李新濤 張旭△
1中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院泌尿外科 100853 北京
綜 述
機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀和研究進(jìn)展
李新濤1張旭1△
1中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院泌尿外科 100853 北京
△審校者
隨著機(jī)器人手術(shù)技術(shù)的逐漸發(fā)展,機(jī)器人技術(shù)已逐漸應(yīng)用在泌尿系統(tǒng)各種手術(shù),其中機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)已成為可替代傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)的一種選擇。然而關(guān)于該手術(shù)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀和研究進(jìn)展尚未有總結(jié)。機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)可通過(guò)經(jīng)腹腔途徑和經(jīng)后腹腔途徑完成,該術(shù)式在手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量以及住院時(shí)間等效果與腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)相當(dāng)。本綜述就機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)的手術(shù)技術(shù)特點(diǎn)、適應(yīng)證、手術(shù)效果等作一總結(jié)。
機(jī)器人;腎上腺切除術(shù);腎上腺腫瘤
腎上腺腫瘤是泌尿外科常見(jiàn)的疾病種類之一。腎上腺解剖位置深,常規(guī)手術(shù)方式較難使其顯露,操作相對(duì)困難,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥多,術(shù)后恢復(fù)較慢。隨著手術(shù)器械的發(fā)展,腎上腺疾病的外科處理方式發(fā)生了巨大變化。1998~2006年間83%的腎上腺手術(shù)均為開(kāi)放手術(shù)[1]。1992年Gagner等[2]首次報(bào)道腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù),從此以后該術(shù)式逐漸成為治療腎上腺腫瘤的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),針對(duì)良性功能性和非功能性腎上腺腫瘤、直徑小于6 cm以及腫瘤小于100 g的腎上腺腫瘤,相對(duì)于開(kāi)放手術(shù),腹腔鏡手術(shù)具有并發(fā)癥少、疼痛減輕、術(shù)后住院時(shí)間短、恢復(fù)速度快和患者舒適度高等優(yōu)勢(shì)[3~7]。另外,腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)對(duì)于直徑大于6 cm、局部未有侵犯的腎上腺腫瘤也有報(bào)道[8,9]。但對(duì)于這樣的病例施行腹腔鏡手術(shù)通常手術(shù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng),出血更多,中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放概率高,并發(fā)癥多。因此目前針對(duì)大于6 cm的腎上腺腫瘤是否適于做腹腔鏡手術(shù)仍有爭(zhēng)論。腎上腺皮質(zhì)癌和惡性嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤也是腹腔鏡手術(shù)的相對(duì)禁忌證[10~12]。
腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)也有與其他腹腔鏡手術(shù)一樣的缺陷,例如二維視野、鏡頭不穩(wěn)定、術(shù)者舒適度較差等等。而腎上腺較小,多易損傷,手術(shù)空間通常狹小,周?chē)写笱馨@。因此機(jī)器人手術(shù)的獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)可以應(yīng)用于腎上腺手術(shù)中,例如3D視野、器械操作自由度更高、防抖鏡頭等。因此機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)已成為腎上腺手術(shù)的另外一種可選手術(shù)方式?,F(xiàn)就機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)的手術(shù)技術(shù)特點(diǎn)、可行性、適應(yīng)證、腫瘤學(xué)結(jié)果和安全性進(jìn)行綜述。
機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)可分為經(jīng)腹腔和經(jīng)后腹腔入路兩種方式。經(jīng)腹腔入路手術(shù)的術(shù)前準(zhǔn)備、患者體位和器械通道放置同腹腔鏡手術(shù)相似。經(jīng)腹腔入路手術(shù)空間更大、解剖標(biāo)志明顯。側(cè)臥位可將腹腔內(nèi)臟器推向?qū)?cè),從而更好的暴露手術(shù)區(qū)域;而仰臥位下,兩側(cè)腎上腺均可以很容易找到。在發(fā)表的研究中,多數(shù)中心經(jīng)腹腔途徑采用側(cè)臥位體位,患者身體傾斜30~60°。
