高夢(mèng)丹, 趙 艷
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京佑安醫(yī)院 臨檢中心, 北京 100069)
慢加急性肝衰竭患者預(yù)后相關(guān)免疫因素研究進(jìn)展
高夢(mèng)丹, 趙 艷
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京佑安醫(yī)院 臨檢中心, 北京 100069)
慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)在我國(guó)較為常見,其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,臨床救治困難,預(yù)后極差,多種因素會(huì)影響ACLF患者預(yù)后。從免疫細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞因子兩個(gè)方面,闡述了其在ACLF中的變化及其對(duì)ACLF預(yù)后的影響,旨在探索與ACLF預(yù)后相關(guān)的新的生物標(biāo)志物,從而對(duì)臨床治療進(jìn)行干預(yù),最終改善ACLF患者的預(yù)后。
肝功能衰竭; 預(yù)后; 免疫系統(tǒng); 細(xì)胞因子類; 綜述
肝衰竭是多種因素引起的嚴(yán)重肝臟損傷,導(dǎo)致肝臟合成、解毒、排泄和生物轉(zhuǎn)化等功能發(fā)生嚴(yán)重障礙或失代償,出現(xiàn)以凝血機(jī)制障礙和黃疸、肝性腦病、腹水等為主要表現(xiàn)的一組臨床癥候群[1]。其中慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)在我國(guó)較為常見,其發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜。目前認(rèn)為肝衰竭是病毒因素(如病毒基因型、病毒變異、病毒復(fù)制等)和宿主因素(如生物遺傳特征、免疫損傷機(jī)制、細(xì)胞凋亡、細(xì)胞壞死等)及其相互作用的結(jié)果[2-3],臨床救治困難,預(yù)后極差,病死率高。
探索ACLF預(yù)后相關(guān)因素,預(yù)判患者結(jié)局,及時(shí)進(jìn)行臨床干預(yù)治療,才可進(jìn)一步改善預(yù)后并降低病死率。本文就免疫因素對(duì)ACLF預(yù)后的影響以及最新研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
1.1 抗原特異性細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞 研究[4-5]表明,ACLF患者外周血CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞表面一些活化分子標(biāo)志物(如NKG2D、CD69、CD38、穿孔素等)表達(dá)減少,同時(shí)細(xì)胞凋亡分子如程序性細(xì)胞死亡分子1(PD-1)等表達(dá)增加[6],引起活化的CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞減少,機(jī)體細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答功能受損,最終導(dǎo)致患者感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[7],預(yù)后不良。
1.2 CD3+T淋巴細(xì)胞與單核細(xì)胞比值(T/M比值) 2010年Shi等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACLF患者外周血循環(huán)中的T/M比值會(huì)逐漸下降,到ACLF晚期T/M比值達(dá)到最低,提示如果T/M比值始終維持較低水平或者進(jìn)一步降低,ACLF患者預(yù)后較差,反之預(yù)后較好。更有趣的是,T/M比值與一些可評(píng)估HBV-ACLF嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo)相關(guān),如:T/M比值與MELD評(píng)分、DBil呈明顯的負(fù)相關(guān),而與PTA值呈正相關(guān),這些提示T/M比值可以作為ACLF患者疾病進(jìn)展的預(yù)后指標(biāo)。
