滿(mǎn)夏楠,陳健爾
Wnt信號(hào)通路在脊髓損傷修復(fù)中作用的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究進(jìn)展①
滿(mǎn)夏楠,陳健爾
Wnt信號(hào)通路是參與調(diào)控神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和參與脊髓損傷修復(fù)的重要信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)之一,在軸突再生、神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞增殖并向神經(jīng)元分化,而抑制向膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化等方面起重要作用。脊髓損傷后,損傷部位周?chē)喾NWnt蛋白表達(dá)。Wnt家族中的一些蛋白在脊髓損傷修復(fù)中發(fā)揮著重要作用,Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的激活更是脊髓損傷后脊髓再生的必要步驟。
Wnt信號(hào)通路;脊髓損傷;神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞;Wnt/β-catenin通路;綜述
[本文著錄格式]滿(mǎn)夏楠,陳健爾.Wnt信號(hào)通路在脊髓損傷修復(fù)中作用的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究進(jìn)展[J].中國(guó)康復(fù)理論與實(shí)踐,2017,23(6): 645-648.
CITED AS:Man XN,Chen JE.Experimental research progress of wnt signaling pathway in spinal cord injury repair(review)[J]. Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2017,23(6):645-648.
脊髓損傷是一種常見(jiàn)的嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷性疾病,不僅導(dǎo)致患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的感覺(jué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙,還會(huì)給患者心理造成影響,給家庭和社會(huì)帶來(lái)沉重負(fù)擔(dān)。據(jù)全球事故統(tǒng)計(jì),僅外傷造成的脊髓損傷,每百萬(wàn)次就有23例[1]。脊髓損傷后發(fā)生的繼發(fā)性損傷還會(huì)導(dǎo)致脊髓功能的進(jìn)一步惡化[2]。
微環(huán)境的改變和神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的再生潛能在脊髓損傷修復(fù)中有重大作用,軸突再生是影響脊髓損傷修復(fù)程度的關(guān)鍵因素之一[3]。Wnt信號(hào)通路能調(diào)控神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)育和功能,在脊髓損傷的修復(fù)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要作用[4]。
Wnt由鼠原癌基因integrationl(int1)和黑尾果蠅無(wú)翅基因wingless(wg)兩個(gè)詞合成而來(lái)。自Wnt基因發(fā)現(xiàn)命名以來(lái),目前已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)19個(gè)Wnt基因和14個(gè)受體[5],前者分別命名為Wnt-l、Wnt-2、Wnt-3、Wnt-3a、Wnt-4等,一段編碼22或24個(gè)半胱氨酸殘基的區(qū)域是它們的共有特征。
根據(jù)Wnt配體和受體激活的途徑,將Wnt1/2/3/3a/8a/8b/ 10a/10b和FZD1/5/7/9歸為經(jīng)典信號(hào)分子,而Wnt4/5a/5b/6/7a/ 7b/1和FZD2/3/4/6被歸為非經(jīng)典信號(hào)分子,剩余的Wnt2b/9a/ 9b/16和FZD8/10蛋白仍未分類(lèi)[6]。一般來(lái)說(shuō),經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)維持神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)的增殖狀態(tài),Wnt拮抗劑和非經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)可能參與神經(jīng)元的分化。
Wnt信號(hào)通路的細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)主要有4條通路:β-連環(huán)蛋白(β-catenin)通路、polarity通路、Ca2+通路以及調(diào)節(jié)紡錘體定向和不對(duì)稱(chēng)細(xì)胞分裂的通路[7],其中研究最多、最透徹的是Wnt/β-catenin通路。Wnt/β-catenin通路主要包括Wnt蛋白家族、跨膜受體Frizzled家族、共受體低密度脂蛋白相關(guān)蛋白5/6 (1ow-den sity lipop rogein receptor-related p rotein 5/6,LRP 5/ 6)、蓬亂蛋白(Dishevelled,Dsh或Dv1)、APC/Axin/G SK-3J3降解復(fù)合體、β-catenin以及轉(zhuǎn)錄因子TCF/LEF家族。
2