經(jīng)后腹腔入路手術(shù)過(guò)程與開(kāi)放手術(shù)相類似,手術(shù)不進(jìn)入腹腔操作,從而避免了很多腹腔內(nèi)的并發(fā)癥,例如胸膜損傷、腹腔內(nèi)臟器損傷、術(shù)后粘連等。因此該入路更適用于有腹部手術(shù)史的患者,但缺點(diǎn)是操作空間有限,增加了手術(shù)難度。目前已有多個(gè)中心報(bào)道了經(jīng)后腹腔入路機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)技術(shù)特點(diǎn)[13~18]。
Berber和Ludwig等首次報(bào)道了后腹腔路機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù),認(rèn)為說(shuō)明該術(shù)式安全可行[15,17]。Agcaoglu等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn),后腹腔機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)學(xué)習(xí)曲線更短,且對(duì)于巨大腎上腺腫瘤,后腹腔機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)較腹腔鏡手術(shù)時(shí)間更短,且術(shù)后疼痛感較腹腔鏡手術(shù)減輕。Aksoy等[14]對(duì)比了肥胖患者中機(jī)器人和腹腔鏡后腹腔腎上腺切除術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組圍手術(shù)期數(shù)據(jù)相似,認(rèn)為對(duì)于肥胖患者機(jī)器人的優(yōu)勢(shì)并不明顯。Karabulut等[16]比較后腹腔腹腔鏡和機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)也發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組圍手術(shù)期數(shù)據(jù)相類似。
相對(duì)于經(jīng)腹腔腹腔鏡腎上腺手術(shù),經(jīng)后腹腔腎上腺切除術(shù)具有更多優(yōu)勢(shì),包括手術(shù)時(shí)間縮短。出血量和并發(fā)癥減少、住院時(shí)間縮短、術(shù)后禁食時(shí)間縮短、鎮(zhèn)痛藥物用量減少、術(shù)后疼痛減輕和術(shù)后下床時(shí)間更快等[19,20]。在一項(xiàng)研究中對(duì)比了經(jīng)后腹腔機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)和后腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)曲線之后,后腹腔機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)手術(shù)時(shí)間較后腹腔鏡手術(shù)縮短28 min,但當(dāng)把機(jī)器人的裝機(jī)、系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)和機(jī)械臂安裝時(shí)間均計(jì)算入內(nèi)后,兩組手術(shù)時(shí)間并無(wú)顯著差異。經(jīng)后腹腔機(jī)器人手術(shù)組患者術(shù)后疼痛恢復(fù)更快[13]。關(guān)于機(jī)器人與腹腔鏡手術(shù)以及經(jīng)腹腔和后腹腔機(jī)器人手術(shù)的對(duì)比需要更多隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究來(lái)證實(shí)。
在腹腔鏡與機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)相對(duì)比的研究已有相關(guān)報(bào)道,2004年Morina等[21]報(bào)道的前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究比較了機(jī)器人和腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù),得出腹腔鏡手術(shù)較機(jī)器人手術(shù)更有優(yōu)勢(shì),表現(xiàn)在可行性、發(fā)病率和手術(shù)費(fèi)用方面。隨后發(fā)表了多篇相關(guān)回顧性研究以及meta分析,結(jié)果均表明兩種入路手術(shù)效果相當(dāng)。
手術(shù)時(shí)間方面,meta分析結(jié)果顯示兩種術(shù)式手術(shù)時(shí)間并無(wú)顯著差異。Karabulut等也發(fā)現(xiàn)腹腔鏡和機(jī)器人腎上腺手術(shù)時(shí)間相類似,而機(jī)器人手術(shù)組腫瘤較腹腔鏡組更大。而多項(xiàng)研究顯示機(jī)器人手術(shù)在住院時(shí)間方面較腹腔鏡手術(shù)更短[14,16,22]。Karabulut等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)器人手術(shù)術(shù)后住院時(shí)間可能跟術(shù)后胃腸道反應(yīng)、肺不張和疼痛有關(guān),但幾乎所有患者都可在2 d內(nèi)出院。而相對(duì)比之下,腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)后住院時(shí)間通常在1~4 d。住院時(shí)間受到圍手術(shù)期各種因素影響較大,所以不推薦作為比較的主要指標(biāo)。機(jī)器人手術(shù)出血量較腹腔鏡手術(shù)更少,Brandao等[22]通過(guò)meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn)9項(xiàng)研究中有7項(xiàng)機(jī)器人腎上腺手術(shù)出血量顯著少于腹腔鏡手術(shù)。