毛 舜, 柳云恩, 張玉彪, 佟昌慈, 史秀云, 劉 穎, 叢培芳, 佟 周, 施 琳, 金紅旭, 侯明曉
沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院 急診醫(yī)學部 全軍重癥(戰(zhàn))創(chuàng)傷救治中心實驗室 遼寧省重癥創(chuàng)傷和器官保護重點實驗室,遼寧 沈陽 110016
·干細胞研究·
干細胞干預與放射性泌尿系統(tǒng)損傷研究進展
毛 舜, 柳云恩, 張玉彪, 佟昌慈, 史秀云, 劉 穎, 叢培芳,
佟 周, 施 琳, 金紅旭, 侯明曉
沈陽軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院 急診醫(yī)學部 全軍重癥(戰(zhàn))創(chuàng)傷救治中心實驗室 遼寧省重癥創(chuàng)傷和器官保護重點實驗室,遼寧 沈陽 110016
干細胞; 核輻射; 放射性損傷; 腎損傷; 膀胱炎
Stem cell; Nuclear radiation; Radiation injury; Renal injury; Cystitis
核泄漏事故發(fā)生后,生活在受污染地區(qū)的人群同時受到外部(環(huán)境中的射線)和內部(食物、水源等)輻射的影響,爆發(fā)各種各樣的疾病[1-2]。此外,臨床中接受放療的癌癥患者也同樣需要面對治療過程中因輻射導致的額外損傷[3-4]。輻射的損傷覆蓋到人體的各個臟器,其中,不乏對泌尿系統(tǒng)的損傷,主要包括放射性腎損傷和放射性膀胱損傷。近年來,干細胞以其分化和再生能力成為醫(yī)學領域的研究熱點,其與再生醫(yī)學的結合使其在免疫方面[5]、血液方面[6]、神經方面[7-8]以及心血管方面[9]等諸多方面都發(fā)揮了積極作用。因此,對于放射性泌尿系統(tǒng)損傷進行干細胞干預也不失為一個有前景的研究方向。
2015年8月1日,Kamiya等[10]提供了一份關于戰(zhàn)時和意外輻射暴露的遲發(fā)性影響的報告,將慢性腎病作為潛在的遲發(fā)性威脅。放射性腎損傷是一種臨床上明顯但未得到重視的造血干細胞移植的后期并發(fā)癥,通常與移植前的全身照射有關[11]。局部或全身照射劑量低至5 Gy的輻射劑量并不致命,但會導致放射性腎病[12]。從輻射損害的嚴重程度來看,腎可能是最為敏感的腹部器官[13]。輻射引起放射性腎病,其特點是腎功能減少,表現為白蛋白、肌酐或尿素等水平的改變,與腎小球和管狀細胞的結構改變有關,這歸因于管狀上皮細胞對輻射較為敏感[14-15]。病理水平上,放射性腎病顯示為灌注障礙,增加血管通透性,炎癥反應和纖維化[16-17]。目前,猜測其與氧化應激損傷相關[18-19]。在放射性腎病中,蛋白尿和腎小球硬化的發(fā)展的分子機制在很大程度上仍然是未知的。在蛋白尿的原發(fā)性和繼發(fā)性腎小球疾病的發(fā)病機制中,足細胞越來越被認為是重要的參與者[20]。
腎具有損傷后自我修復的能力,盡管這種修復細胞的來源仍然備受爭議,但目前已經普遍認為腎固有的小管上皮細胞負責腎的修復[21]。換言之,能夠分化為腎小管上皮細胞的干細胞,都可能對腎損傷具有干預能力。已做相關干預研究的干細胞包括脂肪干細胞[22-23]、骨髓間充質干細胞[24]、多能干細胞[25]、肝干細胞[26]以及人間充質干細胞[27]等。其中,脂肪干細胞能夠通過降低細胞炎癥因子表達、降低中性粒細胞浸潤,同時調節(jié)細胞周期來降低腎損傷的炎癥反應;此外,該作用也降低了腎組織的纖維化,對于遠期免疫調節(jié),也起到積極作用[22]。而骨髓間充質干細胞與低水平的激光照射相結合也能夠明顯改善腎功能[24]。同時,有研究發(fā)現,人間充質干細胞還能夠引導巨噬細胞分化并促進腎組織再生,人肝干細胞則主要促進性腎功能性以及形態(tài)學方面的恢復[26-27]。但這些研究多針對急性腎損傷的干預,模型的建立主要為缺血再灌注損傷模型和順鉑誘導的急性損傷模型,但針對輻射性腎損傷的干細胞干預還鮮有報道。
放射性膀胱炎是一種少見的泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病,主要癥狀包括尿頻、尿急、夜尿、疼痛、尿失禁、膀胱容量減少和血尿,通常是由放射治療和環(huán)磷酰胺引起的,其中高劑量(劑量>70 Gy)的放射治療的相關性更高[28]。放射性膀胱炎可分為3個階段:最初的急性炎癥反應通常只在放射治療后幾周;接下來是無癥狀期,可以持續(xù)數月至數年;第3個是不可逆轉的慢性階段,代表了沒有標準管理的一系列臨床癥狀[29-30]。從嚴重程度看,可分為輕、中、重3度,診斷主要依靠臨床表現和膀胱鏡檢查。
通常不同程度的放射性膀胱炎需采用不同的治療方法。輕度采用保守配合高壓氧治療[31];中度采用膀胱沖洗聯合經尿道電凝止血治療;重度采用經尿道電凝止血聯合選擇性雙側髂內動脈分支栓塞術。但這些治療方法具有局限性且復發(fā)率較高。隨著人們眼光轉向干細胞,不少研究者也嘗試用干細胞對膀胱炎進行干預,包括使用人胚胎干細胞[32]、間充質干細胞[33]、脂肪干細胞[34]和尿源性干細胞[35]。其中人胚胎干細胞主要以其誘導后的多能干細胞發(fā)揮作用,且實驗對比顯示,其對于尿道細胞脫落、肥大細胞浸潤、組織纖維化以及凋亡等方面的抑制作用都優(yōu)于骨髓間充質干細胞[32];脂肪干細胞與褪黑素聯用能夠顯著緩解尿血、降低炎癥因子(如白細胞介素6、白細胞介素12、腫瘤壞死因子α等)的表達、減少活性氧自由基的產生,從而對急性間質性膀胱炎具有較好的療效[34];此外,尿源性干細胞也通過抑制氧化應激、炎癥反應以及凋亡過程在精蛋白/脂多糖誘導的嚙齒類動物間質性胰腺炎模型中發(fā)揮積極作用,為臨床間質性膀胱炎患者的治療提供可能。但與腎損傷相似的是,這些研究也多針對間質性膀胱炎,模型通常使用0.1 M鹽酸灌注或精蛋白/脂多糖誘導,對于放射性膀胱炎的干細胞干預還未見報道。
對于放射性泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病以及干細胞對泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病的干預的研究皆較成熟,使用干細胞對放射性泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病進行干預勢必會成為新的研究方向,該方向將豐富泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病的治療策略。同時,對于泌尿系統(tǒng)疾病的相關發(fā)病機制也將提供線索和思路。
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JP3全軍十二五面上項目(CSY12J002);全軍重大新藥創(chuàng)制項目(2013ZX09J13109-02B);全軍十二五面上項目(CSY13J002);總后衛(wèi)生部重大新上(ASM14L008)
毛 舜(1989-),女,黑龍江綏化人,碩士
侯明曉,E-mail:houmingxiao188@163.com
2095-5561(2017)05-0306-03DOI∶10.16048/j.issn.2095-5561.2017.05.12
2017-09-09