袁浩然+史永照
摘 要 濾泡型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, FVPTC)是甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC)中常見的亞型。FVPTC又可分為包膜型FVPTC和非包膜型FVPTC,不同分型的FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)及分子生物學特性各不相同,如包膜型FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)類似于濾泡型甲狀腺瘤或濾泡型甲狀腺癌,而非包膜型FVPTC類似于經(jīng)典型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌。由于FVPTC特殊的病理特點,術前超聲、細針吸引細胞學檢查及術中冰凍切片檢查均難確診,目前對其診斷及分型主要依靠術后病理切片的HE染色,結合基因檢測將有助于診斷。然而,學術界對FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)、分子生物學特性以及治療方案的觀點尚不統(tǒng)一。因此,對FVPTC有待深入研究,并制定科學合理的精準化治療方案。
關鍵詞 濾泡型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌;診斷;病理;分子生物學特性
中圖分類號:R736.1 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2017)04-0004-06
The clinical diagnosis of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma and its research progress of molecular biology
YUAN Haoran, SHI Yongzhao(Department of Thyroid-Breast Surgery of Shanghai Fifth Peoples Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China)
ABSTRACT The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma(FVPTC)is the common subtype of papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC). The FVPTC can be further divided into encapsulated and nonencapsulated FVPTC. Different subtypes of FVPTC have different clinical manifestations and molecular biological characteristics, such as the clinical manifestation of encapsulated FVPTC is similar to that of follicular thyroid adenoma or follicular thyroid carcinoma while nonencapsulated FVPTC is similar to that of classic papillary thyroid carcinoma. It is difficult to confirm the diagnosis of FVPTC by preoperative ultrasonography and fine needle attract cytology(FNAC)as well as intraoperative frozen section examination due to the special pathological characteristics of FVPTC. At present, the diagnosis and classification of FVPTC mainly rely on the postoperative pathological staining with HE, and combined with genetic testing can assist the diagnosis. However, the ideas of clinical manifestations, molecular biological characteristics and the treatment of FVPTC are unified in academic circles. The further research is needed for FVPTC, and the plan of scientific and reasonable accurate treatments should be made.