1.3 輔助性T淋巴細(xì)胞(Th)17及調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞(Treg) Th17是2003年Aggarwal等[9]及Iwakura等[10]報(bào)道的由IL-23誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的一群Th細(xì)胞亞群,該細(xì)胞可產(chǎn)生IL-17A和IL-17F并促進(jìn)炎癥反應(yīng),在炎癥和自身免疫病理過程中起重要作用。Treg則是具有免疫抑制功能的CD4+CD25+T淋巴細(xì)胞群體,其特異性表達(dá)Foxp3蛋白,目前常用CD4+CD25+Foxp3+定義Treg。多項(xiàng)研究[11-12]表明,HBV-ACLF中存在Th17和Treg的免疫失衡。Liang等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)在HBV-ACLF中,Th17和Treg會(huì)在基因、蛋白水平及T淋巴細(xì)胞表型上發(fā)生改變,呈現(xiàn)ACLF發(fā)病時(shí)Th17增加而Treg減少的非同步變化。發(fā)病時(shí),如果Treg/Th17比值較低,往往預(yù)后較差,相反如果Treg/Th17比值升高,患者預(yù)后較好。這提示,在ACLF發(fā)病早期抑制Th17和誘導(dǎo)Treg分化有望成為HBV-ACLF的新型細(xì)胞治療手段。但Shen等[13]認(rèn)為,HBV-ACLF患者外周血及肝臟中Treg數(shù)量會(huì)增加,且與肝病的嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)。Treg數(shù)量增加聯(lián)合國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)增加可以預(yù)測(cè)ACLF患者的30 d生存率。分析二者觀點(diǎn)差異,原因可能為:(1)對(duì)Treg的定義不同,在Zhang等[11]和Liang等[12]的研究中,Treg定義為CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg,而Shen等[13]研究中,將Treg定義為CD4+CD25+Treg,而CD4+CD25+這種標(biāo)志物組合難以區(qū)分Treg和CD25陽(yáng)性的活化T淋巴細(xì)胞,可能會(huì)造成Treg細(xì)胞數(shù)量的增高;(2)ACLF疾病不同時(shí)期,機(jī)體免疫狀態(tài)不同,所以試驗(yàn)觀察點(diǎn)選取的不同也可能會(huì)造成Treg數(shù)量及變化趨勢(shì)不同。
1.4 輔助性T淋巴細(xì)胞(Th)22 Th22是2009年Eyerich等[14]在炎癥性皮膚病患者表皮浸潤(rùn)的Th中鑒定出的一類新的Th細(xì)胞亞群,可分泌IL-22和TNFα。Mo等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn),與健康對(duì)照組相比,ACLF患者外周血Th22或Th17數(shù)量以及血漿中IL-22和IL-17水平會(huì)增加,但是Th1卻減少。增加的Th22數(shù)量和IL-22水平與HBV-ACLF 疾病嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān)?;€IL-22增加(>29.5 pg/ml),HBV-ACLF患者預(yù)后往往較差,提示,Th22數(shù)量或IL-22水平有可能成為評(píng)估HBV-ACLF預(yù)后的生物標(biāo)志物。如果將IL-22與CLIF-C ACLF評(píng)分(IL22-CLIFC) 聯(lián)合,可用來預(yù)測(cè)HBV-ACLF患者150 d病死率,并且比MELD評(píng)分更有效。
1.5 髓源性抑制細(xì)胞(M-MDSCs) M-MDSCs為髓系來源的具有免疫抑制功能的單核細(xì)胞,其細(xì)胞表型為CD14+CD15-CD11b+HLA-DR-,研究表明在ACLF患者中,M-MDSCs數(shù)量會(huì)明顯增加,表現(xiàn)為抑制T淋巴細(xì)胞增殖,刺激Toll樣受體(TLR)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的TNFα、IL-6減少,固有免疫應(yīng)答反應(yīng)減弱。而在疾病進(jìn)展中M-MDSCs持續(xù)低表達(dá)HLA-DR往往與繼發(fā)感染和28 d病死率及預(yù)后相關(guān)。體外實(shí)驗(yàn)[16]證實(shí)TLR-3激動(dòng)劑可以重建細(xì)胞表面HLA-DR的表達(dá)和天然免疫應(yīng)答,這提示TLR-3有望成為ACLF免疫治療的靶點(diǎn)。
