ABSTRACTS

Chinas Cooperation with Neighboring Developing Countries in the Twenty-first Century

LI Chenyang and YANG Xiangzhang

ABSTRACT： Developing countries in Chinas neighborhood occupy a unique position in Chinas foreign policy since the beginning of the twenty-first century. China has intensified cooperation with neighboring developing countries due to a number of factors： growing overall national strength， increasingly urgent development needs of neighboring countries， and extraregional powers shifting strategic focus. Closer cooperation in the economic realm has facilitated the formation of networks of partnership and sharpened Chinas sense of global responsibility. However， multiple challenges have to be addressed before China can elevate its relations with its neighboring countries to a new level， such as better protection of expanding overseas interests， intensified territorial disputes， extraregional powers interference， and the shifting global landscape.

Keywords： neighborhood， developing countries， cooperation， challenge

On Chinas Integrative Diplomacy toward the Middle East in the New Era

SUN Degang

ABSTRACT： Integrative diplomacy is a diplomatic paradigm for great powers to carry out comprehensive cooperation with a group of stakeholders through multilateral organizations and regimes. Chinas integrative diplomacy vis-à-vis the Middle East can be classified into four types： bilateral cooperation （“1+N”）， proactive engagement （“N+1”）， regional interaction （“1+N+X”）， and global consultation （“X+X”）. Chinas integrative diplomacy in the region serves as a key platform to carry out all-round cooperation with developing countries， to build great power relations， and to foster a community of shared interests in the Middle East. It places more emphasis on the less-binding process than on treaties and regulations； more on official diplomacy than on public diplomacy； more on economic than on security cooperation； more on tactic than on strategic design； and more on the central government than on the local provinces. As a means to implement the “Belt and Road” initiative in the Middle East， China should attach more importance to the participation in multilateral organizations and bilateral partnership networks as well as the usage of its diplomatic resources. In the process of integrative diplomacy， China should enhance its discourse in the global arena and promote a closer partnership with Middle Eastern countries.

Keywords： integrative diplomacy， the Middle East， Chinese diplomacy， international regimes， international organization

Chinas Diplomacy Vis-à-vis the Developing World： Evaluation and Prospects

LONG Jing

ABSTRACT： Since the beginning of the twenty-first century， China has devised a comprehensive framework of cooperation mechanisms aimed at improving its diplomacy vis-à-vis the developing world. As a development-oriented， innovative framework， it features Chinas leadership， regional integrity， and institutionalization. Building on the achievements in South-South cooperation， the framework has been incorporated into the theory and practice of Chinese diplomacy. All the cooperation mechanisms - some have yielded tangible results while others are fast evolving - have been institutionalized to provided strategic guidance on improving Chinas relations with the developing world by advancing mutually beneficial cooperation. Nonetheless， significant challenges remain regarding Chinas diplomacy in the developing world. A wholesale approach might prove insufficient to the varied development needs of different regions. Prospects differ to varying degrees as some cooperation is based on longstanding political mutual trust while others on rosy expectations of economic benefits. Besides， extraregional powers behavior， the degree of regional integration， and the shifting global landscape also affect Chinas interactions with the developing world.

Keywords： overall diplomacy， cooperation mechanism， developing world

FOCAC and China-CELAC Forum： Case Studies of Chinas Diplomacy Vis-à-vis the Developing World and New South-South Cooperation

ZHANG Hui

ABSTRACT： As two important forums based on the “1+N” model， the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and the China-CELAC Forum have expanded their scope to include not only economic and trade cooperation， but also efforts to push for a more just and reasonable international order by bridging globalization and regionalization at a time of growing tendency toward deglobalization. As parallel institutions within the framework of South-South cooperation， the two forums face challenges with regard to agenda setting， extraregional powers interference， competing cooperation mechanisms， and so on. To tackle numerous challenges， the author proposes discriminatory agendas tailored for different regions， greater multilateralism to counter interference， synergistic efforts against fragmentation， and innovative models to ensure equality and effectiveness.

