包括耳漏、耳鈍痛(骨膜炎引起[16])、聽(tīng)力下降、瘙癢感、耳鳴等,顳頜關(guān)節(jié)受累時(shí),可出現(xiàn)張口疼痛[25],聽(tīng)力下降不一定是主要的癥狀[2,3,8],有些病例甚至完全無(wú)癥狀[9],但Lin等[25]報(bào)道繼發(fā)性EACC都有聽(tīng)力下降的共同特點(diǎn)。原發(fā)性EACC多見(jiàn)于外耳道底(下)壁[2,3,5,8,9,11,14,16],可能和底壁血運(yùn)差、遷移能力弱有關(guān)[4、8、20],但底壁骨質(zhì)較厚,反不容易出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀[26],也有報(bào)道前壁和后壁多見(jiàn)[9,11,12,15],而繼發(fā)性EACC則呈多灶性或位置不固定[4,8]。兒童的EACC一般認(rèn)為更具侵襲性[27-29],因?yàn)閮和M織生長(zhǎng)快,乳突含氣好[27],但也有人認(rèn)為更加溫和[24]。EACC的診斷常需結(jié)合患者病史,查體,耳鏡和CT檢查明確,其臨床上表現(xiàn)的外耳道局灶性侵蝕,炎癥反應(yīng)和角化物堆積并不具有特征性,因此早期易誤診漏診[4],需要和壞死性外耳道炎[16]、惡性腫瘤、外耳道阻塞性角化病[2](Keratosisobturans,KO)、朗格漢斯巨細(xì)胞增多癥等相鑒別。KO多見(jiàn)于年輕人,常雙耳發(fā)病,急性耳痛伴傳導(dǎo)性聽(tīng)力下降,耳漏少見(jiàn),這和EACC多見(jiàn)于老年人,單耳發(fā)病,可慢性耳痛伴耳漏有區(qū)別,查體時(shí)KO可見(jiàn)角化上皮栓堵塞整個(gè)外耳道骨部,局部皮膚彌漫充血,可有肉芽增生,耳道骨壁被彌漫侵蝕、擴(kuò)大,以致鼓環(huán)裸露,CT可見(jiàn)雙側(cè)對(duì)稱性的耳道擴(kuò)大,病理檢查無(wú)骨質(zhì)破壞及死骨形成,此與EACC不同[2]。

5 EACC的分期(分型)

EACC的分期國(guó)際上尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),最早由Holt等[3](1992)提出,基于疾病的CT表現(xiàn)分為以下三期:I-耳道無(wú)或輕度擴(kuò)大,局限小凹形成,表淺病變;II-耳道明顯擴(kuò)大囊袋形成;III-侵犯乳突或上鼓室,該分期方法在早期被廣泛沿用,其缺陷為未包含超顳骨范圍的病變。此后Naim等[16](2005)根據(jù)肉眼和顯微鏡下組織病理和臨床表現(xiàn),將該病分為以下四期:I-耳道上皮增生,角化過(guò)度;II-耳道骨膜炎(骨性外耳道完整);III-外耳道骨質(zhì)缺損(上皮不完整,緊鄰骨耳道的上皮有大量的凹陷,骨膜破壞,上皮層血管增生擴(kuò)張,死骨形成);IV-鄰近結(jié)構(gòu)受累(如乳突、面神經(jīng)、顳頜關(guān)節(jié)等),該分期方法被引用較多,但其I和II期病變只能靠術(shù)后病理明確[30],且因?yàn)槿诱`差,可能誤判II和III期病變[31]。此后Shin等[11](2010)為指導(dǎo)手術(shù),依術(shù)前CT將疾病分為四期:I-病變局限在外耳道;II-侵犯鼓膜或中耳;III-侵犯耳道和乳突;IV-侵犯范圍超出顳骨,該分期方法的問(wèn)題在于EACC常先侵及耳道和乳突,此后才是侵犯鼓膜及中耳,其II和III期病變不能反映病變的進(jìn)展[30]。最近Shoji Kaneda等[32](2016)主張分為以下五期:0-耳道表面受損,骨質(zhì)正常;1-骨質(zhì)受累;2-耳道骨質(zhì)缺損;3-鼓室和或乳突受累及;4-鄰近結(jié)構(gòu)并發(fā)癥。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)EACC的分期同樣有所建樹(shù),黃宏明等[33](2012)將其分為以下四期:I-病變局限在耳道而無(wú)骨質(zhì)破壞;II-耳道骨質(zhì)有破壞;III-侵犯乳突和或鼓室;IV-侵犯顳骨外,該分期方法臨床較實(shí)用。另外尚有王輝兵等[30](2013)以及葉長(zhǎng)發(fā)等[28](2001)的分類方法。