1.6 其他細(xì)胞表面分子 CD163是清道夫受體家族成員之一,主要表達(dá)于活化的巨噬細(xì)胞??扇苄訡D163(sCD163)是細(xì)胞表面的CD163脫落至血漿形成。在Ye等[17]研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),與慢性乙型肝炎患者和健康對(duì)照組相比,ACLF患者外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞表面CD163分子表達(dá)明顯增加。同時(shí)ACLF患者血漿中sCD163也明顯增加,并且血漿中sCD163水平與MELD評(píng)分和HBV DNA呈正相關(guān),與PTA呈負(fù)相關(guān),而MELD評(píng)分、PTA已被證實(shí)可反映肝損傷程度。進(jìn)一步將ACLF患者分為好轉(zhuǎn)組和死亡組,死亡組血漿sCD163水平較好轉(zhuǎn)組明顯升高。故血漿中sCD163水平在一定程度上可反映ACLF患者的肝損傷程度,且影響疾病的進(jìn)展及預(yù)后。
2.1 白細(xì)胞介素(IL)1 IL-1是體內(nèi)一種重要的促炎癥細(xì)胞因子,在Lai等[18]研究中,并未直接闡明IL-1與ACLF預(yù)后的關(guān)系,而是通過研究IL-1受體拮抗劑(IL-1ra)發(fā)現(xiàn),與急性乙型肝炎、慢性乙型肝炎和健康對(duì)照組相比,HBV-ACLF患者血清中IL-1ra水平會(huì)明顯升高,同時(shí)IL-1ra/IL-1β比值會(huì)明顯下降,進(jìn)一步將ACLF患者分為好轉(zhuǎn)組和死亡組,好轉(zhuǎn)組IL-1ra水平和IL-1ra/IL-1β比值均較死亡組高,且IL-1ra水平和IL-1ra/IL-1β比值與MELD評(píng)分呈明顯負(fù)相關(guān),這些研究結(jié)果或許可以說明ACLF患者IL-1ra水平和IL-1ra/IL-1β比值較低時(shí),臨床轉(zhuǎn)歸不良。
IL-1家族成員之一的IL-33,是一種具有基因轉(zhuǎn)錄功能的細(xì)胞因子。在肝臟炎癥中,IL-33可由受損的肝細(xì)胞分泌,作為危險(xiǎn)相關(guān)分子模式啟動(dòng)固有免疫應(yīng)答,即通過ST2途徑調(diào)節(jié)單核細(xì)胞釋放促炎性細(xì)胞因子,加重肝損傷。在ACLF中,IL-33水平升高,預(yù)后往往較差,并且升高的IL-33與MELD和CLIF-SOFA評(píng)分呈明顯正相關(guān)。因此,IL-33可能在ACLF的系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征中發(fā)揮重要作用并影響ACLF患者預(yù)后[19]。
2.2 IL-6、IL-8和TNFα Ye等[5]和羅光成等[20]通過對(duì)HBV-ACLF患者血清中多種細(xì)胞因子研究發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-6、IL-8和TNFα在ACLF患者中會(huì)明顯增加,其中IL-6、TNFα水平隨疾病嚴(yán)重程度增加而增加,且與PTA、MELD評(píng)分有相關(guān)性[20];類似地,爐軍等[21]也研究了IL-6、TNFα等細(xì)胞因子與ACLF患者肝性腦病之間的關(guān)系,并發(fā)現(xiàn)ACLF發(fā)生肝性腦病組IL-6、TNFα與血氨呈明顯正相關(guān),證實(shí)IL-6、TNFα與肝性腦病存在密切關(guān)系,IL-6、TNFα通過介導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞免疫損傷,使肝功能惡化,導(dǎo)致肝性腦病的發(fā)生,同樣也直接損傷血腦屏障或改變血腦屏障通透性,使神經(jīng)毒素或假神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)濃度增加引起腦病,因此IL-6、TNFα水平可作為ACLF患者發(fā)生肝性腦病的預(yù)警因子。此外,IL-6、IL-10、TNFα水平對(duì)ACLF的預(yù)后評(píng)估也有重要意義。值得一提的是TNFα和IL-6二者可能具有雙重作用,通過對(duì)Kupffer細(xì)胞和肝細(xì)胞的不同作用途徑,誘導(dǎo)肝細(xì)胞死亡或促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞再生[22],但尚未有深入研究。