陳穎 施敏驊
二甲雙胍在肺癌中的研究進(jìn)展
陳穎 施敏驊
肺癌和糖尿病(diabetes mellitus, DM)是世界范圍內(nèi)的常見疾病,嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康,其中DM的患病率隨著生活方式的改變呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),我國(guó)現(xiàn)有DM病人超過(guò)4千萬(wàn),居世界第二。由 DM 引發(fā)的多種并發(fā)癥也嚴(yán)重影響了病人的生活質(zhì)量,并使病人的生存率顯著降低[1]。近年越來(lái)越多的研究表明,DM尤其是2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)與多種惡性腫瘤如胰腺癌、肝癌、結(jié)直腸癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、膀胱癌和子宮內(nèi)膜癌等的發(fā)病率呈正相關(guān)[2-6]。二甲雙胍被廣泛用于治療T2DM,Evans等[7]報(bào)道了二甲雙胍與DM病人腫瘤患病率的降低有關(guān),從而使二甲雙胍可能存在的抗腫瘤作用引起廣泛的關(guān)注。肺癌的發(fā)生率和死亡率均居所有惡性腫瘤的首位[8]。盡管肺癌在手術(shù)治療、放化療,尤其是免疫靶向治療方面均取得了很大的進(jìn)展,但晚期肺癌病人的5年生存率仍然很低[9]。由此,對(duì)二甲雙胍的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行更深入的研究,可能有效降低肺癌發(fā)病率,改善預(yù)后,本文對(duì)近年來(lái)二甲雙胍在肺癌方面取得的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述。
Tsai等[10]研究納入了1997~2007年臺(tái)灣新診斷的47 356例T2DM病人,分為使用二甲雙胍降糖(19 074人)及使用其他降糖藥(28 282人)2組,結(jié)果顯示,使用二甲雙胍的人群患肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較使用其他降糖藥組低(1.12%比1.62%;P<0.001);將使用二甲雙胍的DM人群分為肺癌組與未患肺癌組,以規(guī)定每日劑量(defined daily dose,DDD)為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),結(jié)果顯示肺癌組不論是二甲雙胍的使用總量還是強(qiáng)度都較未患肺癌組低(113.75±319.11 DDD比238.19±565.48 DDD;P<0.001;2.74±7.15 DDD/月比 6.07±14.12 DDD/月;P<0.001),這顯示二甲雙胍可減少患肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且呈劑量依賴性。同樣,Zhu等[11]對(duì)包含了17 997例T2DM病人的8項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行了Meta分析,結(jié)果顯示使用二甲雙胍的人群較使用其他降糖藥的人群可減少16%患肺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) (RR=0.84;95%CI為0.73~0.97),其中二甲雙胍組與磺脲類藥物對(duì)比最明顯。 Zhang等[12]、Mazzone等[13]、Noto等[14]的Meta分析同樣得出二甲雙胍可以降低T2DM病人肺癌患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的結(jié)論,且Noto報(bào)道,服用二甲雙胍的DM肺癌病人腺癌類型比例更高,對(duì)比其他類型的肺癌,有更長(zhǎng)的生存期。
2.1 二甲雙胍可影響肺癌病人的生存期 Currie等[15]的回顧性研究提示二甲雙胍的使用降低了肺癌死亡率,對(duì)于進(jìn)行DM治療的病人,單用磺脲類藥物或胰島素的病人死亡率較二甲雙胍單藥治療的病人增加。有研究分析T2DM并發(fā)非小細(xì)胞肺癌的病人使用不同降糖藥的生存率,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)使用二甲雙胍治療的病人生存率高于使用胰島素在內(nèi)的其他藥物治療的病人組,且呈時(shí)間及濃度依賴性[16]。 Tan等[16]研究了二甲雙胍對(duì)非小細(xì)胞肺癌預(yù)后的影響,評(píng)估了3組DM合并非小細(xì)胞肺癌病人接受一線化療和各種降糖藥物治療的結(jié)果,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與胰島素或其他降糖藥物治療的病人相比,使用二甲雙胍治療的DM病人有著較長(zhǎng)的總生存期(P=0.007)及無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期(P=0.002)。