KEY WORDS follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma; diagnosis; clinicopathology; molecular biology
近年來,隨著發(fā)病率的不斷上升[1-2],甲狀腺癌已成為發(fā)病率最高的內(nèi)分泌腫瘤,同時也成為頭頸部最常見的惡性腫瘤[3]。甲狀腺癌中最常見的是甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC),占70%~80%[4-5],其主要類型是經(jīng)典型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(classical papillary thyroid carcinoma,CPTC)。此外,依據(jù)2004年世界衛(wèi)生組織甲狀腺和甲狀腺旁腺腫瘤分類,PTC還包括15個亞型[6],按腫瘤侵襲性可分為高危和低危兩大組。濾泡型甲狀腺乳頭狀癌(follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,F(xiàn)VPTC)是PTC中除CPTC外最為常見的亞型,占PTC的9%~22.5%[7-9],亦有占41%的報道[10]。FVPTC屬于低危組,并具有多個亞型。
FVPTC由Crile和Hazard[11]于1953年首先報道,近年來臨床診斷率逐年上升。多篇文獻報道FVPTC的男女人數(shù)發(fā)病比例與CPTC相似,為1∶3~4,同時,F(xiàn)VPTC的平均發(fā)病年齡與CPTC也無差異[8,12]。有文獻報道FVPTC的平均發(fā)病年齡更大,可能因為FVPTC前期漏診較多,人為延長了患者的平均發(fā)病年齡,也可能影響了FVPTC腫瘤直徑大小以及腫瘤分期。Chang等[13]和Yuksel等[14]報道的FVPTC的腫瘤大小相似,而Burningham等[15]和Yu等[12]報道的FVPTC的腫瘤直徑更大。對于FVPTC與CPTC腫瘤分期的比較,Lin等[8]研究認為兩者之間無明顯區(qū)別,而Burningham等[15]研究認為FVPTC比CPTC腫瘤有更高的臨床分期。
1 FVPTC診斷及分型
1.1 病理分型
一般認為,F(xiàn)VPTC兼有CPTC和濾泡型甲狀腺癌(follicular thyroid carcinoma,F(xiàn)TC)的病理特點,腫瘤組織大部分或全部由濾泡結構組成,腫瘤細胞具有CPTC特征性的細胞核,而CPTC特征性的分支狀乳頭結構則不明顯或缺乏。依據(jù)有無包膜,F(xiàn)VPTC可分為包膜型(encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,EFVPTC)和非包膜型(nonencapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma,NFVPTC)或稱浸潤型(infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma)[16]。EFVPTC腫瘤境界比較清楚,有完整包膜包繞,臨床表現(xiàn)類似于濾泡型甲狀腺瘤(follicular thyroid adenoma,F(xiàn)TA)或FTC[9,17]。LiVolsi等[18]根據(jù)EFVPTC有無血管浸潤、病灶內(nèi)有無典型乳頭狀癌核型特征以及分布方式(彌漫、多發(fā))又可細分為多個亞型。而Walts等[16]認為將此型稱作局限性較好型FVPTC(well circumscribed FVPTC)比較合適。NFVPTC則部分有包膜或完全沒包膜,常呈侵襲性生長,臨床表現(xiàn)類似于CPTC[17]。此外,Howitt等[19]則將 FVPTC分為EFVPTC、部分包膜型或局限性較好型(PE/ WC)和浸潤型。Gupta等[20]則將FVPTC分為包膜型、非包膜型和彌漫型。Smith等[21]和LiVolsi等[18]將甲狀腺濾泡性腺瘤合并微小乳頭狀癌也歸為其亞型之一。
1.2 石蠟切片HE染色