TNF和TNF受體超家族成員中1B的水平與疾病嚴(yán)重程度、內(nèi)毒素血癥、肝細(xì)胞壞死和病死率呈明顯相關(guān)性[23-24],其主要通過參與肝細(xì)胞損傷及死亡來影響ACLF患者預(yù)后;與TNF相關(guān)的轉(zhuǎn)化酶,可介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞表面TNFα、Ⅰ型TNF受體(sTNFRⅠ)和Ⅱ型TNF受體(sTNFRⅡ)的脫落[25]。高水平的TNFα可導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞凋亡和肝損傷,與肝衰竭臨床預(yù)后相關(guān)[20-21,26],當(dāng)ACLF患者TNFα轉(zhuǎn)化酶發(fā)生甲基化時(shí),TNFα產(chǎn)生減少,預(yù)后也往往較好[27]。
2.3 白細(xì)胞介素(IL)9 Yu等[28]通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由Th9產(chǎn)生的IL-9和IL-10在ACLF患者中明顯升高,且在ACLF無效死亡組較好轉(zhuǎn)組升高更為明顯。受試者工作特征曲線分析表明,基線IL-9水平可預(yù)測(cè)ACLF患者預(yù)后,其敏感性和特異性均較高;而Th9與ACLF預(yù)后卻無相關(guān)性。
2.4 白細(xì)胞介素(IL)10 IL-10主要由Th2產(chǎn)生,是體內(nèi)重要的抗炎細(xì)胞因子,在ACLF患者中,IL-10水平較慢性乙型肝炎患者和健康組明顯升高[5,29]。IL-10水平的升高可抑制過強(qiáng)的炎癥反應(yīng),減輕組織損傷,然而持續(xù)的抗炎會(huì)導(dǎo)致免疫抑制,與預(yù)后呈負(fù)相關(guān)[30-31]。正如Berry等[30]提出的IL-10水平在入院后升高至2倍預(yù)后較差。
2.5 白細(xì)胞介素(IL)21 IL-21是近幾年發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)多功能、多效性的細(xì)胞因子, 主要由活化的CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞和自然殺傷細(xì)胞合成,它不僅參與固有免疫和適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答, 還具有潛在的抗腫瘤效應(yīng), 在多種自身免疫性疾病和炎癥性疾病中發(fā)揮作用。研究[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),HBV-ACLF組IL-21水平較中度、重度慢性乙型肝炎組和健康組明顯升高,且死亡組高于好轉(zhuǎn)組,隨著HBV-ACLF患者病情好轉(zhuǎn),血清中IL-21水平及其分泌CD4+IL-21+T淋巴細(xì)胞數(shù)量呈逐漸下降趨勢(shì)。進(jìn)一步將IL-21水平與MELD評(píng)分進(jìn)行線性相關(guān)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)二者呈明顯正相關(guān),這表明IL-21水平可能影響ACLF疾病進(jìn)展且與預(yù)后相關(guān)。
2.6 白細(xì)胞介素(IL)23 IL-23屬于IL-12家族成員,主要由單核細(xì)胞來源的樹突狀細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生。Bao等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACLF患者血清中IL-23水平較慢性乙型肝炎患者和正常人顯著升高,且IL-23與INR、PT、MELD評(píng)分有很好的相關(guān)性。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-23通過誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Blimp-1蛋白的產(chǎn)生而維持Th17的功能并促進(jìn)Th17的增殖,進(jìn)而選擇性促進(jìn)IL-17的產(chǎn)生。Th17及IL-17升高時(shí),HBV-ACLF患者預(yù)后不良[11-12]。隨著病情好轉(zhuǎn)IL-23的水平會(huì)明顯下降,而死亡組IL-23水平則不變甚至升高,提示IL-23與ACLF預(yù)后相關(guān)[33]。