張涵等[17]研究了二甲雙胍對(duì)晚期非DM肺癌病人的診治效果,納入了已經(jīng)組織病理學(xué)確診的100例肺癌晚期的非DM病人,分為二甲雙胍治療組(對(duì)照組)50例及化療組(對(duì)照組)50例,主要觀察2組的3年生存率,結(jié)果顯示觀察組即二甲雙胍治療組的3年生存率明顯高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),而2組的不良反應(yīng)比較,結(jié)果顯示差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0. 05),作者認(rèn)為在常規(guī)化療基礎(chǔ)上加用二甲雙胍治療晚期非DM肺癌病人,可減輕化療對(duì)病人免疫功能損傷程度,提高生存率。近期一項(xiàng)研究對(duì)750例DM合并Ⅳ期非小細(xì)胞肺癌病人進(jìn)行分析,也發(fā)現(xiàn)二甲雙胍可改善病人生存期,并且可作為潛在的治療肺癌的新靶標(biāo)[18-19]。Kong等[20]進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)關(guān)于二甲雙胍和小細(xì)胞肺癌預(yù)后關(guān)系的研究顯示,與非二甲雙胍組相比,二甲雙胍組能更顯著地降低腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)率,并且可明顯改善病人的無(wú)進(jìn)展生存期和總生存期,并經(jīng)多變量模型分析顯示二甲雙胍為影響小細(xì)胞肺癌病人的獨(dú)立預(yù)后因素。綜上,二甲雙胍作為治療DM的首選藥物比包括胰島素在內(nèi)的其他降糖藥物能更好地延長(zhǎng)肺癌病人的總生存期,有效地預(yù)防腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),預(yù)示著較好的預(yù)后。
2.2 與其他治療方法聯(lián)用 Iliopoulos等[21]在體外研究二甲雙胍與化療藥物聯(lián)用對(duì)小鼠的抗癌效果,將A549肺癌細(xì)胞株移植到裸鼠身上,對(duì)比單用高劑量阿霉素注射治療與高低2種劑量阿霉素注射聯(lián)合口服二甲雙胍治療后腫瘤體積。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)聯(lián)合口服二甲雙胍組比單用化療藥物組腫瘤體積減小更明顯;在試驗(yàn)期間內(nèi),觀察到單用化療藥物組腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),而在二甲雙胍組則未發(fā)現(xiàn)此現(xiàn)象。且試驗(yàn)中未觀察到高劑量化療藥物聯(lián)合二甲雙胍組腫瘤體積減少比低劑量化療藥物聯(lián)合組有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的差異(P>0.05)。Tseng等[22]也發(fā)現(xiàn),0.1 mmol/L的二甲雙胍與紫杉醇聯(lián)合使用對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞株的細(xì)胞毒作用比紫杉醇單獨(dú)使用更強(qiáng),表明二甲雙胍可提高紫杉醇對(duì)肺癌細(xì)胞株的細(xì)胞毒性。Storozhuk等[23]對(duì)NCI-H1299、A549和SK-MES等肺癌細(xì)胞進(jìn)行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),二甲雙胍聯(lián)合放療可明顯降低細(xì)胞的增殖能力和存活系數(shù),且在A549小鼠移植瘤模型中,與單用放療組相比,腫瘤在二甲雙胍聯(lián)合放療組被抑制更明顯,這提示二甲雙胍可顯著提高腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)放療的敏感性。Wang等[24]也報(bào)道了二甲雙胍可顯著提高順鉑細(xì)胞毒性及改善腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)其的耐藥,并呈劑量依賴趨勢(shì)。Wang等[25]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)二甲雙胍在體內(nèi)外試驗(yàn)中均能有效地提高TKI 耐藥肺癌細(xì)胞對(duì)吉非替尼或埃羅替尼的敏感性,并能夠逆轉(zhuǎn)白介素-6(IL-6)信號(hào)通路的激活。IL-6可以使TKI敏感細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)門KI耐藥細(xì)胞,但這一作用可被二甲雙胍逆轉(zhuǎn)。以二甲雙胍為基礎(chǔ)的聯(lián)合化療可以有效地控制TKI耐藥肺癌細(xì)胞移植鼠腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),這與減少IL-6 通路的激活及減少IL-6 的分泌均有關(guān)。綜上,二甲雙胍有增強(qiáng)化療藥物療效的作用,可通過(guò)聯(lián)合使用二甲雙胍,減少化療藥物用量,減輕病人痛苦,并可增加腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)放療敏感性。
雖然二甲雙胍在抗腫瘤方面的作用越來(lái)越被重視,但是其具體的抗腫瘤的機(jī)制仍不十分清楚,需要更深入的研究。目前認(rèn)為二甲雙胍通過(guò)多種信號(hào)通路及生長(zhǎng)刺激因子等抑制mTOR信號(hào)通路,為其抗腫瘤的主要機(jī)制[26-27]。