中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放手術(shù)率在機(jī)器人和腹腔鏡腎上腺手術(shù)均較低,很多研究報(bào)道中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放率為零。機(jī)器人手術(shù)常見(jiàn)的中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放的原因包括腫瘤周?chē)鷩?yán)重粘連、出血、解剖結(jié)構(gòu)不清晰以及機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)出錯(cuò)等等。隨著術(shù)者經(jīng)驗(yàn)的提高,機(jī)器人手術(shù)的中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放比例逐漸降低[21]。機(jī)器人腎上腺手術(shù)在手術(shù)并發(fā)癥方面與腹腔鏡手術(shù)相比相似甚至發(fā)生率更低。Meta分析的結(jié)果顯示腹腔鏡組并發(fā)癥更高(6.8%vs.3.6%),然而差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。根據(jù)Clavien-Dindo分級(jí)腹腔鏡組嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的例數(shù)更多,而相比之下,機(jī)器人手術(shù)組的并發(fā)癥通常較輕[22]。兩組的術(shù)后預(yù)后基本相當(dāng)[21]。
國(guó)內(nèi)唐露等比較了機(jī)器人和腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)的圍手術(shù)期特征,發(fā)現(xiàn)在術(shù)中失血量、胃腸道功能恢復(fù)情況和術(shù)后隨訪結(jié)果無(wú)顯著差異,研究認(rèn)為機(jī)器人手術(shù)較腹腔鏡手術(shù)有顯著優(yōu)勢(shì),兩組數(shù)據(jù)差異不明顯可能與機(jī)器人組患者腫瘤情況更復(fù)雜有關(guān)[23]。Economopoulos等[24]行腹腔鏡和機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)的meta分析,結(jié)果顯示兩組在圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥、死亡率、開(kāi)放手術(shù)中轉(zhuǎn)率和出血量等方面無(wú)顯著性差異,相對(duì)于腹腔鏡手術(shù),機(jī)器人手術(shù)組住院時(shí)間更短,手術(shù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。
機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)主要手術(shù)適應(yīng)證包括無(wú)功能腎上腺腺瘤、嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、醛固酮瘤、庫(kù)欣綜合征(皮質(zhì)醇瘤)、平滑肌脂肪瘤。對(duì)于孕婦和兒童的腎上腺腫瘤也有報(bào)道。一項(xiàng)病例報(bào)道了對(duì)1例孕婦采用經(jīng)腹腔切除右側(cè)嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤,過(guò)程順利[25]。僅有個(gè)案報(bào)道采用機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)治療腎上腺皮質(zhì)癌、腎上腺嗜酸細(xì)胞瘤和腎上腺轉(zhuǎn)移癌[26~28]。
已報(bào)道的研究表明機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)安全有效。Brunaud等[29]報(bào)道的100例機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)中有3例Clavien Grade I 級(jí)并發(fā)癥,包括2例切口感染,1例顏面水腫;7例Ⅱ級(jí)并發(fā)癥,包括3例肺炎,2例尿道感染,1例術(shù)后貧血和1例血腫。Nordenstrom等[30]報(bào)道的100例機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)中,13例患者發(fā)生了Ⅱ級(jí)并發(fā)癥。Giulianotti等[31]報(bào)道的40例患者中,1例6 cm嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤的患者術(shù)中發(fā)生了腫瘤包膜破裂,另外1例術(shù)后腹瀉;1例嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤患者術(shù)后由于心肌梗死死亡。D'Annibale等[32]報(bào)道的30例患者中發(fā)生2例術(shù)中并發(fā)癥,1例右側(cè)巨大腎上腺腫瘤患者術(shù)中腫瘤包膜撕裂,另外1例左側(cè)嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤患者術(shù)中發(fā)生動(dòng)脈損傷。另外,有3例術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,分別是腹腔血腫、肺炎和心肌梗死。
