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非酒精性脂肪性肝病相關(guān)性肝細(xì)胞癌的研究進(jìn)展

2017-03-08 14:36:44王玉平周永寧
關(guān)鍵詞:酒精性肝細(xì)胞纖維化

王 璐,王玉平,周永寧

蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院消化科 甘肅省胃腸病重點實驗室,甘肅 蘭州 730000

非酒精性脂肪性肝病相關(guān)性肝細(xì)胞癌的研究進(jìn)展

王 璐,王玉平,周永寧

蘭州大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院消化科 甘肅省胃腸病重點實驗室,甘肅 蘭州 730000

隨著肥胖和糖尿病發(fā)病率的增加,非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)發(fā)病率也不斷增加,NAFLD與肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)之間存在重要關(guān)系,未來將成為HCC的主要病因。但由于非酒精性脂肪性肝病相關(guān)性肝細(xì)胞癌(non-alcoholic liver disease-hepatocellular carcinoma,NAFLD-HCC)患者長期無癥狀的臨床病程往往導(dǎo)致對病情的忽略,診斷時已處于晚期,使預(yù)后較差。為加強(qiáng)對NAFLD-HCC的重視,本文就NAFLD-HCC的流行病學(xué)、危險因素及機(jī)制、監(jiān)測、治療等進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)概述。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病;肝細(xì)胞癌;肥胖;糖尿?。槐O(jiān)測

近年來,原發(fā)性肝癌發(fā)病率逐漸上升,位居惡性腫瘤第6位,占惡性腫瘤死因第2位[1],以肝細(xì)胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)為主,占85%~90%[2]。HCC病因主要為病毒性肝炎和酒精性肝炎,但仍有一部分HCC病因不明,主要認(rèn)為與非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)相關(guān)。NAFLD 主要包括單純性非酒精性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪肝炎(non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)及相關(guān)肝硬化、肝癌。NAFLD相關(guān)性HCC(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-hepatocellular carcinoma,NAFLD-HCC)的發(fā)病機(jī)制較為復(fù)雜,目前尚不明確,主要與肥胖、胰島素抵抗、脂毒性、腸道微生態(tài)紊亂、遺傳多態(tài)性等危險因素相關(guān),手術(shù)治愈率與其他病因的HCC接近,但由于隨訪監(jiān)測不完善,診斷時已處于晚期未得到及時有效的治療,導(dǎo)致其預(yù)后較差。

1 流行病學(xué)

據(jù)最新的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球約有78萬原發(fā)性肝癌新發(fā)病例,居惡性腫瘤第6位,約有75萬死亡,居惡性腫瘤死因第2位[1]。全球肝癌的高發(fā)地區(qū)主要分布在東南亞和撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲國家,低發(fā)區(qū)主要分布在歐洲、美洲、大洋洲等地區(qū)[3]。而我國肝癌的新發(fā)病例有39萬,死亡病例38萬,發(fā)病順位排第5位,死亡順位排第2位[1]。常見病因有病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝炎。但最新研究[3]發(fā)現(xiàn),肝癌低發(fā)區(qū)發(fā)病率正在上升。這種變化主要可能與發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的NAFLD發(fā)病率上升相關(guān)。一項對22個國家85項研究的薈萃分析結(jié)果顯示,全球NAFLD的患病率為25.24%,其中北美洲24.1%、歐洲23.7%、亞洲27.4%、中東31.8%、南美洲30.5%、非洲13.5%[4]。我國的流行病學(xué)薈萃結(jié)果[5]發(fā)現(xiàn),我國NAFLD的患病率為20.09%。美國在2004年-2009年的一項對HCC調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),HCV相關(guān)HCC占54.9%,酒精相關(guān)HCC占16.4%,NAFLD-HCC占14.1%、HBV相關(guān)HCC占9.5%,且在這6年間,NAFLD-HCC的年增長率為9%[6]。雖然目前仍缺乏NAFLD-HCC精確數(shù)據(jù),但美國一項前瞻性研究[7]顯示,2002年-2012年,因NAFLD-HCC行肝移植人數(shù)增長4倍,而HCV相關(guān)HCC只增長2倍。