2.7 TGFβ1/IL-31通路 TGFβ1是一個(gè)25 kD的同型二聚體,由二硫鍵連接的2個(gè)亞基組成,可抑制DNA合成和細(xì)胞增殖。Miwa等[34]發(fā)現(xiàn),暴發(fā)性肝衰竭患者血清和肝組織中,TGFβ1的mRNA和蛋白水平表達(dá)明顯增加。而過表達(dá)TGFβ1則會(huì)影響肝細(xì)胞再生、促進(jìn)肝纖維化及肝細(xì)胞凋亡[35];IL-31是一種新發(fā)現(xiàn)的促炎癥細(xì)胞因子,主要由CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞(尤其是Th2)產(chǎn)生。在某些炎癥性疾病中,TGFβ1可誘導(dǎo)Smad2磷酸化,激活結(jié)合的Smad3和IL-31啟動(dòng)子,最終刺激IL-31-JAK-STAT信號(hào)通路引起IL-31產(chǎn)生增加。與正常對(duì)照組和慢性乙型肝炎組相比,ACLF患者血清中TGFβ1/IL-31信號(hào)通路的激活會(huì)明顯增加,死亡組較好轉(zhuǎn)組增加更為明顯,且與TBil水平及Child-Puph評(píng)分呈明顯正相關(guān),這說明TGFβ1/IL-31可評(píng)估ACLF患者肝損傷程度及預(yù)后[36]。
2.8 粒細(xì)胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF) 少量的研究[37-39]也論證了G-CSF對(duì)ACLF患者的潛在效能,1985年首次提出G-CSF可以減少非骨髓惡性腫瘤患者骨髓抑制化療后引起的白細(xì)胞減少性發(fā)熱,已經(jīng)證明G-CSF治療可以刺激中性粒細(xì)胞祖細(xì)胞的增殖、分化能力,以及成熟中性粒細(xì)胞的活化。所以提出假設(shè),應(yīng)用G-CSF可以動(dòng)員CD34+髓系干細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞再生,以及提高中性粒細(xì)胞的功能。雖然確切機(jī)制尚待闡明,但一些體內(nèi)或體外實(shí)驗(yàn)表明G-CSF對(duì)中性粒細(xì)胞的激活作用對(duì)G-CSF調(diào)節(jié)治療具有重要作用[40-41]。G-CSF可以有效激活血液循環(huán)中的成熟細(xì)胞,啟動(dòng)呼吸爆發(fā),誘導(dǎo)分泌小泡和胞質(zhì)顆粒的激活和釋放,同時(shí)介導(dǎo)表面黏附分子的表達(dá),例如中性粒細(xì)胞表面抗原CD11b/CD18。目前認(rèn)為,中性粒細(xì)胞的激活作用有利于減少膿毒血癥、多器官功能衰竭,提高生存管理。集落刺激因子1可以刺激髓系來源的巨噬細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)趨化因子早期上調(diào),從而招募內(nèi)源性巨噬細(xì)胞和中性粒細(xì)胞到達(dá)肝臟,導(dǎo)致抗炎癥細(xì)胞因子IL-10水平升高,同時(shí)肝纖維母細(xì)胞減少,最終減少肝纖維化和促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞再生[42]。2項(xiàng)隨機(jī)研究[37-38]表明,G-CSF可降低患有害肝外后遺癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),如腎臟和神經(jīng)功能障礙,以及減輕膿毒血癥和改善短期生存率。2012年Garg等[37]連續(xù)招募了47例ACLF患者并隨機(jī)分成2組,分別給予皮下注射G-CSF治療和安慰劑加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)藥物治療 ,發(fā)現(xiàn)G-CSF治療組ACLF患者2個(gè)月后存活人數(shù)為對(duì)照組的2倍以上,MELD評(píng)分和SOFA評(píng)分降低,阻止膿毒血癥、肝腎綜合征、肝性腦病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。與對(duì)照組相比,G-CSF治療可以使患者的短期病死率(60~90 d)降低44%,同時(shí)伴隨肝功能的改善,外周血和肝內(nèi)CD34+細(xì)胞數(shù)增加,外周血中性粒細(xì)胞/白細(xì)胞比值增加[43]。雖然證據(jù)有限,但仍能明顯降低短期病死率,且這種療法只有輕微的副作用,所以當(dāng)難以獲得肝源或者肝移植存在禁忌時(shí),這不失為一個(gè)合適的選擇。但仍需要進(jìn)一步臨床研究證實(shí)G-CSF治療在刺激肝功能逆轉(zhuǎn)方面的確切療效,并確定長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用的不良反應(yīng)。