Meta分析顯示單孔腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡手術(shù)相比預(yù)計(jì)出血量、術(shù)后禁食時(shí)間、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放率和輸血率并無(wú)顯著差異,但患者在術(shù)后疼痛、鎮(zhèn)痛藥用量和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均顯著減少[33]。 機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡單孔腎上腺切除術(shù)經(jīng)腹腔和經(jīng)后腹腔入路均有報(bào)道[34~37]。Park報(bào)道了經(jīng)后腹腔入路機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù),證實(shí)該技術(shù)安全可行。病人體位采用俯臥折刀位,手術(shù)切口選擇在12肋下緣下方,約為3厘米的橫切口[36,37]。經(jīng)腹腔入路單孔手術(shù)多采用側(cè)臥位,手術(shù)切口為同側(cè)腹部中部區(qū)域[34,35]。機(jī)器人單孔腎上腺切除術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)在圍手術(shù)期結(jié)果相類似,但對(duì)于單側(cè)腎上腺切除手術(shù),機(jī)器人單孔手術(shù)時(shí)間顯著縮短,而且術(shù)后24 h內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物用量顯著減少[35]。
機(jī)器人腎上腺部分切除術(shù)已有研究證實(shí)其安全可行性,且短期腎上腺功能和腫瘤學(xué)結(jié)果良好[38~41]。Asher等[38]報(bào)道12例患者進(jìn)行15例次機(jī)器人腎上腺部分切除術(shù),10例為VHL病患者,1例為多發(fā)性神經(jīng)纖維瘤Ⅰ型患者,另外1例為雙側(cè)嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤。1例由于腫瘤與肝臟嚴(yán)重粘連和下腔靜脈損傷中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放手術(shù)。隨訪17.5個(gè)月,無(wú)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā);1例患者需要術(shù)后補(bǔ)充皮質(zhì)激素。Manny等[42]報(bào)道3例機(jī)器人腎上腺部分切除術(shù)治療嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤、脂肪腺瘤和卵泡淋巴樣增生,術(shù)中吲哚青藍(lán)染料加紅外熒光視野可幫助精確切除腎上腺腫瘤。Kumar等[39]報(bào)道對(duì)1例對(duì)側(cè)腎上腺轉(zhuǎn)移癌術(shù)后的腎細(xì)胞癌腎上腺轉(zhuǎn)移癌進(jìn)行機(jī)器人腎上腺部分切除術(shù)。腎上腺部分切除術(shù)能夠更多保留正常腎上腺組織,提高患者術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量;但是對(duì)于惡性腫瘤,可能導(dǎo)致的不良并發(fā)癥是切除不完全和復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高。目前腎上腺部分切除術(shù)的指證包括雙側(cè)腎上腺良性腫瘤,孤立性腎上腺或者遺傳性單側(cè)腎上腺腫瘤。孤立腎上腺的腎上腺轉(zhuǎn)移癌也相對(duì)可行。
微創(chuàng)手術(shù)用以切除腎上腺巨大腫瘤仍具有挑戰(zhàn)性,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較多,且腫瘤惡性的可能性更大。有研究稱對(duì)于大于5 cm的巨大腎上腺腫瘤,經(jīng)腹腔途徑手術(shù)可以提供更大的操作空間,是更合適的選擇[43]。經(jīng)后腹腔入路機(jī)器人切除大于6 cm的腎上腺腫瘤仍然具有挑戰(zhàn)性[44]。與腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)相比,機(jī)器人手術(shù)切除大于5 cm的腎上腺腫瘤可縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間、減少中轉(zhuǎn)開(kāi)放手術(shù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18]。機(jī)器人擁有操作自由度更高的機(jī)械臂和3D視野,因此在處理大腎上腺腫瘤時(shí)更加迅速和精確。時(shí)京等[45]和賈卓敏等[46]分別報(bào)道了經(jīng)腹腔和經(jīng)后腹腔途徑機(jī)器人輔助腹腔鏡下巨大腎上腺腫瘤切除術(shù)的臨床療效,手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量以及圍手術(shù)并發(fā)癥效果均滿意,研究者認(rèn)為機(jī)器人技術(shù)操作精細(xì)、視野清晰,對(duì)于切除巨大腎上腺腫瘤具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。何威等[47]報(bào)道機(jī)器人經(jīng)腹腔途徑腎上腺部分切除術(shù)治療壓迫大血管的腎上腺巨大嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤和副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤,體現(xiàn)了機(jī)器人手術(shù)在切除復(fù)雜腫瘤中的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)較腹腔鏡手術(shù)學(xué)習(xí)曲線更短。腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)曲線通常在20~40例,而經(jīng)腹腔入路機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)曲線僅相當(dāng)于腹腔鏡手術(shù)的一半例數(shù),為10~20例[18,29,48]。這對(duì)于手術(shù)量較小的中心尤為重要,機(jī)器人手術(shù)可以使術(shù)者更快度過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)曲線,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間、減少出血量和圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥。