近年來(lái)的研究證實(shí),Wnt蛋白家族不僅在胚胎神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的早期階段發(fā)揮作用,在神經(jīng)嵴形成、神經(jīng)元分化和突觸發(fā)生中也起關(guān)鍵作用[8],同時(shí)能影響細(xì)胞增殖、細(xì)胞極性和能動(dòng)性、神經(jīng)元的存活和連通及細(xì)胞-細(xì)胞粘連[9-10],并參與脊髓損傷后神經(jīng)病理變化,且在其中發(fā)揮重要作用。
脊髓損傷后脊髓內(nèi)源性NSCs出現(xiàn)短暫性增殖反應(yīng)增強(qiáng)[11],且其衰減變化與Wnt信號(hào)分子的表達(dá)變化相吻合,提示W(wǎng)nt信號(hào)通路能調(diào)控NSCs的增殖和分化。此外,體外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Wnt信號(hào)通路能促進(jìn)多種來(lái)源的干細(xì)胞發(fā)生神經(jīng)分化,為神經(jīng)損傷的治療提供了新的研究方向和治療策略[12]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在發(fā)育完成后,Wnt蛋白家族或是不表達(dá)或是低表達(dá);而脊髓損傷后,在損傷部位多個(gè)Wnt蛋白出現(xiàn)表達(dá)[13-15]。
2.1 Wnt1
Wnt1為Wnt經(jīng)典信號(hào)通路中的配體,在大鼠脊髓損傷后的早期Wnt1呈現(xiàn)出高表達(dá),后逐漸降至正常水平[16],提示W(wǎng)nt信號(hào)通路在脊髓損傷早期被重新激活,且隨著Wnt1的表達(dá)變化,脊髓內(nèi)源性NSCs也出現(xiàn)起始增殖-大量增殖-增殖減少這一系列變化[17]。這可能提示,Wnt1在脊髓損傷后可通過(guò)調(diào)控NSCs來(lái)發(fā)揮修復(fù)作用。
2.2 Wnt3a
軸突再生是脊髓損傷恢復(fù)的先決條件,Wnt家族的作用毋庸置疑。Wnt3a蛋白在脊髓發(fā)育過(guò)程中起到非常重要的作用,能夠促進(jìn)脊髓內(nèi)源性NSCs的增殖和分化,誘導(dǎo)脊髓損傷后內(nèi)源性NSCs向損傷區(qū)域大量遷移,進(jìn)而修復(fù)和彌補(bǔ)受損的神經(jīng)元,促進(jìn)脊髓軸突的再生[18]。另一方面,相關(guān)研究顯示,給脊髓損傷大鼠移植Wnt3a分泌型成纖維細(xì)胞,有助于促進(jìn)脊髓損傷后軸突的再生和功能改善[19]。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),鞘內(nèi)注射Wnt3a 1周后,脊髓損傷大鼠神經(jīng)功能得到一定的改善[20]。Wnt3a蛋白的過(guò)表達(dá)會(huì)抑制NSCs的增殖,促進(jìn)NSCs向神經(jīng)元方向分化[21]。據(jù)此考慮,Wnt3a是調(diào)控脊髓損傷修復(fù)的重要配體,是否能通過(guò)Wnt3a的調(diào)控,實(shí)現(xiàn)干預(yù)脊髓損傷的修復(fù)過(guò)程,使其向有利的方向發(fā)展呢?這還需要大量的研究予以證明。
2.3 Wnt4
目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外關(guān)于Wnt4的研究尚不多見(jiàn)。現(xiàn)有動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究表明,Wnt4通過(guò)非經(jīng)典信號(hào)途徑發(fā)揮作用。研究認(rèn)為,Wnt4參與了早期神經(jīng)元的分化[22]。有學(xué)者聯(lián)合褪黑素和Wnt4,能使來(lái)自牛的羊膜上皮細(xì)胞向神經(jīng)細(xì)胞分化,將其移植到損傷的脊髓中能促進(jìn)神經(jīng)功能的恢復(fù)[23]。
2.4 酪氨酸激酶受體Ryk(related-to-tryosine-kinase)
Ryk是酪氨酸激酶相關(guān)受體,是1992年被首次克隆的一個(gè)新的Wnt受體,被稱(chēng)之為非常規(guī)受體,能與不同Wnt配體相互作用,對(duì)多個(gè)Wnt蛋白都表現(xiàn)出高親和力?,F(xiàn)有研究顯示,Ryk既能與配體Wnt5a結(jié)合,通過(guò)Wnt/Ca2+通路介導(dǎo)軸突生長(zhǎng),又能與Fz8受體復(fù)合物激活Wnt/β-catenin通路而發(fā)揮作用[24-25]。最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),脊髓損傷后,Ryk在膠質(zhì)和纖維連接蛋白表達(dá)細(xì)胞中出現(xiàn)表達(dá)[26],是脊髓損傷后軸突再生的主要抑制因子[18,27]。Charlotte等[28]發(fā)現(xiàn),在損傷部位注射Ryk抑制性抗體不僅能防止軸突回縮,同時(shí)能促進(jìn)軸突出芽。
2.5 β-catenin
2.5.1 β-catenin的激活及調(diào)節(jié)
在缺乏Wnt配體的情況下,β-catenin被復(fù)合物(GSK3β/Axin/APC)所降解[29]。在Wnt配體存在的情況下,通過(guò)Wnt受體與配體的結(jié)合,產(chǎn)生β-catenin并在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中積累,進(jìn)而進(jìn)入到細(xì)胞核中,與T細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)錄因子/淋巴樣增強(qiáng)因子(TCF/LEF)相互作用,激活下游靶基因如c-myc、cyclin D1,從而調(diào)控細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、增殖[30],而此過(guò)程可被Nemo樣激酶(Nemo like kinase, NLK)這一負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)劑所調(diào)節(jié),其通過(guò)降低β-catenin與LEF-1的結(jié)合以減弱Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的作用[31]。脊髓損傷后Wnt信號(hào)通路通過(guò)Wnt/β-catenin和其他可能的途徑完成激活,激活的Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路能發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)的作用[32]。
