周曉晗,顧 頁,林 潔 (南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)南方醫(yī)院病理科/基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)系,廣東 廣州 510515)
·綜述·
TUSC3基因與人類癌癥相關(guān)的研究進(jìn)展
周曉晗,顧 頁,林 潔 (南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)南方醫(yī)院病理科/基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)系,廣東 廣州 510515)
TUSC3基因在人類生長發(fā)育過程中起到重要作用,對(duì)于該基因的研究也逐漸增多.目前一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TUSC3基因與離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、細(xì)胞粘附、增殖以及睪丸發(fā)育有密切關(guān)系.更重要的是,作為一個(gè)候選的腫瘤抑制基因,TUSC3基因沉默與乳腺癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌等癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展有密切聯(lián)系.在多種腫瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)TUSC3基因的缺失、重排以及異常甲基化,但其具體機(jī)制尚不完全明確.本文就TUSC3基因的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述.
TUSC3;腫瘤;增殖;發(fā)育;離子轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)
TUSC3(tumor suppressor candidate 3)是一種候選的抑癌基因,目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)該基因在生物體尤其是人類的生長發(fā)育中發(fā)揮了重要的作用.有研究表明,TUSC3基因參與調(diào)控脊椎動(dòng)物的胚胎發(fā)育以及哺乳動(dòng)物的離子代謝過程;此外,TUSC3基因在卵巢癌、胰腺癌等多種腫瘤中的啟動(dòng)子區(qū)CpG島甲基化增高,并且與細(xì)胞的惡性轉(zhuǎn)化密切相關(guān),因此TUSC3基因的表達(dá)很可能受到甲基化的調(diào)控作用.本文就TUSC3基因的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行討論.
TUSC3也曾被命名為M33、N33、MRT7、MRT22、OST3A、D8S1992,位于 8號(hào)染色體短臂 22區(qū)(8p22),包含349 435個(gè)堿基,是一個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)編碼基因,編碼分子量大小為39.7 kD的蛋白質(zhì),其編碼的蛋白質(zhì)主要存在于細(xì)胞膜和內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)膜上.另外線粒體和高爾基體也被認(rèn)為存在TUSC3的蛋白產(chǎn)物.從20世紀(jì)80年代末開始,人們逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)了8p上染色體缺失與多種癌癥的發(fā)生有關(guān),進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這些缺失的區(qū)域都包含8p22區(qū).20世紀(jì)90年代中期,先在前列腺癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)了8p22上有730~970 kb大小的基因缺失,其中包括D8S1992序列[1],后來又證實(shí)了在大多數(shù)結(jié)直腸癌中有N33的甲基化,基因的啟動(dòng)子區(qū)CpG島甲基化增高是多種癌癥發(fā)生和發(fā)展的原因之一,從此8p22上的基因TUSC3作為候選的抑癌基因進(jìn)入人們的視線[2].
TUSC3基因的功能主要包括參與寡糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶的生物活性,維持內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)正常功能和Mg2+跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),另外還與細(xì)胞粘附等生理活動(dòng)相關(guān).
2.1 參與寡糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶的生物活性 TUSC3基因與酵母寡糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶復(fù)合物(Oligosaccharyl transferase,Ost)的一個(gè)亞單位 Ost3p有很強(qiáng)的同源性,因此認(rèn)為TUSC3組成了Ost的一個(gè)亞單位,與哺乳動(dòng)物的N?糖基化有關(guān)[3].TUSC3在粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)膜上與Ost核心蛋白STT3A/B結(jié)合,使之發(fā)揮寡糖轉(zhuǎn)移酶的作用催化N?糖基化反應(yīng)[4].N?糖基化是翻譯以后肽鏈進(jìn)行的一種修飾,使肽鏈折疊成一定的空間構(gòu)象,保護(hù)蛋白質(zhì)不被分解,維持正常功能以及獲得免疫原性,從而調(diào)控細(xì)胞之間和細(xì)胞與基質(zhì)之間的相互作用.TUSC3基因表達(dá)下調(diào)不利于N?糖基化反應(yīng)正常進(jìn)行,使卵巢癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲能力增強(qiáng),對(duì)癌癥發(fā)生和發(fā)展有重要作用[5].