ACLF是慢性肝病基礎(chǔ)上短期內(nèi)發(fā)生的急性或亞急性肝功能失代償,常伴隨多種并發(fā)癥,器官衰竭發(fā)生率高,病死率極高。其產(chǎn)生主要是由于機(jī)體對(duì)損傷的異常反應(yīng),例如系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)綜合征,患者的預(yù)后主要取決于免疫不全的程度和器官衰竭的嚴(yán)重程度,多種因素會(huì)影響ACLF預(yù)后,不斷探索與ACLF預(yù)后相關(guān)的新的生物標(biāo)志物,對(duì)臨床干預(yù)治療有重要意義。與此同時(shí),免疫調(diào)節(jié)治療、G-CSF治療、細(xì)胞移植等有可能成為改善ACLF患者預(yù)后的一種創(chuàng)新性的、有前途的治療干預(yù)措施。但需要進(jìn)一步前瞻性的臨床研究充分闡明ACLF的易患因素和影響ACLF患者預(yù)后的因素,以提高對(duì)ACLF的了解,同時(shí)基于臨床特征和遺傳特征為患者制訂個(gè)體化管理計(jì)劃,最終改善ACLF患者預(yù)后。
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Researchadvancesinimmunefactorsfortheprognosisofpatientswithacute-on-chronicliverfailure
GAOMengdan,ZHAOYan.
(ClinicalLaboratoryCenter,BeijingYouAnHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100069,China)
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is commonly seen in China, with a complex pathogenesis, difficult clinical treatment, and poor prognosis. Many factors can affect the prognosis of patients with ACLF. This article elaborates on the changes in immune cells and cytokines in ACLF and their influence on the prognosis of ACLF, in order to explore new biomarkers associated with the prognosis of ACLF, provide guidance for clinical treatment, and finally improve the prognosis of patients with ACLF.
liver failure; prognosis; immune system; cytokines; review
R575.3
A
1001-5256(2017)12-2462-05
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.12.047
2017-06-20;修回日期:2017-07-27。 基金項(xiàng)目:北京市醫(yī)管局“揚(yáng)帆計(jì)劃”重點(diǎn)專業(yè)(ZYLX201711);傳染病相關(guān)疾病生物標(biāo)志物北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室(BZ0373);豐臺(tái)區(qū)科技項(xiàng)目(BJYAH2015YN15) 作者簡(jiǎn)介:高夢(mèng)丹(1993-),女,主要從事肝衰竭細(xì)胞免疫方面的研究。 通信作者:趙艷,電子信箱:18911380390@163.com。
引證本文:GAO MD, ZHAO Y. Research advances in immune factors for the prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(12): 2462-2466. (in Chinese)
高夢(mèng)丹, 趙艷. 慢加急性肝衰竭患者預(yù)后相關(guān)免疫因素研究進(jìn)展[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(12): 2462-2466.
(本文編輯:劉曉紅)