2 NAFLD與HCC的關(guān)系

過去認(rèn)為HCC主要發(fā)生在慢性肝病基礎(chǔ)上,常見病因包括病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝炎,但仍有一部分(6.9%~29%)潛在病因不明[8],認(rèn)為繼發(fā)于隱源性肝硬化(cryptogenic cirrhosis,CC)。為證明NAFLD、CC及HCC之間的聯(lián)系,White等[9]的一項薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),60%HCC是由合并肝硬化的NAFLD/NASH發(fā)展而來。另一項美國的前瞻性研究[10]分析了HCC的病因后發(fā)現(xiàn),CC占29%,其中一半的患者具有NAFLD的組織學(xué)及臨床特征和至少13%患者組織學(xué)確診為NAFLD。由于NASH進(jìn)展為肝硬化時,大多數(shù)患者已不具備脂肪變性、小葉中央壞死性炎癥、氣球樣變等NASH的病理學(xué)特征[11],故NASH在CC中所占比例可能更高。NAFLD也可直接導(dǎo)致HCC而不經(jīng)過肝硬化階段。Kawada等[12]比較1 168例接受手術(shù)治療的HCC患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)75%NAFLD-HCC患者在確診HCC時未發(fā)現(xiàn)任何肝硬化,該比例高于HCV/酒精相關(guān)HCC。Paradis等[13]對128例HCC患者隨訪12年后發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD較其他慢性肝病更易在無明顯肝纖維化基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生HCC(65%vs26%),這個現(xiàn)象可能與肝腺瘤的惡性轉(zhuǎn)化相關(guān)。少數(shù)已發(fā)表的研究[14-15]表明,存在代謝綜合征情況下,肝腺瘤可能引起惡性轉(zhuǎn)化。

3 NASH發(fā)展為HCC的危險因素及機(jī)制

慢性肝病基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生HCC,是一個復(fù)雜但循序漸進(jìn)過程,公認(rèn)的肝硬化相關(guān)HCC,機(jī)制主要包括端粒酶功能障礙及刺激細(xì)胞增殖的微觀環(huán)境和宏觀環(huán)境改變。但無論合并肝硬化或無肝硬化,NAFLD進(jìn)展為HCC的危險因素可能是相同的。NAFLD-HCC危險因素主要包括肥胖、IR、肝臟脂肪蓄積及脂毒性、腸道微生態(tài)紊亂、遺傳多態(tài)性等。

3.1肥胖肥胖是NAFLD-HCC發(fā)生的主要危險因素。肥胖(BMI>30 kg/m2)患者發(fā)生HCC的風(fēng)險較正常體質(zhì)量患者高1.93倍,且BMI每增加5 kg/m2,HCC的發(fā)病風(fēng)險平均增加24%[16]。肥胖和過度內(nèi)臟脂肪組織堆積,使瘦素水平升高、脂聯(lián)素水平降低。瘦素具有較強(qiáng)促炎及促纖維化作用,主要通過激活Janus激酶(Janus kinasel,JAK)、轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT3)、磷酸肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)和細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶(extracellular rugulated kinasel,ERK)等途徑,啟動細(xì)胞內(nèi)促炎細(xì)胞因子級聯(lián)反應(yīng),同時瘦素上調(diào)端粒酶反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶促進(jìn)腫瘤生長[17]。脂聯(lián)素抑制腫瘤血管生成并抑制HCC生長和轉(zhuǎn)移,主要通過激活作為腫瘤抑制劑的5’-腺苷單磷酸酶激活蛋白激酶(AMPK)來發(fā)揮作用。此外,肥胖還與其他危險因素有關(guān),包括胰島素抵抗,肝臟脂肪蓄積和腸道微生態(tài)紊亂。

3.2IR研究[18]表明,糖尿病為NASH進(jìn)展為HCC的獨立危險因素。美國一項研究[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),2型糖尿病患者最常見的癌癥為HCC,且糖尿病可使HCC發(fā)病風(fēng)險增加2.90倍。肥胖和脂肪過多蓄積導(dǎo)致肝臟和外周IR引起代償性高胰島素血癥。研究[20]表明,胰島素和胰島素樣生長因子(IGF-1)可能促進(jìn)HCC發(fā)病,主要機(jī)制可能為IGF-1和胰島素受體底物通過活化促絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)途徑及增加原癌基因(c-fos和c-jun)轉(zhuǎn)錄來發(fā)揮作用,MAPK通路激活Wnt/β-連環(huán)蛋白信號級聯(lián)導(dǎo)致纖維化和肝癌。

