楊舒 曹磊 樊衛(wèi)飛 蒲驍麟 王琳 許菊青 劉蘇瑤 王峻
B細(xì)胞激活因子在慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病中的表達(dá)及臨床意義
楊舒 曹磊 樊衛(wèi)飛 蒲驍麟 王琳 許菊青 劉蘇瑤 王峻
目的 研究B細(xì)胞激活因子 (B cell activating factor,BAFF)在慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)病人中的表達(dá)以及與CLL預(yù)后指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性,探討其在CLL預(yù)后中的意義。 方法 采用實(shí)時(shí)定量逆轉(zhuǎn)錄聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(PCR)技術(shù)檢測CLL 病人外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞及正常人外周血B細(xì)胞中BAFF基因 mRNA表達(dá)水平,運(yùn)用循環(huán)閾值(cycle threshold,Ct)比較法進(jìn)行相對定量分析。 結(jié)果 BAFF在101例CLL病人中的表達(dá)水平明顯高于正常對照組(P<0.0001);Binet分期早期(A期)組BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平明顯高于Binet分期晚期(B/C期)組(P=0.048),ZAP-70表達(dá)陽性組BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平明顯高于ZAP-70表達(dá)陰性組(P=0.041)。中位隨訪時(shí)間為27.9月(1~72月),69例病人診斷后接受化療,BAFF低表達(dá)組病人獲得較短的無治療生存時(shí)間(treatment-free survival,TFS),提示BAFF mRNA低表達(dá)是TFS的不良預(yù)后因素(P=0.017)。 結(jié)論 CLL病人存在BAFF基因的高表達(dá),BAFF基因表達(dá)水平與Binet分期、ZAP-70陽性表達(dá)明顯相關(guān),對預(yù)后有一定影響。
慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病; B細(xì)胞激活因子; 預(yù)后
慢性淋巴細(xì)胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)是一種單克隆的B淋巴細(xì)胞增殖性疾病,以外周血、骨髓、淋巴結(jié)及其他淋巴組織中成熟的淋巴細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)升高為主要臨床特征。病人在診斷時(shí)常常沒有任何疾病癥狀[1],中位生存時(shí)間從數(shù)月至數(shù)十年不等[2],臨床病程具有高度的異質(zhì)性,至今CLL無法治愈。B細(xì)胞激活因子(B cell activating factor,BAFF)是1999年被發(fā)現(xiàn)的腫瘤壞死因子超家族(tumor necrosis factor superfamily,TNFSF)成員[3],主要作用是促進(jìn)B淋巴細(xì)胞存活、分化增殖、抗原呈遞以及免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig)類別轉(zhuǎn)換和重組[4-5]。BAFF基因缺乏可導(dǎo)致免疫功能低下,過量表達(dá)又可導(dǎo)致自身反應(yīng)性B細(xì)胞的大量出現(xiàn)。國外報(bào)道顯示BAFF在多發(fā)性骨髓瘤、B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤及CLL中均有異常表達(dá),提示其在疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中起到一定的作用。
本研究從臨床角度,采用實(shí)時(shí)定量逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR(quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,qRT-PCR)技術(shù)分別檢測CLL病人及正常人外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC)混合后CD19磁珠純化形成的“pool”中BAFF基因的表達(dá)水平,并分析BAFF基因表達(dá)與年齡、性別、Binet分期、ZAP-70表達(dá)、CD38表達(dá)、IGHV突變,以及分子遺傳學(xué)等指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性,探討其對CLL疾病預(yù)后的影響及臨床意義。
1.1 研究對象 2007年1月至2012年10月江蘇省老年醫(yī)院及南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院收治的101例CLL病人,其中男76例(67.3%),女25例(22.1%),中位年齡63歲(45~88歲)。中位隨訪時(shí)間27.9月(1~72月),全部病人均未接受過化療或已結(jié)束化療≥6月。臨床分期根據(jù)Binet分期,其中A期33例(32.7%)、B期30例(29.7%)、C期38例(37.6%)。我們將Binet分期A期定義為Binet分期早期組,Binet分期B期和C期合稱Binet分期晚期組。所有CLL病人外周血進(jìn)行單個(gè)核細(xì)胞分離、RNA提取、cDNA合成。另將江蘇省老年醫(yī)院及南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院體檢中心年齡匹配(50~86歲,中位年齡61歲)、無CLL或其他腫瘤史的正常人外周血 60 份(2~3 ml/份),混合為一個(gè)“pool”,提取PBMC,并經(jīng)CD19磁珠純化為CD19+B細(xì)胞。