FVPTC的病理學診斷主要依靠石蠟切片HE染色。一般對于PTC的診斷主要依據(jù)腫瘤細胞特征性的細胞核、沙礫體、乳頭狀結構等,其中特征性的細胞核包括增大、增長和重疊的細胞核以及毛玻璃狀核、核溝、核內(nèi)假包涵體等。沙礫體是診斷PTC的重要特征,由細胞壞死后鈣鹽沉積所致。特征性細胞核的診斷意義超過乳頭狀結構。在某些情況下,即使沒有乳頭狀結構,如果細胞具有乳頭狀癌特征性的征象,也診斷為乳頭狀癌。在此基礎上,Chan[22]提出了EFVPTC的診斷標準,對于FVPTC的診斷同樣具有很高的借鑒價值。①核卵圓形,而非圓形;②核排列擁擠、紊亂、缺少極性;③核空亮、透明(不應僅限于腫瘤的中心部位,此處由于固定延遲,人為造成的核脹大很常見),或有明顯的核溝;④砂粒體出現(xiàn)。如果以上4個指標缺少1個,必須具備以下4個或4個以上的輔助特征才能診斷:①發(fā)育不全的乳頭;②明顯拉長、不規(guī)則形狀的濾泡;③膠質深染;④出現(xiàn)少見的假性核內(nèi)包涵體;⑤濾泡腔內(nèi)出現(xiàn)多核組織細胞。雖然有40%~60%的PTC病理可檢出砂粒體,但FVPTC則較少見砂粒體[23],同時FVPTC乳頭狀結構也少見,因此需要連續(xù)多次切片才能觀察到這些結構。但在某些情況下,由于FVPTC腫瘤組織特征性的細胞核僅出現(xiàn)在局部,甚至細胞核特征不明顯,石蠟切片同樣難以診斷[24],需要借助腫瘤分子生物學測定,如BRAF及RAS的表達[25]。
1.3 細針吸引細胞學及冰凍切片檢查
細針吸引細胞學(fine-needle aspiration cytology,F(xiàn)NAC)檢查是甲狀腺腫瘤術前良惡性診斷的金標準[26]。雖然有學者對此進行了研究,但相比于CPTC,F(xiàn)NAC傳統(tǒng)細胞學檢測對于FVPTC的誤診率較高[24,27]。Jain等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)NAC對PTC的診斷敏感度為58%~93%,而對FVPTC的診斷敏感度僅為9.8%~37.0%。Mallik等[29]利用FNAC鑒別甲狀腺癌時發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)NAC細胞涂片中的黑色及蒼白的腦狀核形是鑒別FVPTC與濾泡型腫瘤(follicular neoplasm,F(xiàn)N)的有效指標,但是29.4%的FVPTC同時缺乏這2種核細胞。Shih等[30]同樣利用FNAC診斷FVPTC,認為微濾泡團、單層合體團、核溝、包涵體等指標有助于診斷,但這些指標均為非特異性,分析時波動性較大。FNAC診斷的靈敏度較低,主要是因為FVPTC細胞學形態(tài)與FTA/FTC等有重疊[9],且具備PTC的核型特征的病灶常位于腫瘤包膜附近,而穿刺取樣常位于腫瘤的中心[18]。
針對FNAC傳統(tǒng)細胞學檢查的局限性,一些學者另辟蹊徑,采用FNAC結合基因分析方法有效提高了FVPTC的診斷和分型準確性。Adeniran等[31]認為與單純細胞學檢查相比,用FNAC進行形態(tài)學分析結合BRAF檢測可極大提高術前PTCs的鑒別診斷效率。Marchetti等[32]將單獨FNAC檢測與FNAC結合BRAF檢測相比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)PTCs的正確診斷率分別為62%和82%。同時,F(xiàn)NAC結合BRAF檢測有利于為患者制定更好的術式及預后評估[31]。Suster等[24]認為病理檢測術中冰凍切片F(xiàn)VPTC的靈敏度很低。Lin等[27]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),由于FVPTC缺乏乳頭狀結構,極大限制了術中冰凍切片檢測結果的準確性。
1.4 超聲檢查
超聲檢查是甲狀腺腫瘤的首選檢查方法,但對于FVPTC的誤診率較高,常呈相對良性表現(xiàn)[33],如常將FVPTC尤其是EFVPTC誤診為甲狀腺腺瘤或增生結節(jié)。但超聲對NFVPTC的表現(xiàn)與CPTC相似,顯示出典型惡性的征象[9]。具有較大意義的超聲診斷要點包括形態(tài)與邊界、微小鈣化和淋巴結轉移等。①形態(tài)與邊界。NFVPTC超聲形態(tài)一般不規(guī)則,邊界模糊、成角及毛刺,但EFVPTC具有相對完整的包膜。Kim等[33]觀察到腫瘤形態(tài)規(guī)則,呈卵圓形,邊界清晰,具有良性腫瘤特征。Salajegheh等[34]和Yoon等[9]認為腫瘤微小分葉狀的邊緣是可疑征象,常提示惡性。同時,Jeh等[35]和Moon等[36]認為FVPTC有沿著正常組織水平生長的趨勢,因此縱橫比<1。②微小鈣化。微小鈣化即病理中的砂礫體。Khoo等[37]認為,單獨利用微小鈣化這一超聲征象預測甲狀腺惡性結節(jié),其特異度為96.74%,敏感度為24.30%。Choi等[38]認為微小鈣化對于診斷PTC的特異度可達100%。雖然Yoon等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相比于CPTC較高的顯示率,F(xiàn)VPTC的微小鈣化很少見,但微小鈣化依舊有重要的診斷價值。③淋巴結轉移。Weber等[39]報道頸部淋巴結轉移是PTC的主要轉移途徑,發(fā)生率為40%~64%。Yoon等[9]則發(fā)現(xiàn)FVPTC的區(qū)域淋巴結轉移率明顯低于CPTC。有研究[40]認為FVPTC的淋巴結轉移的診斷價值很高,對比于FVPTC甲狀腺病灶內(nèi)很少出現(xiàn)的乳頭狀結構,淋巴結轉移灶常表現(xiàn)為發(fā)育良好的乳頭狀結構,并伴有囊性變,超聲常顯示為高回聲伴微小鈣化和囊性變。因此,鑒于FVPTC這一特殊表現(xiàn),如果頸部淋巴結超聲提示PTC,而甲狀腺內(nèi)無PTC惡性征象,則應考慮可能為FVPTC。