2.5.2 抑制還是促進(jìn)軸突增長(zhǎng)?
少突膠質(zhì)前體細(xì)胞(oligodendrocyte precursor cells,OPCs)是膠質(zhì)瘢痕形成的關(guān)鍵組分,其激活需要經(jīng)典Wnt信號(hào)通路的傳導(dǎo),主要依靠Wnt/β-catenin通路。在敲除β-catenin的視網(wǎng)膜神經(jīng)節(jié)細(xì)胞中,軸突再生超過(guò)受損的視神經(jīng)損傷區(qū)這一現(xiàn)象間接反映了Wnt/β-catenin通路的抑制作用[33]。抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路下OPCs的激活,不僅能抑制其對(duì)損傷的反應(yīng),還能減少小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的反應(yīng),而這有利于軸突的再生和修復(fù)。而在另一項(xiàng)體外培養(yǎng)的研究中,Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路激活的嗅鞘細(xì)胞能更好地增強(qiáng)軸突生長(zhǎng)[34]。
2.5.3 調(diào)控NSCs增殖及向神經(jīng)元分化
神經(jīng)基因蛋白1(neurogenin 1,Ngn1)屬于堿性螺旋-環(huán)-螺旋(basic helix-loop-helix,bHLH)的家族成員,是一種神經(jīng)細(xì)胞分化過(guò)程中關(guān)鍵的調(diào)控蛋白,不僅能促進(jìn)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞分化,還能抑制神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞分化。而研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Ngn1是Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的重要靶基因,在促進(jìn)神經(jīng)發(fā)生的過(guò)程中扮演著重要的角色[35]。Davidson等[36]指出,Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路在NSCs的分化中起到關(guān)鍵性作用,當(dāng)激活Wnt信號(hào)通路時(shí),NSCs向神經(jīng)元分化的比例會(huì)明顯升高。β-catenin的減少不僅能增加神經(jīng)元的分化,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致大腦縮小[37]。Wnt信號(hào)通路通過(guò)Wnt/ β-catenin通路對(duì)細(xì)胞周期D1和D2的轉(zhuǎn)錄進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),調(diào)控NSCs細(xì)胞周期的進(jìn)程,使其發(fā)生大量增殖。當(dāng)β-catenin基因被條件敲除后,導(dǎo)致小鼠腦和脊髓神經(jīng)發(fā)育缺陷,神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞增殖障礙;相反,過(guò)表達(dá)活性β-catenin分子的小鼠腦和脊髓組織以及神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞數(shù)量則顯著增加,這表明Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)途徑在NSCs增殖中起到重要作用,能夠調(diào)控NSCs增殖與分化的平衡[38]。
2.5.4 協(xié)助抗炎
脊髓損傷后局部炎癥激活,目前臨床常規(guī)治療為糖皮質(zhì)激素治療。而實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路參與了糖皮質(zhì)激素的抗炎過(guò)程,認(rèn)為糠酸莫米松的作用強(qiáng)于甲基強(qiáng)的松龍琥珀酸鈉的原因在于前者通過(guò)β-catenin使過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor,PPAR)γ水平升高所致[39],而PPARγ主要表達(dá)于脂肪組織及免疫系統(tǒng)。
總之,Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路的激活是脊髓損傷后脊髓再生的必要步驟[40]。