1.2 檢測方法 采用qRT-PCR技術(shù),SYBR Green 熒光染料法檢測CLL 病人外周血單個(gè)核細(xì)胞及正常人外周血B細(xì)胞中BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平,運(yùn)用循環(huán)閾值(cycle threshold,Ct)比較法進(jìn)行相對定量分析,上述基因的相對表達(dá)量以公式2(-△Ct)表示,該實(shí)驗(yàn)在美國ABI公司的7300型號定量PCR儀上進(jìn)行,使用7300 SDSv 2.0 軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理和分析,通過ROC曲線分析法確定BAFF mRNA表達(dá)高低2組的分界值;采用 PCR 聯(lián)合 DNA序列測定免疫球蛋白重鏈可變區(qū)(immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region,IGHV)突變狀態(tài)(IGHV基因突變率>2%為有突變,≤2%為無突變);應(yīng)用間期熒光原位雜交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技術(shù)檢測病人細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)異常del(17p13)、del(11q22.3);多參數(shù)流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測 CLL 細(xì)胞 CD38 和 ZAP-70表達(dá)(CD38陽性和ZAP-70陽性的CLL病人預(yù)后差,其中ZAP≥20%定義為陽性,CD38≥30%定義為陽性);其他臨床指標(biāo)正常值范圍:血清乳酸脫氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH):110~250 U/L,血清β2微球蛋白(β2-microglobulin,β2-MG):1~3 mg/L,血清胸苷激酶1(thymidine kinase 1,TK1):0~2 pmol/L。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析 采用SPSS 17.0軟件及GraphPad Prism 5.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,不同分組間基因表達(dá)水平的差異采用Mann-WhitneyU檢驗(yàn),Kaplan-Meier法計(jì)算無治療生存時(shí)間(treatment-free survival,TFS),Log-rank法進(jìn)行差異性檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。TFS定義為病人從診斷至開始治療或隨訪截止的時(shí)間。
2.1 病人特征 101例CLL病人中≥60歲者62例(61.9%),<60歲者39例(38.1%)。Binet分期早期組33例(32.7%),晚期組68例(67.3%)。中位隨訪時(shí)間27.9月(1~72月),中位TFS為8.65月(1~72月),69例病人在隨訪期間具有治療指征,接受針對CLL的治療。
2.2 BAFF mRNA在CLL病人及正常對照間的差異表達(dá) 101例CLL病人全部表達(dá)基因BAFF mRNA,表達(dá)水平中位值為[0.044318(1.224941×10-4~0.406126)],明顯高于正常人的“pool”經(jīng)多次檢測得到的BAFF表達(dá)中位值0.002648(0.001161~0.005758),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.0001),見圖1。
圖1 qRT-PCR檢測CLL病人和對照人群BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平
2.3 BAFF mRNA與CLL其他預(yù)后因素的關(guān)系 Binet分期早期組BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平明顯高于Binet分期晚期組(P=0.048),ZAP-70表達(dá)陽性組BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平明顯高于ZAP-70表達(dá)陰性組(P=0.041)。而BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平與病人性別、年齡、血清LDH水平、β2-MG水平、TK1水平、CD38表達(dá)、IGHV基因突變、del(17p13)、del(11q22.3)無明顯相關(guān)性,見表1。
表1 不同組別中BAFF mRNA 表達(dá)的差異
續(xù)表:
項(xiàng)目nBAFF(M)P血清TK1水平0.406 >2pmol/L180.003927 ≤2pmol/L750.010237ZAP-70表達(dá)0.041 陽性240.030370 陰性670.007758CD38表達(dá)0.731 陽性140.008933 陰性830.011719IGHV突變0.474 突變440.008105 無突變320.015936del(17p13)0.789 陽性130.007758 陰性760.011638del(11q22.3)0.747 陽性100.022654 陰性780.011005
2.4 BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平對CLL病人TFS的影響 BAFF mRNA表達(dá)與Binet分期存在明顯相關(guān)性,故ROC曲線分析以Binet分期早期和晚期為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將101例CLL病人分成2組,曲線下面積(area under curve,AUC)為0.630(95%CI為0.520~0.740,P=0.036),BAFF mRNA的最佳分界值為0.012847,靈敏度為65.6%,特異性為63.8%,見圖2。中位隨訪時(shí)間為27.9月(1~72月),中位TFS為8.65月(1~72月),69例病人在隨訪期間具有治療指征,接受針對CLL的治療。單因素分析TFS與BAFF mRNA水平的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示BAFF低表達(dá)是影響病人TFS的不良因素(P=0.017)(圖3),低表達(dá)組與高表達(dá)組中位TFS分別為4月(95%CI:1.07~6.93月)和26月(95%CI:7.94~44.07月)。