3.1 激活A(yù)MPK信號(hào)通路 mTOR 在基因轉(zhuǎn)錄、蛋白質(zhì)翻譯、核糖體合成、細(xì)胞周期及凋亡等調(diào)控細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)及分化活動(dòng)中發(fā)揮重要作用,能加快細(xì)胞周期G1/S期的轉(zhuǎn)換,在很多腫瘤細(xì)胞中表達(dá)上調(diào)。AMPK(AMP-activated protein kinase)信號(hào)通路是組織細(xì)胞內(nèi)重要的能量調(diào)節(jié)通路。mTOR是 AMPK 重要的下游靶蛋白。二甲雙胍通過(guò)有效激活A(yù)MPK信號(hào)通路使mTOR抑制和起始翻譯減少[28],從而減少腫瘤細(xì)胞的能量來(lái)源,抑制腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)和增殖,AMPK信號(hào)通路可有望成為腫瘤治療的新靶點(diǎn)。
3.2 抑制胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子(IGF-1)信號(hào)通路 胰島素與IGF-1不僅可以調(diào)控血糖,還能刺激非小細(xì)胞肺癌細(xì)胞株的生長(zhǎng)[29]。游離IGF-1、IGF-2與IGFs結(jié)合蛋白(IGFBP)結(jié)合發(fā)揮作用。IGFs與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān),切斷此信號(hào)通路,可以減少IGFs對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞的促增長(zhǎng)作用。此外,胰島素受體通過(guò) GRB2 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2)激活Ras/Raf/ERK 信號(hào)通路,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖[30]。上述信號(hào)通路均與腫瘤細(xì)胞的發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程有關(guān)。二甲雙胍降低體內(nèi)胰島素水平,降低IGFBP水平,減少IGF的合成與分泌,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮著調(diào)控肺癌細(xì)胞代謝及抑制肺癌細(xì)胞增殖的作用。
3.3 誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡 MAPK為絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白酶的一種,參與多種細(xì)胞反應(yīng)的調(diào)節(jié), JNK和p38是MAPK中2個(gè)亞族,在細(xì)胞凋亡中發(fā)揮重要作用,二甲雙胍可能通過(guò)MAPK信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路誘導(dǎo)肺癌細(xì)胞周期停滯,從而發(fā)揮抗肺癌細(xì)胞增殖、促凋亡的作用[31]。
目前回顧性研究及相應(yīng)的Meta分析大多為DM病人,病人使用的二甲雙胍均為治療劑量,目前關(guān)于二甲雙胍對(duì)肺癌影響的體外試驗(yàn)中,二甲雙胍的濃度均明顯較DM病人治療劑量所達(dá)到的血藥濃度高,且呈濃度依賴性[32],因此有研究質(zhì)疑二甲雙胍臨床治療劑量是否對(duì)腫瘤有上述效應(yīng)。因此,二甲雙胍臨床治療劑量抗肺癌的效應(yīng)能否在體外試驗(yàn)取得效果還需進(jìn)一步臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí)。此外關(guān)于二甲雙胍的不良反應(yīng)值得進(jìn)一步探討。
越來(lái)越多的研究表明,二甲雙胍可以增強(qiáng)肺癌細(xì)胞對(duì)放化療的敏感性,提高肺癌病人的總生存期。此外,二甲雙胍的這種抗腫瘤作用還具有劑量、時(shí)間依賴性[33]。二甲雙胍主要通過(guò)減少AMPK激活、減少IGFs分泌等信號(hào)通路調(diào)節(jié)肺癌細(xì)胞周期,抑制肺癌細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)其凋亡,發(fā)揮直接或間接的抗腫瘤作用。目前,關(guān)于二甲雙胍的抗腫瘤作用機(jī)制的研究越來(lái)越被更多的研究者所關(guān)注,然而能否將二甲雙胍加入肺癌治療方案中,其劑量及治療時(shí)間如何,仍有待進(jìn)一步深入研究。
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國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81272610);蘇州市科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃(SYS201467)
215004江蘇省蘇州市,蘇州大學(xué)附屬第二醫(yī)院呼吸科
施敏驊,Email:shiminhua@163.com
R 734.2
A
10.3969/j.issn.1003-9198.2017.03.024
2017-01-17)