2 FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)
一般認為FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)類似于FTC/FTA,其中EFVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)更類似于FTC/FTA,NFVPTC更類似于CPTC。有研究將FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)與CPTC進行對比,發(fā)現(xiàn)前者更類似于FTC,發(fā)生血管、包膜以及腺外侵犯的比例較少,同時淋巴結轉移率也較低,而遠處轉移率較高[13,28]。Burningham等[15]的研究顯示,F(xiàn)VPTC與CPTC在包膜浸潤、血管侵犯、腫瘤多灶性、淋巴結轉移率以及遠處轉移率方面相似。同樣,Ozdemir等[41]研究后則認為,F(xiàn)VPTC患者的多灶性及頸部淋巴結轉移率與CPTC相似,而包膜浸潤較少。
Liu等[17]通過研究FVPTC的不同亞型發(fā)現(xiàn),EFVPTC的淋巴結轉移率約為5%,而NFVPTC則為65%,因此認為前者的臨床表現(xiàn)更類似于FTC/FTA,幾乎沒有轉移和復發(fā)的風險,而后者類似于CPTC,具有較高的轉移和復發(fā)風險。Liu等[42]同樣認為EFVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)較好,侵襲性較低。但Baloch等[43]則報道了EFVPTC出現(xiàn)遠處骨轉移的病例。Ivanova等[44]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),彌漫型FVPTC分布彌漫,病灶多發(fā),容易發(fā)生血管及腺外侵犯和淋巴結轉移。Gupta等[20]同樣認為彌漫型FVPTC侵襲能力強。Howitt等[19]將FVPTC分為包膜型、部分包膜型或PE/WC型和浸潤型,發(fā)現(xiàn)PE/WC型與包膜型臨床表現(xiàn)相似。
3 FVPTC的分子生物學研究
為了更好的理解FVPTC的發(fā)病機制,不少學者對FVPTC進行了分子生物學研究。一般認為,F(xiàn)VPTC的基因改變類似于FTC/FTA,其中EFVPTC的基因改變更類似于FTC/FTA,NFVPTC更類似于CPTC。可見FVPTC及其分型的分子表型與臨床表現(xiàn)相一致,反映其組織病理學特性和侵襲特性。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),約80%的PTC存在基因改變,主要包括BRAF點突變、RAS點突變、RET基因突變、RET/ PTC基因重排、PAX8/PPAR基因重排等,并且一些基因突變似乎相互排斥[31]。其中PTC中BRAF突變最為常見,占45% ~80%[31,45],RAS突變和RET/PTC重排分別占15%和15%[19]。FTC和FTA則缺乏BRAF突變和RET/PTC易位,而RAS突變以及PAX8/PPAR重排更頻繁,其中約45%的FTC存在RAS突變,約35%的FTC存在PAX8/PPAR重排[19]。
研究認為,F(xiàn)VPTC的分子改變更類似于FTC/FTA,BRAF突變率較低且RAS和PAX8/PPAR突變率較高,而非類似CPTC。盡管如此,學者們的研究結果也各不相同。BRAF基因是RAF基因家族的一員,BRAF V600E突變常見于CPTC等,并不存在于FTC/FTA和甲狀腺良性腫瘤中,其與CPTC的侵襲特性以及較差預后相關,如腺外浸潤、淋巴結轉移、對放射性碘劑治療的抵抗以及腫瘤復發(fā)等[31]。Walts等[16]和Min等[46]分別報道FVPTC中BRAF V600E突變率分別為34%和47. 6%。Chakraborty等[47]發(fā)現(xiàn)BRAF基因突變與PTC侵襲和轉移特性顯著相關,而且CPTC的BRAF基因突變率更高于FVPTC,因此CPTC侵襲力更高,而FVPTC較低。Castro等[48]和Rivera等[49]認為RAS突變與FVPTC腫瘤較大的體積顯著相關。Guney等[50]認為NRAS密碼子61的點突變和PAX8-PPAR的基因重排在FVPTC的發(fā)病機制中起重要作用,且并未發(fā)現(xiàn)BRAF突變。