圖2 ROC曲線分析Binet分期確定BAFF mRNA表達(dá)高/低的最佳分界值
圖3 BAFF mRNA表達(dá)的TFS曲線圖
CLL是一組預(yù)后異質(zhì)性較大的成熟B淋巴細(xì)胞增殖性疾病,侵入血液、骨髓和外周淋巴器官如淋巴結(jié),免疫表型通常表現(xiàn)為CD5+CD23+CD19+CD20dim CD22/CD79dimsIgdimFMC7-。CLL是西方國家中最常見的成人白血病類型,中位發(fā)病年齡約72歲,男女比例約2∶1[2],病人在診斷時(shí)常常沒有任何疾病癥狀[1]。CLL在亞洲及非洲地區(qū)較少見,中位發(fā)病年齡為65歲[6]。該疾病在發(fā)病形式、疾病進(jìn)展、治療反應(yīng)和生存期方面具有明顯的個(gè)體差異,對治療的反應(yīng)及預(yù)后與IGHV突變狀態(tài)、ZAP70、CD38 以及遺傳學(xué)特征相關(guān)。迄今為止,CLL的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未研究清楚,不同的指標(biāo)對病人預(yù)后的判斷仍存在著差異,因此,尋求更好的預(yù)后指標(biāo)仍是CLL疾病研究的熱點(diǎn)。
CLL病人外周血腫瘤細(xì)胞處于G0/G1,表現(xiàn)出靜止期細(xì)胞的基因表達(dá)譜[7],增殖活性低下,但卻因腫瘤微環(huán)境的作用產(chǎn)生CLL細(xì)胞凋亡缺陷而大量聚集,形成CLL病人外周血高瘤負(fù)荷,并直接導(dǎo)致各類細(xì)胞周期特異性化療藥物及增殖期細(xì)胞毒藥物對于CLL細(xì)胞的“束手無策”。CLL細(xì)胞微環(huán)境是一個(gè)由間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞、基質(zhì)細(xì)胞及其分泌的各種細(xì)胞因子交互作用構(gòu)成的綜合體,促進(jìn)CLL細(xì)胞的存活,阻止其凋亡[8]。BAFF是CLL微環(huán)境中一個(gè)重要因子,由單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突細(xì)胞、中性粒細(xì)胞、活化的T細(xì)胞、呵護(hù)樣細(xì)胞(nurse-like cells,NLC)、骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(bone marrow stromal cells,BMSC)、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等分泌產(chǎn)生[9]。BAFF是一類Ⅱ型跨膜蛋白[10],在B細(xì)胞的生長發(fā)育、抗體類型的轉(zhuǎn)換以及體液免疫方面具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。而BAFF的過度表達(dá)有可能參與自身反應(yīng)性B細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生和自身免疫耐受的破壞,導(dǎo)致自身免疫性疾病或腫瘤。動(dòng)物模型提示過表達(dá)BAFF的轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠成熟B細(xì)胞數(shù)量大大增加,同時(shí)伴有脾臟增大,漿細(xì)胞和自身抗體水平升高,以及Bcl-2的過度表達(dá)。BAFF基因敲除(BAFF-/-)小鼠表現(xiàn)為外周B細(xì)胞大量減少,B細(xì)胞發(fā)育在T1向T2轉(zhuǎn)換階段被阻斷,濾泡區(qū)及邊緣區(qū)B細(xì)胞的完全缺失,血清免疫球蛋白水平降低[11]。
既往研究認(rèn)為BAFF主要由腫瘤微環(huán)境細(xì)胞如單核細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、樹突細(xì)胞等分泌產(chǎn)生,膜結(jié)合型BAFF經(jīng)剪切釋放成為可溶性BAFF片段,發(fā)揮主要生物學(xué)活性。Novak等[12]首次證實(shí)BAFF mRNA陽性表達(dá)的CLL細(xì)胞可檢測出低水平的膜表面BAFF蛋白,而BAFF mRNA陰性的CLL細(xì)胞膜表面BAFF蛋白表達(dá)陰性,因此有理由推測CLL細(xì)胞具有自分泌BAFF功能。本試驗(yàn)采用qRT-PCR技術(shù)分別檢測101例CLL病人及60名正常人PBMC中BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平,結(jié)果顯示CLL病人BAFF mRNA表達(dá)水平明顯高于正常對照人群,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;進(jìn)一步統(tǒng)計(jì)發(fā)現(xiàn)CLL細(xì)胞BAFF mRNA高表達(dá)水平與Binet早期分期、ZAP-70陽性表達(dá)有明顯相關(guān)性;生存分析顯示,高表達(dá)BAFF mRNA的CLL病人較低表達(dá)者擁有較長的TFS,提示CLL細(xì)胞中BAFF mRNA高表達(dá)是預(yù)后良好的指標(biāo)。由于CLL病人平均生存期較長,本次試驗(yàn)中位隨訪時(shí)間較短,隨訪觀察期間病人死亡率極低,且101例病人未采用統(tǒng)一的化療方案,因此未進(jìn)行總生存時(shí)間(overall survival,OS)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。Kern等[13]通過Western blotting技術(shù)證實(shí)CLL細(xì)胞較正常B細(xì)胞存在較高的胞內(nèi)BAFF蛋白水平,流式細(xì)胞術(shù)分析結(jié)果顯示,CLL細(xì)胞膜表面BAFF表達(dá)同樣高于正常B細(xì)胞。