3.3脂毒性肝臟脂肪蓄積的機(jī)制主要包括肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂肪酸增多、三酰甘油合成增多和載脂蛋白的減少[15,21]。過度脂質(zhì)積累引起的脂毒性導(dǎo)致飽和和不飽和游離脂肪酸(free fatty acids,F(xiàn)FAs)增多[22]。磷酸酶和張力蛋白同源物(PTEN)可通過調(diào)控PI3K信號通路間接抑制腫瘤發(fā)生。FFAs過度蓄積可抑制PTEN,促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生[23]。而且FFAs可經(jīng)歷β氧化導(dǎo)致活性氧的形成?;钚匝跽T導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮網(wǎng)應(yīng)激、線粒體損傷和調(diào)節(jié)基因表達(dá)促進(jìn)炎癥細(xì)胞信號通路,導(dǎo)致NASH、肝纖維化及HCC發(fā)生。

3.4腸道微生態(tài)紊亂腸道微生態(tài)改變所致的腸黏膜通透性的改變、腸源性內(nèi)毒素血癥、TLRs激活及促炎因子的釋放在NASH發(fā)生中起核心作用。研究[24]顯示,肥胖患者腸道內(nèi)革蘭陰性桿菌增多,脂多糖(LPS)為革蘭陰性桿菌的細(xì)胞膜成分,作用于TLR樣受體激活細(xì)胞表面CD14,釋放TNF-α、IL-1、IL-1β等細(xì)胞因子,導(dǎo)致肝臟炎癥及纖維化。有研究[25]顯示,與這些炎癥因子有關(guān)的復(fù)雜的細(xì)胞間相互作用可以導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞凋亡、代償性增殖及最終的癌變。腸道微生態(tài)失調(diào)也可促進(jìn)去氧膽酸的生成,而去氧膽酸可損害DNA[26]。Yoshimoto等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),去氧膽酸可促進(jìn)肝星狀細(xì)胞衰老相關(guān)的分泌表型的激活,導(dǎo)致肝臟內(nèi)IL-1β等促炎因子釋放增加,從而促進(jìn)肝癌進(jìn)展。

3.5遺傳多態(tài)性遺傳多態(tài)性可能是導(dǎo)致NAFLD進(jìn)展為HCC的一個因素。最近全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)研究確定含patatin樣磷脂酶域3(patatin-like phospholipasedomain containing 3,PNPLA3)基因、TM6SF2基因為NAFLD-HCC發(fā)生的易感基因。PNPLA3基因rs738409位點處C-G突變致148位異亮氨酸被蛋氨酸取代(I148M),使甘油三酯(TG)在肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)代謝障礙,引起TG在肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)沉積,進(jìn)而引起肝臟的慢性炎癥,導(dǎo)致肝纖維化。該基因顯著增加HCC發(fā)生風(fēng)險,且獨立于年齡、性別、肥胖、糖尿病和肝纖維化[28]。TM6SF2突變使賴氨酸被谷氨酸替代,TM6SF2影響肝臟纖維向肝硬化發(fā)展的進(jìn)程,增加HCC發(fā)病風(fēng)險[29]。最新研究[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)DNC-5 rs3480小G等位基因過表達(dá)可減輕肝纖維化,保護(hù)機(jī)制具體不明。此外還有許多基因在NAFLD進(jìn)展為HCC中發(fā)揮作用,如鋅指蛋白1、跨膜蛋白6超家族成員2超長鏈脂肪酸延伸酶6基因及許多MicroRNA。

3.6其他危險因素肝臟內(nèi)異常鐵沉積可能增加NAFLD進(jìn)展為HCC的風(fēng)險及進(jìn)度。Sorrentino等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn),NASH相關(guān)性HCC患者肝臟內(nèi)鐵沉積高于NASH患者。NASH患者肝臟內(nèi)鐵沉積的增加可能與DNA氧化損傷有關(guān),但鐵沉積導(dǎo)致NASH進(jìn)展為HCC機(jī)制仍需更進(jìn)一步研究。其他危險因素還包括高齡、長期慢性酒精攝入。酒精的攝入使NASH相關(guān)性HCC發(fā)生率增加3~6倍。最近研究[32]還發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠呼吸低通氣綜合征與NAFLD/NASH相關(guān),但與HCC相關(guān)性仍未研究。

4 監(jiān)測

NAFLD-HCC患者大部分在診斷時已處于晚期。Mittal等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD-HCC患者在診斷時處于早期即巴塞羅那臨床分期(BLCL A級)的概率小于HCV相關(guān)HCC患者(5.8%vs15.7%,P=0.04)。Piscaglia等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),多中心前瞻性對照研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD-HCC確診時腫瘤分期常比HCV相關(guān)HCC晚。NAFLD-HCC較晚診斷的原因可能為對HCC的監(jiān)測不完善。意大利研究組[35]發(fā)現(xiàn),由于缺乏監(jiān)測,NAFLD-HCC診斷時已處于晚期,導(dǎo)致延誤了最佳治療時機(jī)及縮短了患者生存時間。對于NAFLD-HCC的診斷,主要有血清學(xué)檢測、血清腫瘤標(biāo)記物、B超、CT及病理等,最準(zhǔn)確的仍為病理診斷,但由于肝臟穿刺風(fēng)險較大且費用昂貴,使其對于監(jiān)測實施較為困難。B超對于肥胖患者較為局限。血清學(xué)檢測為簡單易操作的監(jiān)測方法。在一項大規(guī)模研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),血清中細(xì)胞角蛋白-18(CK-18)可作為診斷NASH的獨立的診斷標(biāo)記物[36]。血小板計數(shù)(PLT)也可用來評估肝纖維化的程度,在HCV患者中PLT<150 000/μl時,肝纖維化處于F2期,而PLT<192 000/μl及153 000/μl時,在NAFLD患者中分別處于F3期(靈敏度62.7%、特異性76.3%)及F4期(靈敏度80.5%、特異性88.8%)[37]。故NAFLD患者存在PLT<150 000/μl時或許有發(fā)展為肝硬化及HCC的風(fēng)險。一項研究[38]比較19例NASH患者在發(fā)展為HCC前后腫瘤標(biāo)記物AFP及PIVAK-Ⅱ的數(shù)值變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)NASH進(jìn)展為HCC后PIVAK-Ⅱ數(shù)值明顯增高,但AFP變化不大。PIVAK-Ⅱ可能為NASH相關(guān)HCC篩查的腫瘤標(biāo)記物,但仍需進(jìn)一步研究。NAFLD-HCC患者的監(jiān)測需進(jìn)一步研究,尤其是對無肝硬化的患者。

5 預(yù)防及治療

5.1一般治療規(guī)律的鍛煉和飲食熱量的控制為NAFLD的主要治療方法,對HCC可能也有作用。一項前瞻性隊列研究[39]發(fā)現(xiàn),獨立于體質(zhì)量減輕,身體鍛煉可以預(yù)防HCC發(fā)生。Piguet等[40]將PTEN缺陷小鼠分為運動組和久坐組,經(jīng)過32周規(guī)律運動后發(fā)現(xiàn),運動組腫瘤的數(shù)量和體積均小于久坐組。鍛煉減少腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖的機(jī)制可能為鍛煉增加了AMPK及底物的磷酸化和降低了雷帕霉素蛋白脂蛋白(mTOR)磷酸化。

NASH患者缺乏維生素E、維生素D。維生素D與肝癌發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。而食物中另一些抗氧化物(維生素C、硒、輔酶Q12)也被認(rèn)為具有預(yù)防肝癌的作用,地中海飲食可降低HCC發(fā)病風(fēng)險[41]。故結(jié)合以上所述,NAFLD-HCC患者可通過食用富含以上微量元素的水果、蔬菜及適當(dāng)運動來預(yù)防HCC發(fā)生。

5.2藥物治療他汀類藥物、二甲雙胍、S-腺苷甲基磺嘌呤為有效的治療HCC藥物。

他汀類藥物:多數(shù)NAFLD/NASH患者合并高脂血癥。有研究[42-43]顯示,他汀類藥物對肝脂肪變性、NASH及F2-F4纖維化有效,而且他汀類藥物可以降低糖尿病患者發(fā)生HCC的風(fēng)險。他汀類對糖尿病患者的保護(hù)作用,主要可能與通過抑制JAK途徑發(fā)揮的抗炎作用相關(guān)。最近的一項研究[44]發(fā)現(xiàn),他汀類藥物使糖尿病患者HCC發(fā)生風(fēng)險降低63%,且聯(lián)合使用辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀減少HCC的并發(fā)癥。

二甲雙胍:二甲雙胍通過抑制mTOR來發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。雖然二甲雙胍對NASH纖維化無作用,但其在NASH相關(guān)性HCC中有作用。最近的一項對17項病例對照研究和32項隊列研究的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),服用二甲雙胍使HCC發(fā)生率減少50%,而磺脲類及胰島素使HCC發(fā)生率增加62%和161%。在合并肝硬化的HCC患者中服用二甲雙胍也可以增加其生存率[45]。

由于HCC生物異質(zhì)性,危險因素及發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不明確,目前尚無有效的治療,但是結(jié)合基因組學(xué),研究其潛在分子靶向治療,可能會為NASH相關(guān)性HCC帶來新的希望。

5.3手術(shù)治療外科治療為HCC根治性治療,主要包括肝切除術(shù)、原位肝移植術(shù)(orthotopic liver transplantation,OLT)。美國的一項對行OLT的HCC患者隨訪50個月后發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD-HCC與酒精相關(guān)HCC患者,無病生存率和總死亡率無明顯區(qū)別[46]。Wong等[47]也比較了NAFLD、HCV及酒精相關(guān)HCC OLT術(shù)后1年、3年、5年的生存率,第1年分別為87.5%、88.5%、90.2%,第3年分別為79.8%、73.9%、73.3%,第5年分別為65.5%、65.7%、63.9%,均無明顯差異。日本的一項研究[48]發(fā)現(xiàn),肝切除術(shù)在NAFLD及HCV、HBV患者總生存率無明顯差異,分別為59%、57%、63%。比較上述數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn),OLT及肝切除術(shù)的術(shù)后生存率在NAFLD、病毒性肝炎、酒精性肝炎組無明顯差異,但研究[49]發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD-HCC患者的預(yù)后更差,可能與NAFLD-HCC患者大部分診斷時已處于晚期,未得到及時的治療相關(guān)。故加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測對治療NAFLD-HCC很重要。

目前,雖然NAFLD-HCC發(fā)病率較病毒性肝炎HCC低,但在未來NAFLD可能將超過病毒性肝炎成為HCC主要病因。NAFLD患者長期無癥狀的臨床病程往往導(dǎo)致病情被忽略,需對合并上述危險因素的NAFLD患者進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),避免進(jìn)展為HCC,并加強(qiáng)對其監(jiān)測,提高NAFLD-HCC早期診斷率?,F(xiàn)迫切需要進(jìn)一步研究對NAFLD-HCC的篩檢準(zhǔn)確性高且簡單易操作的方法,尤其是對無肝硬化的NAFLD患者。

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(責(zé)任編輯:王全楚)

Researchprogressofnon-alcoholicfattyliverdiseaserelatedhepatocellularcarcinoma

WANG Lu, WANG Yuping, ZHOU Yongning

Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, the Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China

With the increase of the incidence of obesity and diabetes, the incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has important relationship with NAFLD and it will become the main cause of HCC. However, long-term asymptomatic clinical course of nonalcoholic liver disease-hepatocellular carcinoma (NAFLD-HCC) patients often leads to a neglect of the condition and a poor prognosis in the late diagnosis. In order to strengthen the importance of NAFLD-HCC, this paper systematically reviewed the epidemiology, risk factors and mechanisms, surveillance and treatment of NAFLD-HCC.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Obesity; Diabetes mellitus; Surveillance

R575.5

A

1006-5709(2017)10-1116-05

2017-06-09

國家科技惠民計劃項目(2012GS620101);國家自然科學(xué)基金(81570783);甘肅省自然科學(xué)基金(1506RJZA257)

王璐,碩士在讀,研究方向:肝臟疾病的臨床研究。E-mail:1157443260@qq.com

周永寧,博士后,教授,研究方向:消化系統(tǒng)疾病的臨床研究。E-mail:yongnignzhou@sina.com

10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.10.012

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