機(jī)器人腎上腺手術(shù)開(kāi)展的主要限制在于費(fèi)用問(wèn)題。Brunaud等[49]發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)手術(shù)費(fèi)用約為腹腔鏡手術(shù)費(fèi)用的2.3倍,手術(shù)總費(fèi)用主要受機(jī)器人手術(shù)數(shù)量和機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的修理費(fèi)用所影響。而手術(shù)時(shí)間卻對(duì)總體費(fèi)用影響不大。Arghami等[35]分析了單孔機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)的手術(shù)費(fèi)用,發(fā)現(xiàn)機(jī)器人手術(shù)相對(duì)于腹腔鏡手術(shù)增加了950美元的手術(shù)費(fèi)用,但是單孔機(jī)器人手術(shù)的總體費(fèi)用比腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)還要低16%,分析可能是由于住院時(shí)間縮短和鎮(zhèn)痛藥物使用減少有關(guān)。
術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量方面,對(duì)患者術(shù)后進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)短調(diào)查問(wèn)卷結(jié)果顯示,腹腔鏡和機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)后患者生活質(zhì)量并無(wú)顯著差異,這包括焦慮狀態(tài)、術(shù)后疼痛、睡眠質(zhì)量和睡眠持續(xù)時(shí)間等等[49]。
機(jī)器人腎上腺切除術(shù)安全有效,與腹腔鏡腎上腺切除術(shù)相比,機(jī)器人手術(shù)手術(shù)時(shí)間、出血量、住院時(shí)間圍手術(shù)期并發(fā)癥均與腹腔鏡手術(shù)相當(dāng),手術(shù)費(fèi)用目前較腹腔鏡手術(shù)昂貴。但是針對(duì)術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期隨訪結(jié)果仍缺乏大樣本前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究。關(guān)于機(jī)器人手術(shù)費(fèi)用的相關(guān)問(wèn)題仍需要進(jìn)一步研究分析。
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The current application and advances in robotic assisted adrenalectomy
LiXintao1ZhangXu1
(1Department of Urology,Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100853,China)
Zhang Xu,xzhang@foxmail.com
With the development of robotic techniques,robotics have been applied in a variety of urologic surgeries.Robotic assisted adrenalectomy offered an alternative option of minimally invasive surgery.The conclusion about the application and advances of the surgery is limited.Robotic assisted adrenalectomy could be completed via transperitoneal or retroperitoneal approaches.Compared with laparoscopic surgery,robotic assisted adrenalectomy is equally safe and feasible,and shows similar outcomes such as shorter operation time,less blood loss and shorter hospital stay.We perform a literature review about robotic assisted adrenalectomy,reviewing its technical characteristics,indications,surgical efficacy,etc.
robotics; adrenalectomy; adrenal adenoma
張旭,xzhang@foxmail.com
2017-05-09
R737.11
A
10.19558/j.cnki.10-1020/r.2017.03.012