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“六招”巧解高考時態(tài)和語態(tài)

2017-02-16 03:13山東楊春吉
教學(xué)考試(高考英語) 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:語態(tài)主句考題

山東 楊春吉

“六招”巧解高考時態(tài)和語態(tài)

山東 楊春吉

在英語中,動詞主要表示動作,也可表示狀態(tài)。動作和狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時段不同,謂語動詞的表現(xiàn)形式有別,由此衍生出12種時態(tài)。精通時態(tài)及語態(tài)的運用,不僅能即時提高語法填空題、短文改錯題的得分率,還易于寫出地道、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的英語句子,提高書面表達成績,而且對聽力理解、完形填空及閱讀理解也不無裨益。以下“六招”幫你心想事成,夢想成真!

一、標(biāo)志詞推斷法

英語時態(tài)使用時多數(shù)情況下都有相應(yīng)的時態(tài)標(biāo)志詞(多為時間狀語、頻度狀語)。常用的時態(tài)標(biāo)志詞:

一般現(xiàn)在時:often,usually,as usual,every day/month,all the time,sometimes,on Sundays等;

一般過去時:yesterday,last week/month,another day,the day before yesterday,two years ago,just now,a moment ago,in 1990,in the past等;

現(xiàn)在進行時:now,at the moment,right now,Look!Listen!等。

過去進行時:at eight o’clock last night,at this/that time yesterday,while表示“對比”時的時態(tài)等;

一般將來時:tomorrow,next week/month,soon,in+一段時間,the day after tomorrow,in the future,some day等;

過去將來時:常用于賓語從句或間接引語中。two days later,the next week,the following day 等。

現(xiàn)在完成時:already,yet,ever,never,before,just,lately,recently,up to now,so far,by now,ever since then,in/over/during the past/last + 一段時間等;

過去完成時:by the end of last week,by that time,before the year等;主句是一般過去時的賓語從句的謂語動詞(該動作先于主句動作而發(fā)生)等。

同學(xué)們首先要加強對時態(tài)內(nèi)涵的理解,繼而進行足量的專項訓(xùn)練,熟知各類時態(tài)常用標(biāo)志詞的內(nèi)涵、位置及其運用規(guī)律。其次,解題時對時態(tài)標(biāo)志詞要有“即時”敏感性,根據(jù)時態(tài)標(biāo)志詞進行分析和推斷,正面理解,對號入座,即可鎖定答案。

例1. —No one_____(tell)me about the news so far.

—Me,too. I have known nothing about it yet.

【解析】so far是現(xiàn)在完成時典型的標(biāo)志詞。故填has told。

例2. More than one hundred students in that school_____(send)abroad to study medicine last year.

【解析】由題干中的last year可知,本題應(yīng)該用一般過去時;主語students與send是被動關(guān)系,故填were sent。

二、時態(tài)呼應(yīng)法

在“主句+賓語從句”型的復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)主句用一般過去時:1.若從句的動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前,從句動詞須用過去完成時;2.若從句有表示過去的時間狀語或從句動作緊接著主句動作發(fā)生,從句動詞須用一般過去時;3.若主、從句動作同時正在進行,則從句動詞須用過去進行時;4.若從句是客觀事實、真理、諺語、格言時,仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時。

解答該類考題時,首先判定主、從句的內(nèi)涵,然后根據(jù)時態(tài)呼應(yīng)規(guī)則分析、判定答案。同學(xué)們在日常學(xué)習(xí)時應(yīng)強化該類時態(tài)題的學(xué)習(xí),通曉時態(tài)呼應(yīng)規(guī)律,同時注重時態(tài)呼應(yīng)中的特殊用法(如:if條件句用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來,主句用將來時;表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞或短語come,go,leave,arrive,stay,start off,take off等用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來等),解題時才能減少失誤。

例3. Our headmaster said where there_____(be)a will,there_____(be)a way.

【解析】分析結(jié)構(gòu)和句意可知,設(shè)題處是個賓語從句,且從句是句格言。根據(jù)時態(tài)呼應(yīng)規(guī)則,兩空均填is。

例4. To our surprise,when we got to the school gate,they______(leave).

【解析】分析句意可知,“離開”動作先于從句中“到達”動作,又因為“到達”動作用了一般過去時,根據(jù)時態(tài)呼應(yīng)規(guī)律,“離開”動作需用過去完成時,故填had left。

三、語境推斷法

解答此類考題時,考生首先要結(jié)合題干及選項確定對話發(fā)生的場合,然后結(jié)合對話人雙方的身份及交流信息,在句意合理、用語得體、地道的前提下分析動作發(fā)生的特征,逐步鎖定答案。

例5. Ladies and gentlemen,please fasten your seat belts.The plane _____(take)off.

【解析】分析句意可知,本題發(fā)生的語境是“飛機起飛前乘務(wù)員提醒乘客有關(guān)安全的注意事項”。“飛機即將起飛”是將要發(fā)生的動作,take off 是表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞詞組,根據(jù)語法規(guī)則,需用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來,故填is taking。

例6. —Tony,you must have noticed the student who broke the glass.

—I’m sorry. I_____(study)attentively.

【解析】分析句意可知,“打壞玻璃”的事發(fā)生在過去(must have noticed已暗示),因此,雖然對話的“立足點”是現(xiàn)在,實際上談?wù)摰氖沁^去發(fā)生的事情。再據(jù)attentively的語義提示,此處需用過去進行時才合理,故填was studying。

四、句意還原法

時態(tài)題是“迷你”型完形填空題,還原句意是基礎(chǔ),句意精準(zhǔn)是關(guān)鍵。考生往往在推斷答案時忽略了這一點,致使功虧一簣,追悔莫及。因此,解答時態(tài)、語態(tài)類考題時,一定要關(guān)注句意是否順暢與合理,然后推斷所填的時態(tài)、語態(tài)是否正確,兩者皆備,即為正確答案。

例7. —Have you ever visited the Opera House ?

—Yes,when I was in Sydney,I ______(visit)it twice.

【解析】本題易受twice的慣常用法影響而誤填have visited。分析句意可知,visit的動作與was發(fā)生在同一時間,應(yīng)該用一般過去時。故填visited。

例8. I thought Jim would say something about his school report,but he_____(not mention)it.

【解析】前句句意為“我本以為……”,敘述的是過去的事情,是(當(dāng)時)吉姆并未提及此事,需用一般過去時。故填didn’t mention 。

五、句型還原法

在英語中,固定句型的時態(tài)具有規(guī)律性和固定性。常見的有:

1.主句用過去進行時或過去完成時+when從句。該句型意為“某人正在或剛剛……這時……”,when是個并列連詞,相當(dāng)于and at that time。

2.It is(has been)+ 一段時間+ since從句。該句型意為“自……以來已有多長時間了”。若主句用was,since從句須用過去完成時。

3.It/This/That is the first/second /third... time+ that從句。該句型意為“這(那)是某人第……次做某事了”。主句謂語動詞用is,從句謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時;主句謂語動詞用was,從句的謂語動詞須用過去完成時。

4.It /This/That is the best(worst /most...)+ that從句。該句型意為“這(那)是某人經(jīng)歷過的……中最……的了”。主句謂語動詞用is,從句的謂語動詞要用現(xiàn)在完成時;主句謂語動詞用was,從句的謂語動詞須用過去完成時。同學(xué)們在日常學(xué)習(xí)時應(yīng)把這些常用固定句型的時態(tài)運用規(guī)律熟記于心,強化固定句型的積累及靈活運用。解題時首先根據(jù)題干還原句型原貌,然后根據(jù)句型的要求及時態(tài)運用規(guī)律對應(yīng)作答,逐步推斷答案。

例9. I_____(do)my homework at home last night when someone knocked at the door.

【解析】根據(jù)句意可推斷出,本題考查的是“主句用過去進行時+ when從句”的句型。故填was doing。

例10. It was the third time that the Smiths_____(visit)the Great Wall.

【解析】根據(jù)句意可推斷出,本題考查“那是某人第……次做某事了”句型。由于主句謂語動詞用was,故that從句的謂語動詞須用過去完成時。故填had visited。

六、“是否是事實”印證法

對于虛擬語氣考題,首先要判斷設(shè)題句是否是事實:若是一種假設(shè)、愿望、責(zé)備、遺憾等,需用虛擬語氣,否則,用陳述語氣(根據(jù)上文所述作答)。此外,解答此類考題時還須牢記謂語動詞的“特殊”形式,靈活辨別,根據(jù)“標(biāo)志詞”對應(yīng)解答。

例11. Maybe if I _____(study)science,and not literature then I would be able to give you more help.

【解析】本題屬于錯綜時間虛擬條件句。從句敘述的是與過去事實相反的情況,主句敘述的是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況。句意為“也許如果我‘那時’學(xué)得是理科而不是文學(xué),‘現(xiàn)在’我就能給你更多的幫助”。故填had studied。

例12. Had I known about this computer program,a huge amount of time and energy_____(save).

【解析】本題省略了if,had須提前構(gòu)成倒裝句。if條件句用過去完成時,所以主句須用“would have done”,又因主句主語和謂語是被動關(guān)系,故填would have been saved。

【鞏固練習(xí)】:用所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空或填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~。

1. I still remember that it was the second time that I______(read)the novel.

2. — Mike,do you know who wanted me on the phone just now?

— Sorry. I don’t know. I_____(have)a bath in the bathroom.

3. — Could you tell me how your father usually goes to work?

—Yes. If it is fine,he______(walk)to his office.

4. —You must have met him the other day.

—Oh,no,I_____(not do).

5. — Did you enjoy your holiday ?

—Yes,it’s the best holiday that I_____(have)these years.

6. Were time to go back,I_____(work)double hard.

7. When you reach home,give a call to let me know you______(arrive)safely.

8. I_____(ask)you not to move my dictionary—but now I can’t find it at all.

9. —Where have you been recently ?

—I_____(be)in Hangzhou on business for a week last month.

10. It’s nearly five years since I worked in the company. I______(teach)in a school.

11. I_____(live)in London for many years,but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.

12. Tom_____(write)a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.

13. I______(do)all the cooking for my family,but recently I’ve been too busy to do it.

14. If you want to go camping with us,so_____ he.

15. They_____(spend)all their money,so they have to walk home.

16. But for our English teacher’s help,I_____(win)the first prize in the English Competition.

17. His pale face suggested that he_____(be)ill,and his parents suggested that he_____(have)a medical examination.

18. What do you think of this piece of wood ?I’m sure it_____(make)a very good shelf.

19. —I______(mean)to be here on time.

—But you_____(be)late again.

20. The discovery of gold in Australia_____(lead)to thousands to believe that a fortune was to be made.

Keys:1.had read 2.was having 3.will walk 4.didn’t 5.have had 6.would work 7.have arrived 8.asked 9.was 10.am teaching 11.lived 12.was writing 13.do 14.will 15.have spent 16.would not have won 17.was;(should)have 18.will make 19.had meant;were 20.led

山東省臨沂國際學(xué)校)

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