而Bojarska-Junak等[14]利用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測胞內(nèi)BAFF含量得到了相似的結(jié)果。同時(shí),Nishio等[15]證實(shí)CLL病人NLC膜表面BAFF表達(dá)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于CLL細(xì)胞本身。結(jié)合本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果及既往文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,我們推測CLL細(xì)胞本身能夠自分泌產(chǎn)生BAFF,但可能不是循環(huán)中BAFF的主要來源。雖然外源性BAFF的加入,可以使CLL細(xì)胞獲得更長久的生存,規(guī)避自發(fā)性及藥物性凋亡,但多數(shù)報(bào)道表明CLL病人血清中可溶性BAFF水平低于正常人。不久前Pontikoglou等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),作為BAFF來源的另一輔助細(xì)胞,CLL病人BMSC較正常供者BMSC分泌BAFF的能力明顯減弱。這可能是造成CLL病人血清BAFF水平低于正常人的關(guān)鍵原因之一。因此,我們推測由于CLL微環(huán)境中相關(guān)輔助細(xì)胞的旁分泌功能異常,造成循環(huán)中BAFF水平的整體下調(diào),進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致CLL細(xì)胞代償性BAFF自分泌生成增多,激活下游的NF-κB等信號通路[17]。
綜上所述,我們通過qRT-PCR方法,發(fā)現(xiàn) CLL細(xì)胞中存在BAFF基因的高表達(dá),其中BAFF表達(dá)與TFS顯著相關(guān)。進(jìn)一步的研究需要明確BAFF對腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的作用,為有效治療CLL提供新的思路。
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Expression and significance of BAFF in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
YANGShu,FANWei-fei,PUXiao-lin,WANGLin,XUJu-qing,LIUSu-yao,WANGJun.
DepartmentofOncology,JiangsuProvinceGeriatricHospital,Nanjing210024,China;CAOLei.DepartmentofHematology,theFirstAffiliatedHospitalofNanjingMedicalUniversity,Nanjing210029,China
Objective To investigate the expression of B cell activating factor (BAFF) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and to explore the association with clinical and laboratory features and the prognosis. Methods The level of BAFF mRNA was quantified using qRT-PCR with SYBR Green by ABI 7300 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from CLL patients and purified CD19+B cells from healthy donors. The relative expression level of mRNA was analyzed by cycle threshold method. Results The expression level of BAFF was higher in 101 CLL patients than that in healthy donors (P<0.0001). BAFF expression was significantly higher in early Binet stage than that in advanced stage (P=0.048), also higher in ZAP-70 positive patients than that in ZAP-70 negative patients (P=0.041). Sixty- nine patients received therapy after initial diagnosis, with a median follow-up of 27.9 months (range, 1-72 months). Survival analysis showed that the patients with low BAFF expression had shorter TFS time than those with high BAFF expression(P=0.017). Conclusions The expression level of BAFF gene increases in CLL patients. BAFF expression is correlated with Binetstage and ZAP-70 expression, indicating a significant prognosis in CLL.
chronic lymphocytic leukemia; B cell activating factor; prognosis
210024江蘇省南京市,江蘇省老年醫(yī)院腫瘤科(楊舒,樊衛(wèi)飛,蒲驍麟,王琳,許菊青,劉蘇瑤,王峻);210029江蘇省南京市,南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院血液科(曹磊)
王峻,Email:madam_wangjun@163.com
R 733.7
A
10.3969/j.issn.1003-9198.2017.03.011
2016-03-22)