Keywords： Forum on China-Africa Cooperation， China-CELAC Forum， overall diplomacy， new South-South cooperation

The United Nations and Construction of a New Type of International Relations

SHI Chenxia

ABSTRACT： The new type of international relations is a new idea and new approach put forward by China to deal with state-to-state relations， especially the major-power relations， under new circumstances. It is also an important theoretical contribution of China in reforming and perfecting the existing international order. Building the new type of international relations is a common task of the international community， and the United Nations should play an active role during this process. On the one hand， the Charter of the United Nations and the new type of international relations share similar goals； on the other hand， broad representation and comprehensive cooperation mechanisms have given the United Nations special advantages in building the new type of international relations. Thus， the United Nations has the capability and resources to play the role of a participant， guide， consensus builder， and supervisor in building the new type of international relations. China and the United Nations should promote cooperation in building the new type of international relations by restoring the authority of the United Nations， promoting its role as a coordinator， advancing its reform steadily， and enhancing its global governance capacity. Accordingly， China should improve its United Nations diplomacy by making use of the advantages and platforms of the United Nations， and enhancing cooperation to build a new type of international relations.

Keywords： new type of international relations， United Nations， Chinas United Nations diplomacy

Analysis of EUs Global Health Governance Strategy and Implications for Chinas Participation in Global Health Governance

LIU Changjun and GAO Yingtong

ABSTRACT： Global health issues have increasingly become a focus of the international community. As an important participant in global governance， the European Union has gradually constructed and improved its own strategy for global health governance. EUs global health governance strategy attaches great importance to values， and tends to understand the global health governance from the perspective of development. In addition， it prioritizes investment in global health public goods， and emphasizes the role of the World Health Organization and other multilateral institutions in global health governance. However， the EUs global health governance strategy is clearly European-oriented. With weak leadership and ineffective coordination， the EU is faced with multiple challenges in implementing its strategy. Nevertheless， China could still learn from EUs global health governance strategy. China should first formulate its guiding principles in global health governance， and then formulate a cooperation strategy for global health governance. Furthermore， China and the EU need to strengthen policy coordination in the World Health Organization and other multilateral forums， and further expand global health cooperation targeted at third parties.

Keywords： European Union， global health governance， health assistance， Chinas contribution

China-Africa Health Cooperation in the Post-Ebola Era： Trends， Challenges， and Suggestions

GUO Jia

ABSTRACT： China-Africa health cooperation is one of the “10 Major China-Africa Cooperation Plans” proposed by the Chinese government during the FOCAC Johannesburg Summit. In the “post-Ebola era，” China-Africa health cooperation evolved gradually from traditional assistance into multilevel， wide-ranging， and all-round cooperation. Specifically， it is evolving from bilateral aid into multilateral cooperation， from clinical medicine into public health system construction， and from general medicine into special medicine. Moreover， the cooperation now focuses on promoting the Chinese medicine in the African markets and introducing Chinas experience in Africa. China-Africa health cooperation is also facing challenges. Health strategies and decision-making need further coordination； aid projects need more careful planning and management； Chinese medicine met obstacles in the African markets； technology transfer and experience sharing on the health system building need to be facilitated. Therefore， China-Africa health cooperation should adopt a forward-looking perspective， and be integrated into Chinas global health diplomacy and health security strategy， so as to deepen Chinas international cooperation in the area of public health and its involvement in the global health initiative.

Keywords： China-Africa health cooperation， China's aid to Africa， health diplomacy， Africa

Political Risks and Risk Control for Chinese Enterprises in Pakistan： A Case Study of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor

HUANG He， XU Xueying， and CHEN Ciyu

ABSTRACT： The “Belt and Road” Initiative has brought new opportunities for Chinas economic and trade cooperation with Pakistan. However， uncontrollable factors remain in Pakistans domestic situation and external environment， which expose Chinese enterprises investment in Pakistan to considerable political risks， including terrorism， external interference， domestic rivalries， religious factor， and nontraditional political risks. Therefore， in building the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor， the Chinese government should effectively control risks by taking the following measures： to provide security public goods for regional and interregional security mechanisms； to establish a risk-assessing mechanism for overseas investment， and promote cooperation in risk prevention； to mobilize resources of the private sector， and innovate the protection mechanism for overseas Chinese citizens； and to encourage Chinese enterprises to build insurance systems for overseas investment.

Keywords： Belt and Road Initiative， China-Pakistan Economic Corridor， political risks， corporate investment