2.2 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激 內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激(endoplasmic reticu?lum stress,ERS)是指在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)被破壞時(shí),內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)啟動(dòng)一系列信號(hào)通路,決定適應(yīng)變化或者凋亡的過程.TUSC3沉默既可以引起ERS,也可導(dǎo)致ERS過程異常.TUSC3沉默導(dǎo)致的糖基化改變使蛋白質(zhì)折疊出現(xiàn)障礙,大量未折疊蛋白質(zhì)聚集在內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中,引發(fā)未折疊蛋白反應(yīng)(unfolded protein response,UPR)[6].發(fā)生UPR時(shí),激活的IRE?1通過一系列反應(yīng)恢復(fù)穩(wěn)態(tài).而TUSC3的表達(dá)下降使XBP?1和IRE?1水平降低,促凋亡的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)下降.與此同時(shí),在超微結(jié)構(gòu)的研究中還發(fā)現(xiàn)了內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,出現(xiàn)輕微的膨脹和粘連,誘導(dǎo)增加了蛋白激酶信號(hào)Akt[7].該蛋白激酶信號(hào)參與了PI3K?Akt信號(hào)通路.IA型PI3K和其下游分子蛋白激酶B(PKB或Akt)所組成的信號(hào)通路與人類腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān),該通路調(diào)節(jié)癌細(xì)胞的存活和增殖,其活性異常不僅能導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞惡性轉(zhuǎn)化,而且與癌細(xì)胞的腫瘤血管生成以及細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的降解等相關(guān),促進(jìn)了癌細(xì)胞的遷移和黏附[8].ERS還與許多細(xì)胞因子及免疫調(diào)制劑相關(guān),在體外培養(yǎng)的TUSC3基因沉默的癌細(xì)胞中,出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞因子TGFb1和GDF15水平的上調(diào),預(yù)示可能與ERS的調(diào)控有關(guān)[9].
2.3 維系Mg2+跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) TUSC3與MAGT1具有很強(qiáng)的同源性,Mg2+跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)缺陷的酵母菌株在普通YPD培養(yǎng)基中很難增殖,增加50~100 mM MgCl2后才能正常增殖[10],在該酵母菌株中構(gòu)建TUSC3基因或MAGT1基因的表達(dá)載體則使其能夠在普通YPD培養(yǎng)基中增殖.MAGT1編碼一個(gè)四次跨膜蛋白,而TUSC3的兩個(gè)亞型也有相似的功能.細(xì)胞外Mg2+濃度也可以反向調(diào)控 TUSC3基因的表達(dá),而敲除TUSC3基因會(huì)顯著降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)總Mg2+濃度以及游離的Mg2+濃度,由此可見TUSC3基因是質(zhì)膜Mg2+運(yùn)輸不可缺少的成員[11].
2.4 其它生理過程 有研究[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),TUSC3基因可以影響卵巢癌的增殖和粘附,TUSC3基因的表達(dá)會(huì)顯著降低卵巢癌細(xì)胞的粘附和倍增時(shí)間.作為人類基因組中的一部分,TUSC3基因在人類生長發(fā)育中可能發(fā)揮了不可或缺的作用.但目前TUSC3基因?qū)θ祟惏l(fā)育的影響尚不明確,而Khalid等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)了其在鼠的睪丸發(fā)育過程中表達(dá)上調(diào),其編碼的mRNA和定位的蛋白質(zhì)普遍存在于睪丸的精母細(xì)胞和間質(zhì)細(xì)胞(例如睪丸間質(zhì)細(xì)胞和前列腺上皮細(xì)胞)中.另外,TUSC3基因的表達(dá)下調(diào)很可能影響細(xì)胞的正常生理活動(dòng),從而發(fā)生癌變.