同時,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EFVPTC的分子表型類似于FTC/FTA,NFVPTC的基因改變更類似于CPTC。Rivera等[49]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EFVPTC的BRAF和RAS突變類似于FTC/FTA,缺乏BRAF突變,RAS突變率較高為36%,PAX8/PPAR重排發(fā)生率為4%,而NFVPTC的BRAF和RAS基因改變更類似于CPTC,BRAF突變率較高為26%,RAS突變率較低為10%,RET/PTC重排發(fā)生率為10%,與Liu等[42]的研究結論一致。Gupta等[20]建議將彌漫型FVPTC單獨分出,發(fā)現(xiàn)EFVPTC和NFVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)和基因表型更類似于FTA和FTC,而彌漫型FVPTC更類似于CPTC。Howitt等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)PE/WC型與包膜型臨床表現(xiàn)及分子特征相似。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EFVPTC中最常見的是NRAS密碼子61突變[51]。Lee等 認為RAS基因突變比BRAF基因診斷效能更高。Rivera等[49]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NFVPTC的RAS突變率為36%,而浸潤型FVPTC為10%,兩者差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。Howitt等[19]認為EFVPTC和PE/WC型RAS突變率相似。而Gupta等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),EFVPTC、NEFVPTC和彌散型FVPTC三者之間RAS突變率無顯著區(qū)別。關于各型FVPTC的BRAF突變研究同樣存在分歧。Eloy等[52]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)EFVPTC和NEFVPTC的BRAF V600E突變率分別為8. 3%和25%,與Walts等[16]的研究結果類似。而Gupta等[20]和Lee等[25]均未觀察到EFVPTC與浸潤型FVPTC的BRAF V600E突變率有顯著差異。
鑒于基因檢測的優(yōu)勢,不少學者認為BRAF基因檢測有助于術前診斷FVPTC。Chakraborty等[47]和Adeniran等[31]認為,形態(tài)學評估結合FNA獲取的組織進行BRAF基因檢測不僅有利于術前診斷,更有利于為患者制定治療方案。
4 FVPTC的臨床處理及預后
由于FVPTC的術前確診及分型比較困難,目前臨床上多數(shù)患者的治療采用CPTC的治療方案。Yu等[12]通過比較21 796例CPTC患者和10 740例FVPTC患者的治療效果,發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然FVPTC的臨床表現(xiàn)不一樣,但遠期預后極好,類似于CPTC。Lin等[8]的研究同樣提示兩組患者臨床預后相似。Burningham等[15]認為對于FVPTC的治療應該與CPTC相似。
即便如此,術前應該科學有效的確診FVPTC并分型,根據(jù)FVPTC的不同亞型,制定更為科學合理的精準化治療方案,提高患者預后。一般對于未侵犯的EFVPTC以及BRAF V600E未突變的患者,只需采取腺葉切除術,對于出現(xiàn)侵犯的EFVPTC、NEFVPTC和BRAF V600E突變患者,可采取包括全甲狀腺切除術、頸部中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結清掃、內(nèi)分泌治療及術后131I治療在內(nèi)的規(guī)范化治療。
Liu等[42]認為,對于未出現(xiàn)侵犯的EFVPTC患者,可以只行甲狀腺腺葉切除術并保存甲狀腺功能,減少并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。但仍有部分EFVPTC具有惡性潛質、發(fā)生骨轉移的報道[43],因此行腺葉切除的同時行中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結清掃術比較穩(wěn)妥。Howitt等[19]認為,對于FVPTC中非侵犯性包膜型或PE/WC型只需采取腺葉切除術。Adeniran等[31]認為,術前細胞學診斷可疑且有BRAF V600E突變患者,應采取全甲狀腺切除加頸部中央?yún)^(qū)淋巴結清掃,對于細胞學診斷可疑且無BRAF V600E突變患者,則行腺葉切除,對于細胞學診斷不確定且無BRAF V600E突變患者,在無其他危險性因素情況下,可隨訪6~12個月后再行檢測。
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