湖南 田建波 黃革輝

巧用語言結(jié)構(gòu)，寫作脫穎而出

湖南 田建波 黃革輝

高考英語《考試說明》中，書面表達評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第五檔中要求“盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)”。這表明，高考書面表達在語言的綜合運用能力方面提出了更高的要求，復(fù)合句和高級句式的使用已經(jīng)成了高考書面表達評分的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。句式單一、平庸的表達、缺乏生氣的文章，不可能得高分。同時，閱卷老師在讀一篇文章時往往在較短時間內(nèi)判定其優(yōu)劣，獨特的表達能淋漓盡致地體現(xiàn)考生深厚的語言功底，讓閱卷老師眼前一亮?，F(xiàn)結(jié)合作者多年高三英語教學(xué)及高考閱卷的經(jīng)驗，將書面表達高分策略總結(jié)如下，讓考生的作文快速跨上第五檔（最高分）。

一、巧用復(fù)合句式，提升文章檔次

在書面表達中，閱卷老師喜歡看到的高級語法結(jié)構(gòu)主要有六種：非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝、復(fù)合句、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、強調(diào)、虛擬語氣。其中對復(fù)合句情有獨鐘，它能讓表達清晰完整。復(fù)合句包括定語從句、狀語從句和名詞性從句?？忌鷥H會用基本的句型不能體現(xiàn)出較強的語言運用能力，即使表達無錯誤，也不能得高分；相反，如果考生使用了“較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)”，即使“有些許錯誤”，作文也不會處于較低的檔次。例如以下幾種復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的運用：

1. I have written my application letter and my resume，which are enclosed in the attachment. （定語從句）

2. I wonder if you can write an article about it. （賓語從句）

3. The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things .（表語從句）

4. What he says（主語從句）suggests that he cares little about others’ pain or trouble（賓語從句），even if they’re his friends．（狀語從句）

5. As is known to all（定語從句），nowadays pollution causes a lot of problems.

二、巧用非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，增加得分亮點

在書面表達中，閱卷老師喜歡看到的六種高級語法結(jié)構(gòu)中特別青睞非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。非謂語動詞有三種形式：動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞，動詞的過去分詞和動詞不定式。寫作中最好用現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語、原因狀語或時間狀語，過去分詞作原因狀語、條件狀語或時間狀語，動詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語。它們能使句式高級，也更加地道，體現(xiàn)考生的邏輯思維能力和知識綜合運用能力，反映考生駕馭語言的水平。請仔細(xì)體會下面利用非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的句子。

1. My car was caught in a traffic jam，so it caused the delay.

→My car was caught in a traffic jam，causing the delay.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語）

2. Nature has provided Shangri-La with endless natural treasures，which makes the land a happy home for the local people.

→Nature has provided Shangri-La with endless natural treasures，making the land a happy home for the local people.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語）

3. Because you have finished the work，you are free to do what you like.

→Having finished the work，you are free to do what you like.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作原因狀語）

4. When she arrived at the village，she saw several tractors working in the filed.

→ Arriving at the village，she saw several tractors working in the field. （現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時間狀語）

5. If you work hard，you will succeed.

→Working hard，you will succeed.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作條件狀語）

6. If weather permits，they will start at 6 tomorrow morning.

→Weather permitting，they will start at 6 tomorrow morning.（獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）

7. My wife，who has been abroad recently，hopes to see you soon.

→My wife，having been abroad recently，hopes to see you soon.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語）

8. Though his parents were lacking money，his parents managed to send him to university.

→Lacking money，his parents managed to send him to university.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作讓步狀語）

9. As they talked a laugh，they went back to their school.

→Talking a laughing，they went back to their school.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語作方式狀語）

10. Because we had failed to reach them on the phone，we sent an email instead.

→Having failed to reach them on the phone，we sent an email instead. （過去分詞短語作原因狀語）

11. When he was asked for his views about his teaching job，Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.

→Asked for his views about his teaching job，Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.（過去分詞短語作時間狀語）

12. Because many farmers are encouraged by the advances in technology，they have set up wind farms on their land.

→Encouraged by the advances in technology，they have set up wind farms on their land. （過去分詞短語作原因狀語）

13. Although he was beaten by the enemy，he refused to let out the secret.

→Beaten by the enemy，he refused to let out the secret.（過去分詞短語作讓步狀語）

14. As they are armed with knives，the peasants rushed into the landlord’s house.

→Armed with knives，the peasants rushed into the landlord’s house. （過去分詞短語作方式狀語）

15. Anyone，once who is tested positive for H7N9 flu virus，will receive free medical treatment from our government.

→Anyone，once tested positive for H7N9 flu virus，will receive free medical treatment from our government.（過去分詞短語作定語）

16. Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only to find it didn’t fit. （動詞不定式作結(jié)果狀語）

17. We are sorry to hear that.（動詞不定式作原因狀語）

綜上所述，時間狀語從句、原因狀語從句、條件狀語從句等幾乎所有的狀語從句都可以變成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。在平時寫作訓(xùn)練時先寫好狀語從句，同時應(yīng)注意主句的主語和從句的主語要保持一致，然后再按下列步驟進行。如何把狀語從句變成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或分詞結(jié)構(gòu)呢？請按照下面的步驟：

第一步，去掉連詞。

第二步，看主從句的主語。若主從句主語不一致，就把從句改成獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；若主從句主語一致，就把從句改為分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。

第三步，改分詞。把從句的謂語改為分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞doing表主動，過去分詞done表被動或完成。

這樣一改，句子馬上就成為文章的亮點。

三、妙用倒裝句，活用句式變化

在書面表達中，閱卷老師喜歡看到倒裝這種高級語法結(jié)構(gòu)。倒裝是一種最簡單易行的使句子呈現(xiàn)亮點的方法，它能使文章內(nèi)容突出、富有節(jié)奏。在高中階段，我們掌握倒裝的五種形式可以更好地應(yīng)對書面表達，在寫作中建議使用“only+狀語”開頭的倒裝句，so...that句式中so開頭的部分倒裝句，as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，或表示地點的介詞短語位于句首的倒裝句。例如：

1. As soon as he finished his studies，he started travelling in China.

→Hardly had he finished his studies when he started travelling in China.

→No sooner had he finished his studies than he started travelling in China.

2. The teacher spoke so fast that I couldn’t follow him.

→So fast did the teacher speak that I couldn’t follow him.

3. Two towns lie to the east of the lake.

→To the east of the lake lie two towns.

4. As the night air was hot，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

→Hot as the night air was，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

5. I can better my English only in this way .→Only in this way can I better my English.

表達時我們可把狀語放在句首，用倒裝語序。這樣做的好處首先是使用了高級結(jié)構(gòu)，其次，倒裝后把真正的主語放到了句子的末尾，這是尾重（end-weight），后面還可以繼續(xù)加從句，使整個句子呈現(xiàn)更多的亮點。

下面以篇章為例，體會復(fù)雜句式應(yīng)用的好處：

考生作文：

Dear Mr. Wang，

I’m Li Hua，a student of Xinhua Middle School.①When I know that our library is going to buy books，I’d like to give some suggestions.②We need popular science books most.③Usually popular science books explain basic principles of nature in a simple and interesting way. They help us understand science subjects better and arouse our curiosity about scientific discoveries. In addition to reading for knowledge，we read for fun and inspiration.④So I recommend another category of books—literary books.⑤Classic works are written by masters and they present great thoughts through fascinating stories and language.⑥They not only offer us joy and excitement，but also encourage us to think critically.

I’ll be glad if you can consider my recommendation.提升后的作文：Dear Mr. Wang，

I’m Li Hua，a student of Xinhua Middle School.①Knowing that our library is going to purchase books，I’d like to offer you some suggestions. They are as follows.

First and foremost，②what we most need is popular science books. ③More often than not，only in a simple and interesting way can popular science books explain basic principles of nature. Besides，it is they that help us understand science subjects better and arouse our curiosity about scientific discoveries，on the other hand，reading them enables us to approach the scientific kingdom. Last but not least，in addition to reading for knowledge，as far as I am concerned，we read for fun and inspiration.

To sum up，④that’s why I recommend another category of books—literary books.⑤Classic works written by masters present great thoughts through fascinating stories and language.⑥Not only do they offer us joy and excitement，but also encourage us to think critically.

Il’l be glad if you can take into my recommendation consideration.

總之，考生套用上述現(xiàn)成黃金模板和“應(yīng)用了較多的語法結(jié)構(gòu)”，特別是運用了復(fù)合句、非謂語結(jié)構(gòu)及倒裝句。這三種句型必不可少，抓住要點，有針對性地進行訓(xùn)練、臨摹，寫作能力將會顯著提高。“文似看山不喜平”，考生在高考中，如果能用地道的英語進行表達，并且每一句話都閃耀著智慧的光芒，那么你的文章一定會脫穎而出，得到高分。

田建波 湖南省岳陽市湘陰縣教育局教研室；黃革輝 湖南省岳陽市湘陰縣六塘中學(xué)）