TUSC3基因CpG島異常甲基化(尤其是過甲基化)是目前研究最多的TUSC3基因沉默機(jī)制.TUSC3基因甲基化程度與多種因素相關(guān),其中與年齡和種族的關(guān)系尤為密切.40歲以上的惡性膠質(zhì)瘤患者TUSC3基因甲基化程度明顯高于低年齡該病患者(88%vs 14%)[14].結(jié)直腸癌中過甲基化的基因一半以上與年齡相關(guān)[15].另外在乳腺癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)白人患者與非白人患者的TUSC3啟動(dòng)子甲基化程度有差異,并且甲基化程度與基因表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān)[16].檢測TUSC3基因的甲基化可以作為癌癥的早期診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn).TUSC3基因甲基化普遍存在于多種癌癥早期,子宮鱗狀上皮癌中TUSC3基因甲基化達(dá)到27%[17],其他癌癥例如惡性膠質(zhì)瘤、乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌等都有不同程度的TUSC3甲基化.TUSC3啟動(dòng)子甲基化對(duì)于胃癌的早期診斷具有重要意義,可以使胃癌診斷提早五年[18].TUSC3基因的高甲基化還預(yù)示著癌癥的不良預(yù)后.TUSC3啟動(dòng)子高甲基化患者的癌癥無進(jìn)展期,整體生存率明顯下降.有研究[12]表明,在高甲基化卵巢癌患者中,無進(jìn)展的中位生存時(shí)間只有11.1個(gè)月,而非高甲基化組達(dá)到24.6個(gè)月.與年齡和種族相關(guān)的甲基化是癌癥的一個(gè)誘發(fā)因素,暗示其可能作為診斷癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的標(biāo)志,作為化學(xué)預(yù)防的新目標(biāo).
TUSC3基因在多種腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展中起到至關(guān)重要的作用,但TUSC3在各種腫瘤中的變化趨勢并不一致.
4.1 TUSC3與前列腺癌 前列腺癌是發(fā)達(dá)國家男性最常見的腫瘤.Arbieva等[19]通過物理圖譜、RH分析等方法發(fā)現(xiàn)8p22上的純合缺失包含TUSC3基因,但并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn) TUSC3是候選的抑癌基因.其后,Kekeeva等[20]的研究則發(fā)現(xiàn),相比正常前列腺組織,前列腺癌患者的癌組織中TUSC3甲基化水平升高(20%vs 33%),證明前列腺癌組織中的甲基化致使TUSC3基因表達(dá)水平下調(diào),提示TUSC3基因具有抑制前列腺癌的作用.在DU145和PC3前列腺癌細(xì)胞株中,TUSC3的表達(dá)下降促進(jìn)了癌細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移、入侵,并且加速異種移植,也會(huì)影響到ERS的功能,促進(jìn)了腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,所以該基因作為一個(gè)癌癥治療靶點(diǎn)可能具有重要意義.
4.2 TUSC3與結(jié)直腸癌 CGIs是指啟動(dòng)子區(qū)富含二核苷酸的區(qū)域,Ahuja等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)直腸癌組織中TUSC3甲基化與年齡正相關(guān),而與性別無關(guān);而后發(fā)現(xiàn)癌旁組織中CGIs的甲基化水平高于相應(yīng)癌組織,超過了50%.但是Xu等[22]通過PCR對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌相關(guān)基因甲基化的研究則認(rèn)為TUSC3沒有表現(xiàn)出癌癥相關(guān)的改變,可能由于樣本選擇和樣本量大小差異.后者選取非癌癥患者的結(jié)腸粘膜組織與癌癥患者的病變組織進(jìn)行對(duì)比,而非同一患者的癌組織和癌旁組織,而且樣本量相對(duì)較?。瓸elshaw等[23]的研究針對(duì)匹配的癌組織和癌旁組織發(fā)現(xiàn)了癌組織TUSC3的甲基化升高,該研究可能證實(shí)了上述對(duì)差異性的推測.另外,一些非惡性結(jié)腸疾病例如黏膜潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(ulcerative colitis,UC)中的TUSC3啟動(dòng)子甲基化顯著升高[24].為了進(jìn)一步研究TUSC3在結(jié)直腸癌中的促癌機(jī)制,分別在細(xì)胞和小鼠體內(nèi)過表達(dá)TUSC3,發(fā)現(xiàn)β鏈蛋白以及pAKT、pERK1/2升高,AKT信號(hào)通路調(diào)控的EMT增加,說明TUSC3可能是通過MAPK、PI3K/Akt以及Wnt/β?catenin三條通路來調(diào)控EMT以及結(jié)直腸癌細(xì)胞的生長、增殖、侵襲[25].
4.3 TUSC3與胃癌 與慢性萎縮性胃炎(chronic atrophic gastritis,CAG)/淺表胃炎(superficial gastritis,SG)相比,腸上皮化生和異常增生等癌前病變的TUSC3甲基化水平中位數(shù)增高(9.23%vs 5.70%,P<0.01)[26],在Nemtsova等[27]針對(duì)胃癌分子標(biāo)志物的研究也證實(shí)了胃癌組織的TUSC3甲基化增高.Tahara等[18]和Tuasa等[28]的研究希望通過對(duì)外周血白細(xì)胞基因組甲基化程度的檢測證實(shí)其與胃癌的關(guān)系,但均未發(fā)現(xiàn)外周血白細(xì)胞TUSC3甲基化與胃癌的聯(lián)系.
4.4 TUSC3與胰腺癌 Levy等[29]通過蛋白印跡和PCR的方法發(fā)現(xiàn)在胰腺癌細(xì)胞株MIA?PaCa2中存在TUSC3的純合缺失.Bashyam等[30]和Shi等[31]分別通過cDNA微陣列和寡核苷酸微陣列技術(shù)獲得了同樣的結(jié)論.此后,Cooke等[32]和Birnbaum等[33]在針對(duì)胰腺癌基因組的研究中均采用高分辨比較基因組雜交技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)8P22區(qū)域的TUSC3純合缺失.胰腺癌中TUSC3基因的缺失通過技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步逐漸得到明確.之后,在胰腺癌細(xì)胞株及患者標(biāo)本中都發(fā)現(xiàn)了TUSC3的表達(dá)下調(diào),并且發(fā)現(xiàn)TUSC3的表達(dá)水平與患者TNM分期負(fù)相關(guān),而與患者生存期成正相關(guān)[34].
4.5 TUSC3與肺癌 針對(duì)非小細(xì)胞肺癌中TUSC3基因改變的研究出現(xiàn)了兩種不同的觀點(diǎn):TUSC3基因的表觀遺傳改變(高甲基化)[35]和基因改變(缺失或替換)[36-37].兩種均導(dǎo)致TUSC3基因在肺癌中表達(dá)下調(diào).肺癌主要分為小細(xì)胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)、肺鱗狀細(xì)胞癌(squamous cell carcinoma,SCC)及肺腺癌(adenocarcinoma,ADC).進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),未干預(yù)條件下TUSC3主要是在SCLC中表達(dá)顯著下調(diào),并且TUSC3的下調(diào)使患者TNM分期更高,細(xì)胞分化程度更低,更傾向于發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移[38].而在非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non?small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中,發(fā)現(xiàn)有長鏈非編碼RNA HOXA11?AS的表達(dá)上調(diào),如果干擾該RNA的功能則發(fā)現(xiàn)SCC中的TUSC3顯著上調(diào)[39],提示了長鏈非編碼RNA HOXA11?AS可能作為SCC的治療靶點(diǎn).TUSC3在ADC中相對(duì)正常組織無明顯表達(dá)差異,但在缺氧條件下表達(dá)升高,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)了ADC細(xì)胞株A549的凋亡;然而,當(dāng)用放射治療缺氧條件下的ADC時(shí),TUSC3反而起了阻礙作用,TUSC3高表達(dá)的缺氧細(xì)胞株放射敏感性顯著下降,干擾TUSC3的表達(dá)后使治療效果更好,說明TUSC3可能調(diào)控了與凋亡相關(guān)的LC3/P62信號(hào)[40].
4.6 TUSC3基因與女性生殖系統(tǒng)腫瘤 運(yùn)用甲基化敏感性PCR發(fā)現(xiàn)多種乳腺癌中有TUSC3基因的異常甲基化[41].進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn),甲基化的TUSC3表達(dá)下調(diào)使乳腺癌患者生存期顯著降低,并且該現(xiàn)象在白人人種中更明顯[42].在卵巢癌中,幾乎33%的卵巢癌樣品檢測出TUSC3啟動(dòng)子甲基化異常.與良性對(duì)照組相比,TUSC3啟動(dòng)子甲基化程度明顯升高.此外,TUSC3啟動(dòng)子的甲基化狀態(tài)對(duì)卵巢癌進(jìn)展和整體生存有重要的影響[12].TUSC3表達(dá)下調(diào)通過促進(jìn)ERS和EMT過程使卵巢癌發(fā)生和發(fā)展[43].
4.7 TUSC3基因與其他腫瘤 除以上腫瘤外,近年來還發(fā)現(xiàn)TUSC3通過AKT信號(hào)通路抑制惡性膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展[44].TUSC3與食道鱗狀細(xì)胞癌的臨床分期及預(yù)后也有密切聯(lián)系[45].另外一個(gè)有待研究的問題是發(fā)現(xiàn)了喉咽癌中有TUSC3基因缺失,但在喉咽癌的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)了TUSC3基因的表達(dá)[46-47].
目前對(duì)于TUSC3基因的研究逐漸增多,尤其是針對(duì)其在癌癥中的作用機(jī)制,以及其機(jī)制可能存在的治療方法.TUSC3基因參與完成生命活動(dòng)的多種重要功能,尤其是TUSC3的抑癌作用,已知許多癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展都與TUSC3基因沉默有關(guān).癌癥的發(fā)生受種族、年齡、性別、環(huán)境等多種因素影響,是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,除了基因缺失、替換和異常甲基化,TUSC3基因沉默的機(jī)制仍有待研究.TUSC3沉默而導(dǎo)致的OST以及ER結(jié)構(gòu)和功能異常對(duì)癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展有重要意義,對(duì)PI3K?Akt信號(hào)通路的影響也不容小覷,提示了可能的癌癥治療方法.通過對(duì)TUSC3基因抑癌機(jī)制的研究,很可能發(fā)現(xiàn)新的治療靶點(diǎn),從而通過治療提高癌癥患者的生存率.
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Research progress on TUSC3 gene related to human cancer
ZHOU Xiao?Han,GU Ye,LIN Jie Department of Pathology,Nanfang Hospital& School of Basic Medicine,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
TUSC3 gene plays an important role in human growth and development.TUSC3 gene is closely related to ion transport,cellular adherence,proliferation and testicular development.More importantly,TUSC3 gene silencing is associated with breast cancer,ovarian cancer,pancreatic cancer and other cancers as a candi?date tumor suppressor gene.Deletion,rearrangement and aberrant methylation of TUSC3 gene are discovered in a variety of tumors,but its specific mechanism is not completely clear.In this paper,the progress of TUSC3 gene is reviewed.
TUSC3;tumor;proliferation;development;ion transport
2095?6894(2017)06?60?04
Q786
A
2017-01-26;接受日期:2017-02-12
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81672441);廣東省自然科學(xué)基金(2016A030313580);廣州市珠江科技新星專項(xiàng)計(jì)劃(2012J2200044)
周曉晗.E?mail:595519448@qq.com
林 潔.博士,副教授,博導(dǎo).研究方向:腫瘤分子病理學(xué).E?mail:jielin@snnu.edu.cn