Wnt信號(hào)通路參與調(diào)控神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和脊髓損傷的修復(fù)過(guò)程,Wnt信號(hào)通路對(duì)NSCs作用主要表現(xiàn)為以下幾點(diǎn):①刺激NSCs的增殖并促使其向神經(jīng)元分化;②抑制NSCs向膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的分化;③促進(jìn)突觸的再生[41]。目前,Wnt信號(hào)通路已經(jīng)作為脊髓損傷的潛在治療方法被學(xué)者所研究[42]。但是,Wnt信號(hào)通路在于脊髓和脊髓損傷中的完整作用機(jī)制還沒(méi)有完全闡述清楚。另一方面,Wnt信號(hào)通路能夠發(fā)揮作用的有效結(jié)合位點(diǎn)也在探索中,最佳的干預(yù)措施或干預(yù)蛋白還在探索中。Wnt信號(hào)對(duì)NSCs的誘導(dǎo)分化缺乏導(dǎo)向性,如果能定向誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)源性NSCs向神經(jīng)元分化,那么就可以達(dá)到利用內(nèi)源性NSCs治療脊髓損傷的目的。另外,如果在促進(jìn)有利的Wnt信號(hào)通路高表達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)上,能同時(shí)抑制Ryk和NLK等對(duì)NSCs向神經(jīng)元分化的不利因素,這也許對(duì)脊髓功能的恢復(fù)具有重大的意義。即Wnt信號(hào)通路存在的差異表達(dá)可能是脊髓損傷后潛在的治療靶點(diǎn)[43],其下游的細(xì)胞和分子靶標(biāo)也許將為人類(lèi)脊髓損傷修復(fù)提供有利的信息。
脊髓損傷的修復(fù)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程,分子修復(fù)涉及多個(gè)信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路。有研究表明,Wnt與Notch信號(hào)通路產(chǎn)生協(xié)同作用,共同參與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的生理和病理調(diào)控[44-45]。另有研究報(bào)道,脊髓損傷會(huì)引起相關(guān)腦區(qū)的基因發(fā)生變化,而Wnt信號(hào)通路在此發(fā)揮了重要作用。由此可見(jiàn),脊髓損傷后,機(jī)體通過(guò)Wnt信號(hào)通路在多處發(fā)揮作用,目前來(lái)看,單一的手段解決不了這個(gè)問(wèn)題??傊鳛橹匾男螒B(tài)發(fā)生信號(hào),Wnt信號(hào)在脊髓損傷修復(fù)中的作用是被廣泛認(rèn)可的。但是,我們對(duì)Wnt信號(hào)通路在脊髓損傷修復(fù)中作用的認(rèn)識(shí)仍然相對(duì)局限,它們之間的相互作用機(jī)制還需進(jìn)一步的研究來(lái)完善。
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Experimental Research Progress of Wnt Signaling Pathway in Spinal Cord Injury Repair(review)
MAN Xia-nan,CHEN Jian-er
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,Hangzhou,Zhejiang 310053,China
CHEN Jian-er.E-mail:cje28@foxmail.com
Wnt signaling pathway is one of the important signal transduction systems that involved in regulating nervous system development,which plays an important role in axonal regeneration,neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation into neurons and inhibition of differentiation into glial cells.After spinal cord injury,multiple Wnt protein expresses around the injury site,and some proteins of the Wnt family play an important role in spinal cord injury repair,in which the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is necessary for spinal cord regeneration after spinal cord injury.
Wnt signaling pathway;spinal cord injury;neural stem cells;Wnt/β-catenin pathway;review
R651.2
A
1006-9771(2017)06-0645-04
2017-02-14
2017-03-19)
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2017.06.005
1.浙江省公益性技術(shù)應(yīng)用研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No.2012C33066);2.浙江省中醫(yī)藥科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(No.2012ZA123)。
浙江中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)第三臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,浙江杭州市310053。作者簡(jiǎn)介:滿(mǎn)夏楠(1989-),女,漢族,山東滕州市人,碩士研究生,主要研究方向:神經(jīng)脊髓損傷中西醫(yī)結(jié)合康復(fù)治療研究。通訊作者:陳健爾(1954-),男,浙江杭州市人,碩士,教授,碩士研究生導(dǎo)師,主要研究方向:神經(jīng)康復(fù)。E-mail:cje28@foxmail.com。