菲利浦·K·迪克(Philip K. Dick, 1928~1982)出生于美國伊利諾州的芝加哥市,父母離婚后他由母親獨立撫養(yǎng)成人,1949年考入加州大學的伯克利分校,因為患焦慮癥等而半途退學,其后在一家唱片店工作。20世紀60年代,他積極參與加州的反文化運動,反對越戰(zhàn),提倡和平,還為此受到了美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局的監(jiān)控。迪克的寫作生涯始于20世紀50年代,陸續(xù)有作品在科幻雜志發(fā)表。1963年他憑借《高堡奇人》(The Man in the High Castle)獲得了雨果獎,這奠定了他在美國科幻小說新浪潮中的先驅(qū)者地位。他的代表作還有《仿生人會夢見電子羊嗎?》(Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?)、《尤比克》(Ubik)以及《心機掃描》(A Scanner Darkly)等。他的作品憑借對未來社會富有想象力的構(gòu)想、對科技本質(zhì)的深刻反思以及對什么是真實等哲學問題的關(guān)注而贏得了批評家、小說家以及普通讀者的推崇。
Classics
A merry little surge of electricity piped2) by automatic alarm from the mood organ3) beside his bed awakened Rick Deckard. Surprised—it always surprised him to find himself awake without prior notice—he rose from the bed, stood up in his multicolored pajamas, and stretched. Now, in her bed, his wife Iran opened her gray, unmerry eyes, blinked, then groaned and shut her eyes again.
“You set your Penfield4) too weak,” he said to her. “Ill reset it and youll be awake and—”
“Keep your hand off my settings.” Her voice held bitter sharpness. “I dont want to be awake.”
He seated himself beside her, bent over her, and explained softly. “If you set the surge up high enough, youll be glad youre awake; thats the whole point. At setting C it overcomes the threshold5) barring6) consciousness, as it does for me.” Friendlily, because he felt well-disposed7) toward the world—his setting had been at D—he patted her bare, pale shoulder.
“Get your crude cops hand away,” Iran said.
“Im not a cop.” He felt irritable, now, although he hadnt dialed for it.
“Youre worse,” his wife said, her eyes still shut. “Youre a murderer hired by the cops.”
“Ive never killed a human being in my life.” His irritability had risen now; had become outright hostility.
Iran said, “Just those poor andys8).”
“I notice youve never had any hesitation as to spending the bounty9) money I bring home on whatever momentarily attracts your attention.” He rose, strode to the console of his mood organ. “Instead of saving,” he said, “so we could buy a real sheep, to replace that fake electric one upstairs. A mere electric animal, and me earning all that Ive worked my way up to through the years.” At his console he hesitated between dialing for a thalamic10) suppressant11) (which would abolish his mood of rage) or a thalamic stimulant12) (which would make him irked enough to win the argument).
“If you dial,” Iran said, eyes open and watching, “for greater venom13), then Ill dial the same. Ill dial the maximum and youll see a fight that makes every argument weve had up to now seem like nothing. Dial and see; just try me.” She rose swiftly, loped to the console of her own mood organ, and stood glaring at him, waiting.
He sighed, defeated by her threat. “Ill dial whats on my schedule for today.” Examining the schedule for January 3, 2021, he saw that a businesslike professional attitude was called for. “If I dial by schedule,” he said warily, “will you agree to also?” He waited, canny14) enough not to commit himself until his wife had agreed to follow suit.
“My schedule for today lists a six-hour self-accusatory15) depression,” Iran said.
“What? Why did you schedule that?” It defeated the whole purpose of the mood organ. “I didnt even know you could set it for that,” he said gloomily.
“I was sitting here one afternoon,” Iran said, “and naturally I had turned on ‘Buster Friendly and His Friendly Friends and he was talking about a big news item hes about to break and then that awful commercial came on … And so for a minute I shut off the sound. And I heard the building, this building; I heard the—” She gestured.
“Empty apartments,” Rick said. Sometimes he heard them at night when he was supposed to be asleep. And yet, for this day and age a one-half occupied conapt16) building rated high in the scheme of population density; out in what had been before the war the suburbs, one could find buildings entirely empty … or so he had heard. He had let the information remain secondhand; like most people he did not care to experience it directly.
“At that moment,” Iran said, “when I had the TV sound off, I was in a 382 mood; I had just dialed it. So although I heard the emptiness intellectually, I didnt feel it. My first reaction consisted of being grateful that we could afford a Penfield mood organ. But then I realized how unhealthy it was, sensing the absence of life, not just in this building but everywhere, and not reacting—do you see? I guess you dont. But that used to be considered a sign of mental illness; they called it ‘a(chǎn)bsence of appropriate affect. So I left the TV sound off and I sat down at my mood organ and I experimented. And I finally found a setting for despair.” Her dark, pert17) face showed satisfaction, as if she had achieved something of worth. “So I put it on my schedule for twice a month; I think thats a reasonable amount of time to feel hopeless about everything, about staying here on Earth after everybody whos smart has emigrated, dont you think?”
1. 節(jié)選部分選自小說開頭,主要描寫了為得賞而緝拿逃犯的男主人公里克·德卡德(Rick Deckard)和妻子艾倫(Iran)因情緒調(diào)控儀而引發(fā)的爭吵。
2. pipe [pa?p] vt. (尤指用無線電、電話等)傳送,播送(音樂、談話等)
3. the mood organ:情緒調(diào)控儀,小說中出現(xiàn)的一種能調(diào)節(jié)人的情緒的儀器。
4. Penfield:在小說中指情緒調(diào)控儀的名稱。
5. threshold [?θre??h??ld] n. 界限;臨界值
6. bar [?bɑ?] vt. 阻止;禁止
7. well-disposed [?weld??sp??zd] adj. 友好的;樂于助人的
8. andys:在小說中指一類仿生機器人。
9. bounty [?ba?nti] n. 獎金;賞金
10. thalamic [θ?'l?mik] adj. 丘腦的
11. suppressant [s??pres(?)nt] n. (抑制某種反應(yīng)或效果的)抑制物
12. stimulant [?st?mj?l?nt] n. 刺激物;激勵物
13. venom [?ven?m] n. 憤恨,怨恨
14. canny [?k?ni] adj. 精明的,謹慎的,機靈的
15. self-accusatory:自責的
16. conapt:本文作者Philip K. Dick根據(jù)condominium + apartment造的詞,指共管式公寓。
17. pert [p??(r)t] adj. 小巧的;矯健的
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名篇名人
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名篇名人
作品賞析
《仿生人會夢見電子羊嗎?》的故事發(fā)生在未來時空中生態(tài)系統(tǒng)崩潰后的地球。大部分人到外星球生活,只有少部分人由于經(jīng)濟困難或故土難離等原因留在這片日益貧瘠荒蕪的土地上,小說的主人公德卡德就是這少數(shù)人中的一員。他是個普通人,外貌平凡,住在廉價的公寓樓。特殊的是他的職業(yè)是賞金獵人。地球人移民太空時,為了免除在異星生活的孤寂感,也為了獲得廉價勞力,生產(chǎn)出了與人類高度相似的仿生人。仿生人中有一部分叛逆者不甘受制于人類,發(fā)動了政變。政變失敗后,仿生人非經(jīng)許可不允許進入地球,否則會被列為非法入境者,是獵殺的對象,每一條命可以獲得1000元的懸賞。德卡德便以賺取懸賞為生。
小說記述了德卡德作為賞金獵人的一天:從早晨起床用情緒調(diào)控儀將自己的情緒調(diào)度到工作狀態(tài)開始,到夜晚完成了獵殺仿生人的任務(wù),回到自己的家,這不足24小時的時光對于德卡德來說是非同尋常的考驗。王牌賞金獵人戴維在追捕Nexus-6型新型仿生人過程中身受重傷,德卡德需要接替戴維,獵殺其余六名在逃者。在此過程中,他遭遇了重重危險,終于將六名仿生人全部殺死,創(chuàng)下了個人職業(yè)生涯的紀錄,也刷新了賞金獵人獵殺新型機器人的紀錄。
從某種意義上而言,科幻小說和奇幻小說存在親緣關(guān)系。兩者都依賴于大膽的想象。奇幻小說的世界由魔法和巫術(shù)構(gòu)成。而科幻小說的想象是基于對科學發(fā)展未來方向的推測。從《仿生人會夢見電子羊嗎?》這個標題我們可以看出,這部小說的想象與人工智能有關(guān)。在小說所設(shè)想的未來世界里,仿生人已經(jīng)進化到了與人類真假莫辨的程度。按照21世紀科技的發(fā)展速度,這應(yīng)該不是無法實現(xiàn)的空想。從智能角度而言,去年3月份,谷歌的AlphaGo以4:1的戰(zhàn)績戰(zhàn)勝了韓國圍棋手李世石;今年1月份,作為AlphaGo的升級版,Master更是狂掃中韓圍棋界的頂級棋手,創(chuàng)下了60場連勝的驕人紀錄。從行動力而言,波士頓動力公司研發(fā)的Atlas人形機器人可以直立行走、爬樓梯、抬重物,甚至可以在布滿障礙的地面自如行走。從外形角度而言,日本科技公司的機器人仿真皮膚的制作細致程度已經(jīng)可以以假亂真。假以時日,融合電子技術(shù)以及生物工程技術(shù)的仿生人很可能成為我們?nèi)粘I钪兴究找姂T的存在。這部作品在提醒我們不要只考慮技術(shù)的發(fā)展,而忽略了人工智能可能帶來的倫理問題,即如何界定仿生人的生命權(quán)?他們是機械,還是人類?是否因為他們是人造物,就注定要被奴役?
然而,就像優(yōu)秀的奇幻小說不僅僅構(gòu)筑魔法世界一樣,好的科幻小說也從來不僅僅是關(guān)于科技的想象。奇幻小說如《指環(huán)王》《哈利·波特》等在展現(xiàn)魔法奇觀的同時,探討了人性的善惡、人生的成長等永恒命題。科幻小說在塑造未來世界的同時,也往往延續(xù)著對人類普遍境遇的思考。以《仿生人會夢見電子羊嗎?》為例,有關(guān)仿生人的想象不僅是一種技術(shù)設(shè)想,也是一個哲學問題:它要求我們更好地思考什么是人類、什么是人的本質(zhì)。
在《仿生人會夢見電子羊嗎?》中,德卡德遭遇的最大挑戰(zhàn)不是如何消滅仿生人,而是如何鑒別仿生人。Nexus-6型新型仿生人有著和人類一樣的外表,能夠像人類一樣思考,有著同樣的行動能力和求生意志。他們有表情,有情感:會笑,能體會到快樂;會哭,有眼淚。他們在某些方面甚至比一般人類更出眾:一名仿生人假扮了警察局長,口才與心智一流;一名仿生人是歌劇演員,有著天籟之音。德卡德在追捕過程中對仿生人的身份產(chǎn)生了困惑:他們和人類有什么差別?
德卡德的疑問從另外一個角度看,也是對我們?nèi)祟惿矸莸脑憜枺菏裁词侨祟惇氁粺o二的屬性?在《仿生人會夢見電子羊嗎?》中,作者菲利普·K·迪克將這種差別定義在人類的共情能力。在小說中,人們?yōu)閰^(qū)分仿生人和人類,發(fā)明了類似于測謊器一樣的裝置。通過向受測者詢問一系列問題,看他們回答問題時儀器上所顯示的腦電和情緒反應(yīng),來甄別誰是仿生人。這類問題所測試的是:受測對象是否有對其他生物的共情能力。
在小說的末世想象中,重度污染的地球上大部分動物已經(jīng)滅絕。貓、狗、羊、馬等司空見慣的家畜都成了瀕危動物。人類從小接受的教育是要愛護動物,關(guān)愛彼此,因為生命在這個已經(jīng)不適合生命存在的地球是最寶貴的存在。人類通過飼養(yǎng)動物,培養(yǎng)愛和責任心,學習尊重和珍惜生命。由于動物數(shù)量稀少,人們卻又有飼養(yǎng)照顧寵物的需要,電子寵物公司應(yīng)運而生。主人公德卡德就曾經(jīng)養(yǎng)了一只羊,羊死去后他不得已買了只電子羊。而他心心念念想要擁有的是一只可以由他照顧、供他寄托感情的活生生的動物。
與人類不同的是仿生人不會渴望擁有一只毛茸茸的會咩咩叫需要喂草料的羊。他們只有個體性的情感,能夠在危險來臨時感到恐懼,會為自己受到的不公待遇而憤怒,但是他們不會和其他的生物之間達到情感的共振。他們聽到熊皮這個詞,只會把它看做一件價值不菲的室內(nèi)裝飾品,而不是想到一張熊皮意味著一只熊已經(jīng)被殺死,他們不會為一條生命的消逝而悲傷。由于缺乏共情力,他們彼此之間也很冷漠。小說中,有三名仿生人為了躲避追捕躲進了廢棄的舊樓。盡管他們制訂了攻守同盟,當賞金獵人德卡德到達時,他們還是按照本能各自逃命,無法團結(jié)合作的結(jié)果是他們被逐個擊殺。
在《仿生人會夢見電子羊嗎?》中,作者菲利普·K·迪克邀請我們展望未來,思考該如何面對人工智能技術(shù)發(fā)展所帶來的倫理問題,也呼吁我們關(guān)注當下,思考人性,培養(yǎng)共情的能力。共情是人類彼此幫助、共同行動的基礎(chǔ),也是人類與其他物種和諧相處的條件。為此,作者將共情上升為人類區(qū)別于仿生人的本質(zhì)。關(guān)照和呵護生命(這其中也包括除了人之外的其他物種),我們才配得上稱為人類。