陳 功 綜述,程 標(biāo),2△ 審校
(1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院,貴州 遵義 563000; 2.四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院,四川 成都 610072)
*通訊作者
冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變介入治療的新進(jìn)展
陳 功1綜述,程 標(biāo)1,2△審校
(1.遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院,貴州 遵義 563000; 2.四川省醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院·四川省人民醫(yī)院,四川 成都 610072)
冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變(chronictotal occlusion,CTO)是當(dāng)前冠脈介入熱點(diǎn)之一,成功的CTO介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)可以緩解心絞痛癥狀;改善左室功能;減少冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋手術(shù)需要。隨著新的理念,策略及器械的改進(jìn),PCI開通CTO病變成功率逐漸提高,并發(fā)癥相對(duì)減少。本文將對(duì)PCI開通CTO病變意義及介入技術(shù)熱點(diǎn)作一綜述。
冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變;冠心病;介入治療;左室射血分?jǐn)?shù);存活心肌
冠心病(coronary heart disease,CHD)是發(fā)病率及死亡率較高的疾病,CHD目前手術(shù)方式主要有經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)和冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)。對(duì)于CHD病變的開通,無論在成功率或是預(yù)后改善程度上PCI均不亞于CABG[1]。SYNTAX、SYNTAXII、EuroSCORE、EuroSCORE II研究[2~5]結(jié)果提示:PCI能有效地緩解CHD的心絞痛癥狀,降低死亡率及終點(diǎn)事件。目前PCI已廣泛用于開通CHD中的A、B、C類型病變。開通冠狀動(dòng)脈慢性完全閉塞病變(chronictotal occlusion,CTO)病變?nèi)匀皇枪诿}介入治療的難點(diǎn)及熱點(diǎn)[6]。新的理念、策略及器械提高了PCI開通CTO病變成功率,降低了并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。本文將對(duì)CTO病變的治療現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行回顧,同時(shí)對(duì)CTO-PCI領(lǐng)域的新技術(shù)及新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行闡述和分析。
1.1 CTO病變病理特點(diǎn) CTO形成是在冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄或急性閉塞基礎(chǔ)上血栓形成,纖維化和鈣化逐漸演變過程。由內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞壞死,炎癥介質(zhì)釋放,膠原及鈣鹽沉積、血栓纖維化使閉塞段進(jìn)一步延長(zhǎng)及變得堅(jiān)硬[7]。局部的病理改變主要包括: 炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)、鈣鹽沉積、纖維帽形成、側(cè)支微血管形成。
1.1.1 炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn) CTO早期以炎癥反應(yīng)所致血管內(nèi)膜損傷,細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白多糖、低密度膠原形成和血栓中成纖維細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)等病理變化為主。斑塊破裂形成的新鮮血栓,逐漸被炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。在閉塞病變形成的第6周,伴隨著CTO病變持續(xù)血流灌注,閉塞段血管內(nèi)膜中泡沫細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞逐漸增加,出現(xiàn)纖維化和鈣化,此時(shí)病變部位血管局部收縮可促進(jìn)斑塊發(fā)展產(chǎn)生負(fù)性重構(gòu)[8]。內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞侵入血栓組織中的纖維蛋白內(nèi),形成微通道,炎癥反應(yīng)也會(huì)加速新生血管形成,CTO微通道數(shù)量與炎癥程度成正比[9]。微通道被認(rèn)為是CTO病變中閉塞段近端和遠(yuǎn)端管腔對(duì)于低氧的一種生理反應(yīng)。微通道平均直徑約200 μm,有利于CTO-PCI導(dǎo)絲通過病變,提高成功率[10]。
1.1.2 纖維帽形成 CTO閉塞段近端和遠(yuǎn)端血管兩處血流剪力不同,近端纖維帽由纖維組織包圍血栓及脂質(zhì)成分形成,由于受到較大血流沖擊機(jī)而纖維組織成分較多,從而非常堅(jiān)硬。導(dǎo)絲行走具有向阻力最小方向前進(jìn)的特性,通常難以穿透近端纖維帽,尤其是纖維帽位于分叉處,所以近端致密的纖維帽被認(rèn)為是直接導(dǎo)致正向開通失敗的主要原因[11]。遠(yuǎn)端纖維帽受到血流沖擊作用小于近端纖維帽,其硬度和厚度均較低,閉塞段遠(yuǎn)端疏松的纖維帽為逆行鋼絲帶來了條件,是運(yùn)用逆向?qū)Ыz技術(shù)開通閉塞病變的病理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)[9]。
1.1.3 病變內(nèi)鈣化 閉塞病變處的鈣化與閉塞時(shí)間相關(guān),新近產(chǎn)生的完全閉塞很少發(fā)生鈣化,隨著CTO時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),鈣化的程度和長(zhǎng)度不斷增加。Sakakura等[11]根據(jù)斑塊中鈣化程度分為軟斑塊、硬斑塊以及復(fù)合斑塊,斑塊鈣化程度會(huì)影響導(dǎo)絲前行的難易度,鈣化越嚴(yán)重,導(dǎo)絲更容易進(jìn)入到組織間隙。對(duì)于病變的鈣化程度冠脈造影通常不能準(zhǔn)確判斷,可采用IVUS和OCT判斷。
1.1.4 側(cè)支微血管形成 研究發(fā)現(xiàn):冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支血管在正常情況下處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài),造影時(shí)并不顯影。這些側(cè)支平均直徑為0.5~1 mm,左心室及室間隔最常見[12]。在冠狀動(dòng)脈阻塞時(shí),冠狀動(dòng)脈側(cè)支起著重大的代償作用,該部原有側(cè)支的血管部分?jǐn)U張形成旁路,血液迂回地通過這些旁路到達(dá)缺血區(qū)域。目前主要有兩種分級(jí)方式rentrop分級(jí)[13]和CC分級(jí)[14]。rentrop分級(jí)主要通過側(cè)支循環(huán)解剖結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)其進(jìn)行分級(jí),不能反映實(shí)際血流與功能;CC分級(jí)更能反映側(cè)支循環(huán)對(duì)心臟保護(hù)作用,目前使用更為廣泛。側(cè)支循環(huán)可部分代償閉塞血管為心肌供血,但只能達(dá)正常前向血供10%,僅能維持靜息下生理需要[15]。CTO患者可出現(xiàn)心絞痛、慢性心功能不全等臨床表現(xiàn)。側(cè)支循環(huán)不充分CTO患者,易發(fā)生心室重構(gòu)、室壁瘤和缺血性心肌病等改變[16]。
1.2 CTO病變的臨床特點(diǎn) 各中心CTO病變檢出率有所不同,有資料顯示約為冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病(coronary artery disease,CAD)患者20%~40%[17,18]。CTO患者平均年齡(66±11)歲,非CTO冠心病平均年齡(64±12)歲,CTO男女比例約為4:1[18,19]。CTO患者較非CTO冠心病患者有更多的高危因素,包括糖尿病患病率、高血、高脂血癥、心功能不全及外周動(dòng)脈疾病[18]。CTO病變表現(xiàn)具有多樣性:心肌缺血、心絞痛、缺血性心力衰竭[15]。臨床數(shù)據(jù)顯示:約88.7%CTO患者出現(xiàn)勞力性心絞痛癥狀,約17%患者可出現(xiàn)缺血性心力衰竭[15]。約40%CTO患者既往有心肌梗死病史,25%心電圖存在病理性Q波。其中32%RCA-CTO、13% LAD-CTO及26%LCX-CTO相關(guān)導(dǎo)聯(lián)心電圖有病理性Q波,可伴隨存在ST-T變化[20]。一些中心資料顯示通過冠脈造影發(fā)現(xiàn)CTO發(fā)生于右冠狀動(dòng)脈(RCA)比例約47%,發(fā)生于LAD約20%,發(fā)生于左冠狀動(dòng)脈回旋支(LCX)約16%,或多支(2支及以上)病變約17%[19]。大部分CTO存在側(cè)支循環(huán),存在側(cè)支循環(huán)的形成可能會(huì)抵消心肌損傷的癥狀,或僅輕度臨床癥狀[14~16]。CTO病變常采用單純藥物治療、PCI或CABG,CTO-PCI前向開通時(shí)夾層,穿孔,血栓發(fā)生率分別是14.7%,8.2%和3.7%[21],PCI治療與單純藥物治療的CTO患者6年死亡率比為1.1% vs. 7.2%(P= 0.05),主要心血管不良事件(MACE)發(fā)生率為3.8% vs. 5.4%(P= 0.02)[22,23]。CTO病變主要手術(shù)方式有PCI和CABG,資料顯示CTO接受單純藥物治療比例約為64%,采取CABG比例約26%,僅有10%患者接受CTO-PCI血運(yùn)重建[18]。
CTO病變是冠狀動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重狹窄的最終狀態(tài),即使豐富的CTO側(cè)支循環(huán)僅能代償原血管10%血供,病變遠(yuǎn)端心肌缺血可出現(xiàn)心絞痛、心功能不全等癥狀,甚至出現(xiàn)心室重構(gòu)、室壁瘤和缺血性心肌病等改變[15,24]。部分研究發(fā)現(xiàn)成功的CTO-PCI可以緩解心絞痛癥狀,提高生活質(zhì)量[22,25,26];改善左室功能,提高左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)[27,28];增加心肌電穩(wěn)定性,降低心血管不良事件MACE的發(fā)生率,減少冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋手術(shù)需要,提高生存率[22,23,29~33]。
2.1 緩解心絞痛癥狀,提高生活質(zhì)量 CTO血運(yùn)重建預(yù)期獲益被認(rèn)為與心肌缺血改善情況相關(guān),這種改善同非CTO冠心病原理類似[34]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)成功的CTO-PCI能改善心絞痛癥狀,提高生活質(zhì)量及滿意度。Grantham等2010年發(fā)表的FACTOR實(shí)驗(yàn)[25]共納入125名CTO患者,在PCI術(shù)前、術(shù)后1月內(nèi)完成西雅圖心絞痛調(diào)查(seattle angina questionnaire,SAQ)問卷。結(jié)果顯示:成功開通的CTO患者在心絞痛發(fā)作頻率(P< 0.001)、生活質(zhì)量及運(yùn)動(dòng)耐量(P= 0.01)及生活滿意度(P= 0.03)上均有所改善。TOAST-GISE研究[22]是一項(xiàng)多中心、前瞻性研究。該研究連續(xù)納入369例CTO-PCI患者,隨訪1年結(jié)果表明:CTO-PCI成功組心絞痛發(fā)生率顯著低于失敗組。Borgia等[26]對(duì)302例接受經(jīng)皮CTO-PCI患者進(jìn)行為期4年隨訪。其中237人(78%)成功開通,65人(22%)操作失敗。成功手術(shù)的患者較失敗患者心絞痛發(fā)作頻率更低(P< 0.001),生活質(zhì)量明顯提高(P= 0.01),患者生活滿意度更高(P= 0.03)。
以上試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)CTO-PCI能改善心絞痛患者癥狀,對(duì)于無心絞痛癥狀的穩(wěn)定性冠狀動(dòng)脈疾病(stable coronary artery disease,SCAD)開通獲益目前尚存在爭(zhēng)議。COURAGE注冊(cè)研究[35]通過納入1999年至2004年2287例SCAD患者,隨機(jī)分為優(yōu)化藥物治療1138人和優(yōu)化藥物+PCI治療1149人,隨訪2.5~7年兩組累積心血管事件、死亡率、非致死性心肌梗死率、急性心肌梗死、卒中、因急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征住院率均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。COURAGE試驗(yàn)提示:SCAD患者PCI治療較單純藥物治療在預(yù)防MACE事件、心肌梗死及降低死亡率沒有明顯差異。因此對(duì)于開通SCAD患者CTO血管,可能仍需要更多臨床證據(jù)。
2.2 改善心室功能 CTO患者因?yàn)樾募∪毖稍斐勺笫夜δ芟陆礫15],成功的CTO-PCI能改善左室功能,提高左室LVEF并逆轉(zhuǎn)心室重構(gòu)。Chadid等[27]通過對(duì)43名成功CTO-PCI患者在術(shù)前及術(shù)后通過心肌磁共振檢查評(píng)估左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)及室壁運(yùn)動(dòng),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)LVEF顯著增加,室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)均較前改善(P< 0.01),具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。薈萃分析顯示:成功CTO-PCI可使患者LVEF總體提高4.44% (P< 0.01),成功的CTO-PCI避免左室重構(gòu),降低左心室舒張末期容積(P< 0.01)[28]。
2.3 降低MACE事件 美國(guó)心臟研究所(MAHI)納入1980年至1999年2007例CTO-PCI患者發(fā)現(xiàn),成功CTO-PCI患者住院期間MACE事件發(fā)生率低于PCI失敗者(P= 0.02)[23]。TOAST-GISE研究[22]結(jié)果提示CTO-PCI成功組心源性死亡和心肌梗死發(fā)生率較失敗組顯著降低(1.1% vs.7.2%,P= 0.05)。目前缺乏直接證據(jù)表明成功CTO-PCI術(shù)后能改善心肌電穩(wěn)定性,但是可以通過CTO患者因缺血需要ICD的比例來佐證。VACTO研究[29]顯示CTO患者常有較高的室性心律失常風(fēng)險(xiǎn),多變量分析,CTO是ICD植入的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P= 0.003)。致室性心動(dòng)過速可能是由于心肌的灌注不足可導(dǎo)致心肌自律細(xì)胞功能異常。 CTO-PCI后患者缺血的改善可能增強(qiáng)患者心肌的電穩(wěn)定性,而ICD的植入是為了預(yù)防心律失常的損害和而不是解決缺血。
2.4 減少CABG需要及提高生存率 Joyal等[33]對(duì)13項(xiàng)納入7288例CTO患者行PCI成功例數(shù)和失敗例數(shù)研究的薈萃結(jié)果分析表明,成功進(jìn)行PCI治療的CTO患者6年死亡率顯著低于失敗患者,隨后行CABG比例均存在顯著差異。Safley等[30]對(duì)美洲地區(qū)2608例CTO患者數(shù)據(jù)分析,CTO病變患者行PCI治療后5年生存率明顯提高(88.9%vs. 80.2%,P< 0.001)。Mehran等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)成功的CTO-PCI是降低心臟死亡率的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)(P< 0.01),且減少需要冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋手術(shù)比例(P< 0.01);降低全因死亡率(P=0.05)。Khan等[31]通過對(duì)23個(gè)觀察性研究PCI治療CTO患者12970例進(jìn)行meta分析。研究結(jié)果表明,隨訪時(shí)間為3.7~2.1年內(nèi)成功組具有更低全因死亡率(P< 0.001)、MACE事件(P< 0.001)和后續(xù)CABG需要(P< 0.001)。
Kirschbaum等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn)存活心肌(viablemyocardium)的存在是開通CTO病變獲益的前提。大多數(shù)CTO 病變存在側(cè)支循環(huán),由于側(cè)支循環(huán)對(duì)閉塞區(qū)域的保護(hù)作用,慢性閉塞血管供血區(qū)域仍有存活心肌,但因長(zhǎng)期缺血,該處心肌表現(xiàn)為低代謝、低灌注的冬眠狀態(tài)。大量的冬眠心肌存在可造成心室功能受損,出現(xiàn)射血分?jǐn)?shù)降低和心室重構(gòu)。如果該處心肌的供氧平衡得以改善,冬眠心肌的功能在隨后就可以得到部分或全部恢復(fù)。閉塞病變區(qū)域是否有存活心肌決定了血運(yùn)重建術(shù)的療效[36,37]。如果梗死區(qū)域沒有存活心肌,術(shù)后患者沒有明顯獲益[38]。PET采用18F標(biāo)記的氟代脫氧葡萄糖(18F-FDG)心肌代謝顯像比較心肌代謝顯像與血流灌注是否匹配來評(píng)估心肌活性,是檢測(cè)存活心肌的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,SPECT是一種最常用的存活心肌監(jiān)測(cè)方法[39]。PARR-2臨床研究[40]通過對(duì)182名LVEF<35%冠心病患者術(shù)前行18F-FDG-PET檢測(cè)存活心肌。結(jié)果顯示:存活心肌大于7%的患者PCI治療可降低死亡率,同時(shí)降低MACE事件以及減少心源性住院率(P= 0.02)。Ling等[41]通過納入EF值為(31±12)%的冠心病患者648名,PET檢查后行PCI治療。結(jié)果表明當(dāng)存活心肌≥10%時(shí),冠心病患者接受PCI血運(yùn)重建生存率優(yōu)于單純藥物治療(P= 0.001)。Sun等[42]根據(jù)SPECT/CTCA(CT冠狀動(dòng)脈造影)心肌灌注缺損顯像分層將LAD成功CTO-PCI患者(n=99)分為3組。a組無明顯心臟灌注缺陷(n=9);b組可逆的灌注缺損(n=40)和c組不可逆灌注缺損(n=50)。結(jié)果顯示:術(shù)后1年SPECT/CTCA融合成像表明,a組改善(20%,P=0.001) ;b組改善(15%,P= 0.041),左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)分別改善(6%,P=0.002 );(4.1%,P=0.006),6分鐘步行試驗(yàn)分別為(50 m,P< 0.05);(25 m,P< 0.05),SAQ調(diào)查(18,P< 0.05);(15,P< 0.05)。CTO-PCI的患者中無明顯灌注缺損組沒有觀察到獲益(n=9)。該實(shí)驗(yàn)提示:存活心肌的存在是CTO-PCI能顯改善心肌灌注,改善心絞痛癥狀及心功能的前提。一項(xiàng)小樣本試驗(yàn)[43]證明即使缺乏存活心肌,開通CTO血管仍能獲益。
CTO病變除單純藥物治療外,主有以下幾種方式:介入治療、外科治療和冷激光-準(zhǔn)分子激光冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊消融術(shù)(excimer laser coronary atherectomy,ELCA)。
4.1 介入治療 CTO介入治療因創(chuàng)傷小,恢復(fù)快等優(yōu)點(diǎn)仍然是CTO的主要手術(shù)方式之一[44]。介入治療指征[45]:①藥物不能控制的心絞痛; ②影像學(xué)檢查提示大面心肌缺血;③造影提示血管和病變解剖適合行PCI治療。
4.2 外科治療 CABG是在冠狀動(dòng)脈閉塞的近端和遠(yuǎn)端之間取患者乳內(nèi)動(dòng)脈、大隱靜脈、橈動(dòng)脈等血管建立一條通道,使血液繞過閉塞血管而到達(dá)遠(yuǎn)端。治療指征[46]: ①同時(shí)合并多支CTO病變;②解剖學(xué)特征不適宜PCI。
CTO病變行PCI或CABG治療的選擇需要結(jié)合患者臨床及解剖學(xué)特征,對(duì)手術(shù)成功率、不良事件綜合評(píng)估。目前部分研究和指南給出一定指導(dǎo)意見。SYNTAX研究[3]顯示,SYNTAX積分低危和中危的患者接受PCI或CABG均是合適的。在死亡率和心肌梗死發(fā)生率方面PCI和CABG兩組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,在隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn)PCI組中SYNTAX積分高的患者。SYNTAX評(píng)分僅通過對(duì)病變本身分級(jí),沒有納入患者臨床數(shù)據(jù),存在一定不足。SYNTAXⅡ評(píng)分[4]在SYNTAX基礎(chǔ)加入了以下預(yù)測(cè)因子:性別、年齡、肌酐清除率、左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(Left ventricular Ejection Fraction,LVEF)、無保護(hù)的左主干病變、外周血管疾病、慢性阻塞性肺疾病。SYNTAXⅡ評(píng)分采取個(gè)體化方案,加入臨床變量,能夠客觀有效預(yù)測(cè)患者行CABG與行PCI后4年病死率的差異(P= 0.0037)。SYNTAX及SYNTAXⅡ評(píng)分均是對(duì)患者CABG和PCI遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)評(píng)估。Euroscore評(píng)分[2]通過對(duì)病人相關(guān)因素、心臟相關(guān)因素、手術(shù)相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行評(píng)估,EuroscoreII評(píng)分[5]在Euroscore評(píng)分基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步完善評(píng)分項(xiàng)目,通過18項(xiàng)臨床特點(diǎn)評(píng)估CABG和PCI院內(nèi)死亡率,目前術(shù)前被廣泛運(yùn)用。2016年中國(guó)經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療指南[47]對(duì)采用SYNTAX、SYNTAXⅡ、EuroscoreII指導(dