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循環(huán)microRNA在胰腺癌中的臨床價(jià)值研究進(jìn)展

2017-03-08 15:08余保平
關(guān)鍵詞:生存期胰腺癌靈敏度

趙 晨,余保平

武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,湖北 武漢 430060

循環(huán)microRNA在胰腺癌中的臨床價(jià)值研究進(jìn)展

趙 晨,余保平

武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,湖北 武漢 430060

循環(huán)microRNA(miRNA)是可以在血液或體液中穩(wěn)定存在的miRNA。研究表明,循環(huán)miRNA在胰腺癌患者中表達(dá)失調(diào)并與患者預(yù)后、化療敏感性等因素相關(guān),有望作為胰腺癌患者的新型腫瘤標(biāo)志物。本文就近年來(lái)不同循環(huán)miRNA在胰腺癌患者中的表達(dá)情況及其在診斷和治療方面的研究進(jìn)展作一概述。

循環(huán)microRNA;胰腺癌;預(yù)后;腫瘤標(biāo)志物

胰腺癌是死亡率很高的惡性腫瘤,即使在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家其5年生存率仍<5%[1]。因此,為了改善患者的預(yù)后,需要尋找新的標(biāo)志物對(duì)胰腺癌進(jìn)行早期篩查。微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)作為一種非編碼小分子RNA,在腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展及耐藥機(jī)制等方面起重要作用[2]。而循環(huán)miRNA則是可以在血液或體液中穩(wěn)定存在的miRNA,研究[3]表明,胰腺癌患者的循環(huán)miRNA表達(dá)可出現(xiàn)異常,這預(yù)示循環(huán)miRNA可能成為胰腺癌患者早期診斷和預(yù)后評(píng)估的新型分子標(biāo)志物。本文就循環(huán)miRNA在胰腺癌中的研究進(jìn)展作一概述。

1 miRNA概述

miRNA 是高度保守的、長(zhǎng)度在17~25個(gè)核苷酸序列的單鏈RNA,在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)節(jié)基因的表達(dá)[4]。miRNA通過(guò)與之相配對(duì)的mRNA的3′端非編碼區(qū)(3′-UTR)結(jié)合,誘導(dǎo)mRNA降解或抑制mRNA的翻譯,從而參與對(duì)靶基因功能的調(diào)控[5]。miRNA開(kāi)啟了癌癥研究的新領(lǐng)域。miRNA在胰腺癌組織中的表達(dá)譜不同于正常胰腺組織、慢性胰腺炎組織及其他類(lèi)型腫瘤組織[3],這些差異表達(dá)預(yù)示miRNA可用于胰腺癌的早期診斷和有效治療。

2 循環(huán)miRNA概述

細(xì)胞通過(guò)凋亡小體、囊泡或外泌體等形式將miRNA釋放入血[5],其中對(duì)核糖核酸酶(RNase)不通透的微囊泡被認(rèn)為是miRNA得以在細(xì)胞外穩(wěn)定存在的形式之一。此外,大多數(shù)外周血中的胞外miRNA與AGO蛋白家族相結(jié)合[6]。因?yàn)锳GO蛋白具有很強(qiáng)的穩(wěn)定性,故與之緊密結(jié)合的miRNA可以在核酸酶與蛋白酶豐富的環(huán)境中保持穩(wěn)定[5]。外周血中的miRNA可以發(fā)揮抑癌基因或癌基因的作用,并可以通過(guò)實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR進(jìn)行檢測(cè)[7],這些研究正是循環(huán)miRNA可用作疾病標(biāo)志物的基礎(chǔ)。

3 循環(huán)miRNA與胰腺癌診斷

3.1 循環(huán)miRNA單獨(dú)檢測(cè)的診斷價(jià)值 miR-21作為第1個(gè)在血清中發(fā)現(xiàn)的miRNA,在很多類(lèi)型的腫瘤中均呈過(guò)表達(dá)[8]。諸多研究表明,循環(huán)miR-21在胰腺癌中的表達(dá)顯著高于慢性胰腺炎及健康對(duì)照[9-12]。miR-21與臨床分期、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、肝轉(zhuǎn)移、生存期縮短顯著相關(guān)[11]。

Chen等[12]在109例胰腺癌、38例慢性胰腺炎和50名健康對(duì)照者中發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺癌患者外周血中miR-182水平顯著高于慢性胰腺炎患者和健康對(duì)照者。血中miR-182水平與臨床分期和淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),且miR-182高表達(dá)與總生存期及無(wú)病生存期縮短呈顯著相關(guān)。CA19-9 是胰腺癌最常用的腫瘤標(biāo)志物,對(duì)胰腺癌的診斷及預(yù)后具有重要意義,故可通過(guò)與CA19-9的比較來(lái)評(píng)判miRNA的診斷能力。循環(huán)miR-182診斷胰腺癌的受試者特征工作曲線下面積(area under the receiver operating characteristic curve,AUC)為0.775 (95 %CI: 0.721~0.856),靈敏度為64.1%,特異度為82.6%,高于CA19-9(AUC=0.664,95%CI: 0.573~0.756,靈敏度為55.7%,特異度為48.4%)。而循環(huán)miR-182與CA19-9聯(lián)合檢測(cè)時(shí)AUC=0.837(95%CI: 0.769~0.894),靈敏度和特異度分別提高至84.68%、86.77%。

MAPK信號(hào)通路相關(guān)的miRNA(miR-7、miR-34a、miR-181d、miR-193b)在胰導(dǎo)管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC)或胰腺導(dǎo)管內(nèi)乳頭狀黏液瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia, IPMN)患者中表達(dá)顯著高于自身免疫性胰腺炎。miR-181d與PDAC患者的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移呈顯著相關(guān)[13]。

此外,循環(huán)miR-492、miR-663a則在胰腺癌患者中表達(dá)降低,并具有區(qū)分腫瘤患者與健康對(duì)照者的能力(AUC=0.787,AUC=0.870)[14]。而循環(huán)miR-25、miR-1290、miR-10b、miR-155、miR-106b、miR-30c、miR-212均在胰腺癌中高表達(dá),且對(duì)腫瘤患者的區(qū)分能力高于CA19-9,甚至在驗(yàn)證試驗(yàn)中靈敏度和特異度可達(dá)100%[15-17]。

3.2 循環(huán)miRNA聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的診斷價(jià)值 篩選特定的循環(huán)miRNA進(jìn)行聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的診斷價(jià)值高于每個(gè)miRNA的單獨(dú)診斷結(jié)果。例如,miR-194在PDAC患者的血清水平顯著高于十二指腸腺癌患者及健康對(duì)照者,但區(qū)分健康對(duì)照的靈敏度僅為54.3%,特異度僅為57.5%。而miR-192與miR-194聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的靈敏度和特異度分別為84.0%、75.0%[18]。

Wang等[19]研究表明,miR-205、miR-210、miR-492和miR-1427均在PDAC患者的胰液中表達(dá)升高。聯(lián)合檢測(cè)上述指標(biāo)的AUC=0.92,靈敏度和特異度分別為87%、88%,其診斷能力和靈敏度高于CA19-9(AUC=0.89,靈敏度和特異度分別為77%、93%)。而miRNA組合與CA19-9聯(lián)合檢測(cè)的診斷能力則更高,AUC=0.99,靈敏度和特異度也分別升至91%、100%。此外,miR-205和miR-210高表達(dá)與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和總生存期縮短相關(guān)。Schultz等[20]在診斷胰腺癌與慢性胰腺炎及健康對(duì)照的確證試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-145、miR-150、miR-223、miR-636組合的AUC=0.83(95%CI: 0.76~0.90),miR-26b、miR-34a、miR-122、 miR-126*、miR-145、miR-150、miR-223、miR-505、miR-636、miR-885.5p組合的AUC則為0.81(95%CI: 0.73~0.87)。兩個(gè)組合各自與CA19-9聯(lián)合檢測(cè)后,AUC分別升至0.93 (95%CI: 0.88~0.97)、0.92 (95%CI:0.87~0.96)。Kojima等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),血清miR-125a-3p 和miR-6836-3p 在PDAC病例中顯著低表達(dá)。將miR-6075、miR-4294、 miR-6880-5p、miR-6799-5p、miR-125a-3p、miR-4530、miR-6836-3p和miR-4476組合檢測(cè)后靈敏度、特異度和準(zhǔn)確度分別為80.3%、97.6%、91.6%,AUC=0.953,顯著高于CA19-9和CEA。在中國(guó)6個(gè)中心、361例血清樣本開(kāi)展了miR-486-5p、miR-126-3p、miR-106b-3p組合和miR-486-5p、miR-126-3p、miR-106b-3p、miR-938、miR-26b-3p、miR-1285組合的研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)組合對(duì)于區(qū)分胰腺癌與健康對(duì)照和慢性胰腺炎均有較高的準(zhǔn)確度(AUC分別為0.891、0.889),兩個(gè)組合與CA19-9的診斷價(jià)值無(wú)顯著性差異(AUC=0.775)[22]。

除胰腺癌的診斷外,miRNA組合還可用于胰腺癌相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的診斷及預(yù)測(cè)。miR-483-5p、miR-19a、miR-29a、miR-20a、miR-24、miR-25單獨(dú)用于對(duì)胰腺癌相關(guān)的新發(fā)糖尿病(pancreatic cancer-associated new-onset diabetes mellitus, PaC-DM)預(yù)測(cè)的AUC均>0.75,而聯(lián)合應(yīng)用上述指標(biāo)與健康對(duì)照及非腫瘤性新發(fā)2型糖尿病患者對(duì)比研究后AUC為0.902(95%CI:0.844~0.955),顯著高于CA19-9的診斷能力(AUC=0.747,95%CI: 0.665~0.830)[23]。

4 循環(huán)miRNA與胰腺癌治療

胰腺癌的手術(shù)切除率低,且單純手術(shù)切除后,復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移的發(fā)生率也較高。故化療一直是胰腺癌主要的輔助治療。最新的研究表明,循環(huán)miRNA在胰腺癌評(píng)判化療敏感性方面也發(fā)揮作用。

血清miR-21水平在吉西他濱耐藥的PDAC患者中表達(dá)增加,且在用吉西他濱治療PDAC細(xì)胞系后發(fā)現(xiàn)miR-21啟動(dòng)子區(qū)組蛋白乙?;皆黾樱?xì)胞侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移能力也隨之增加[24]。誘導(dǎo)化療后再接受放療的局部進(jìn)展期胰腺癌患者中,治療前miR-21血漿高表達(dá)者預(yù)示臨床結(jié)局差[25]。177例接受吉西他濱姑息治療的晚期胰腺癌患者中,血清miR-21高表達(dá)與疾病進(jìn)展時(shí)間(time-to-progression, TTP)縮短和總生存期縮短顯著相關(guān)。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)asL表達(dá)增加誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞凋亡而miR-21異常表達(dá)則保護(hù)癌細(xì)胞免受吉西他濱所誘導(dǎo)的凋亡。因此,血清miR-21可以作為晚期胰腺癌患者化療敏感性的評(píng)估指標(biāo),而miR-21導(dǎo)致耐藥的機(jī)制則是通過(guò)介導(dǎo)FasL/Fas信號(hào)通路[26]。

血漿miR-33a在PDAC患者中顯著降低且與總生存期縮短顯著相關(guān)。體內(nèi)和體外實(shí)驗(yàn)均證實(shí)miR-33a抑制Pim-3的表達(dá)并通過(guò)下調(diào)AKT/β-catenin信號(hào)通路進(jìn)而抑制腫瘤增殖并增加對(duì)吉西他濱的化療敏感性[27]。

血漿miR-744在胰腺癌中水平顯著高于對(duì)照組,且與手術(shù)患者淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移和復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān),是預(yù)測(cè)胰腺癌患者胰腺切除術(shù)后的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。吉西他濱治療的非手術(shù)患者中,miR-744高表達(dá)與無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(progression-free survival, PFS)縮短相關(guān),體外試驗(yàn)表明,在細(xì)胞系中的高表達(dá)可促使對(duì)吉西他濱化療耐藥[28]。

循環(huán)miRNA在胰腺癌中表達(dá)異常且與患者預(yù)后、化療敏感性等因素相關(guān),故有望作為胰腺癌患者的新型腫瘤標(biāo)志物,并可通過(guò)“液體活檢”多次采集血樣用于疾病監(jiān)測(cè)和療效判斷。但循環(huán)miRNA參與胰腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的機(jī)制尚未闡明,如何從紛繁復(fù)雜的miRNA家族中遴選最高效的幾種分子進(jìn)行臨床實(shí)踐也需要更深入的研究??傊h(huán)miRNA具有微創(chuàng)、穩(wěn)定等優(yōu)點(diǎn),為胰腺癌的診斷及治療開(kāi)辟了新的思路并具有廣泛的應(yīng)用前景。

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(責(zé)任編輯:李 健)

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.07.003

Progress of the clinical values of circulating microRNA in pancreatic cancer

ZHAO Chen, YU Baoping

Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China

Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are a kind of miRNAs which are found in blood plasma or body fluid with stable existence. Researches have shown that circulating miRNAs are dysregulated in pancreatic cancer and related to prognosis and chemotherapy sensitivity. Circulating miRNAs have the potency to be novel tumor markers in pancreatic cancer patients. Here, we reviewed the recent progress of the expressions and clinical values of different circulating miRNAs in pancreatic cancer.

Circulating microRNA; Pancreatic cancer; Prognosis; Tumor marker

趙晨,在讀博士研究生,研究方向:胰腺疾病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床。E-mail: chen_zhao@whu.edu.cn

余保平,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主任醫(yī)師,研究方向:胰腺疾病的基礎(chǔ)與臨床。E-mail: yubp62@163.com

10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.07.002

R735.9

A

1006-5709(2017)07-0726-03

2017-01-11

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