6 EACC的治療

EACC的治療原則是要徹底清理病灶和恢復(fù)正常的耳道上皮的遷移能力[25],治療方法包括保守治療和手術(shù)治療,治療方案尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的指南[32],主要根據(jù)病變范圍和原發(fā)或繼發(fā)的分類決定[15],繼發(fā)性EACC一般認(rèn)為需要手術(shù)治療[15]。

EACC的保守治療多是使用水楊酸、抗生素或類固醇軟膏外用[4,16],適合依從性好的患者、老年人、早期的病變(如Naim分期中I、IIa期)[4,16,34],另外門診簡(jiǎn)單的連續(xù)清理也被認(rèn)為是保守治療的方案,即便是伴有耳道缺損、乳突或中耳受侵等高級(jí)別的病變也同樣適用[15,24],但是對(duì)于耳道狹小、彎曲或者因?yàn)槟懼鲂纬闪藷繝?,則禁忌簡(jiǎn)單的耳道清理[25]。

EACC的手術(shù)內(nèi)容包括兩方面:徹底清除病灶;重建可能存在的缺損。手術(shù)原則是完全清除膽脂瘤和壞死的骨組織及皮膚,磨光滑骨性外耳道,保留正常的皮膚[11,16,41],通過(guò)手術(shù)可以成形外耳道,重建耳道的碟形結(jié)構(gòu),恢復(fù)耳道的自潔能力[4]。一般認(rèn)為Naim分期II期以上的病變均需要手術(shù)治療[6],多種術(shù)式[5,8,14,20,25,35,36]可以被采用,如外耳道成形術(shù)、乳突開(kāi)放術(shù)、擴(kuò)大的乳突開(kāi)放術(shù)、鼓室成形術(shù),以及顳骨相鄰部位病變的切除,手術(shù)方式的選擇宜個(gè)性化依照病變范圍來(lái)決定[24]。與EACC的分期一樣,其手術(shù)治療的方案各家報(bào)道也大相徑庭,有時(shí)還需要結(jié)合患者的意愿來(lái)制定手術(shù)方案[8,16,25]。Shin等[11]的觀點(diǎn)頗具代表性,認(rèn)為病變局限在外耳道(I期)即需行耳道成形術(shù);侵犯鼓膜或中耳者(II期)需耳道和鼓室成形術(shù);侵犯乳突者(III期)需行乳突開(kāi)放、耳道成形術(shù),必要時(shí)鼓室成形術(shù),乳突的開(kāi)放可以選擇開(kāi)放或完壁式,但是都需要輪廓化乳突,但鐘兆棠等[37]則認(rèn)為該期病變未達(dá)鼓竇者可以采用乳突修理、耳道成形、必要時(shí)耳甲腔成形,因?yàn)樗l(fā)現(xiàn)病變破壞鼓竇前是個(gè)囊袋,去除囊袋病變后無(wú)需開(kāi)放乳突,而一旦病變達(dá)鼓竇者,其破壞性就變得不規(guī)律了,需乳突切開(kāi)、乳突填充、耳道成形、耳甲腔成形,該手術(shù)方案取得了好的療效,也比較微創(chuàng)。新近有文獻(xiàn)[6](2016)認(rèn)為骨性外耳道缺損的患者(Naim分期III),簡(jiǎn)單的耳道成形就是有效的手術(shù)方案。術(shù)前的顳骨CT檢查被推薦[11,16,18],可用于評(píng)估受累范圍,決定手術(shù)方案[25],需要重點(diǎn)指出的是,CT所見(jiàn)的乳突陰影可能是膽脂瘤破壞耳道壁后引起的炎癥反應(yīng),同樣鼓室陰影也可能是膽脂瘤膨脹壓迫鼓膜內(nèi)陷后,阻塞了鼓室的通氣引流,分泌物儲(chǔ)積,或乳突炎癥經(jīng)鼓竇和上鼓室進(jìn)入中下鼓室[30,37],這兩種情況CT所見(jiàn)的陰影都未必是膽脂瘤侵犯,因而不必盲目擴(kuò)大手術(shù)范圍,應(yīng)結(jié)合術(shù)中所見(jiàn)決定手術(shù)方案。膽脂瘤的清除可以使用顯微鏡或耳內(nèi)鏡[38],耳道壁的缺損可以使用軟骨、顳肌、乳突骨皮質(zhì)等各類材料重建[25,36,39-41,43],原發(fā)性EACC即便是高級(jí)別的病變也較少累及鼓膜[25],如果累及但無(wú)穿孔,一般病灶清理后鼓膜可恢復(fù)自然形態(tài),而穿孔的鼓膜可待二期修補(bǔ),因?yàn)榇┛椎墓哪げ坏欣谝?,而且有些還會(huì)自愈[42],一期修復(fù)可能導(dǎo)致鼓膜修補(bǔ)失敗,這可能是因?yàn)槟懼鲆鸬难┎蛔愫筒磺‘?dāng)?shù)耐饪平槿胨耓6]。手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥主要是復(fù)發(fā)和耳道狹窄,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的復(fù)發(fā)率大多不高,有可能先天性復(fù)發(fā)率較高,手術(shù)后的隨訪被認(rèn)為是必須的,早期的隨訪間隔要短一些,如果未發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題則可延長(zhǎng)隨訪間隔[11,26]。

7 思考與展望

雖EACC的定義已明確,但因其仍屬少見(jiàn)病,臨床醫(yī)師對(duì)早期病變需加強(qiáng)警惕,對(duì)易混淆的幾個(gè)疾病應(yīng)仔細(xì)鑒別(如KO),在門診清理的早期病例應(yīng)注意留取病理送檢,需要更多的數(shù)據(jù)估算其發(fā)病率,未來(lái)對(duì)其發(fā)病原因與發(fā)病機(jī)制需要更深入的研究,目前國(guó)際上EACC的分型、分期多樣,各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),治療方案的選擇雖都主張個(gè)性化,但顯然呈現(xiàn)出較保守的處理和更激進(jìn)的手術(shù)兩大類觀點(diǎn),且手術(shù)方法各異,亟待更多的臨床研究和遠(yuǎn)期的隨訪了解其臨床特點(diǎn)和預(yù)后,以制定一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的分型或分期,并進(jìn)一步指導(dǎo)治療方案的選擇。

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Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of ExternalAuditory Canal Cholesteatoma

HE Guanwen
Department of Otolaryngology,Ningde Municipal Hospital Affiliated with Fujian Medical University,Ningde,Fujian 352100,China
Corresponding author:HE GuanwenEmail:heguanwen2002@qq.com

External auditory canal cholesteatoma(EACC)is a rare otologic disease,which is often misdiagnosed because of its often non-characteristic clinical presentations.Its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear,and there are no unified international classification or staging standards.Principle treatment is conservative or surgical removal of EACC,with surgical techniques vary considerably.This paper reviews latest advances in the etiology,pathogenesis,classification/staging,diagnosis and treatment of this condition,in a hope to faciitate clinical management.

ExternalAuditory Canal Cholesteatoma;Pathogenesis;Treatment;Stage;Research Progress

R764

A

1672-2922(2017)05-591-4

10.3969/j.issn.1672-2922.2017.018.

何觀文,研究生,主治醫(yī)師,研究方向:耳鼻咽喉科臨床

何觀文,Email:heguanwen2002@qq.com

2017-05-21審核人:樊兆民)

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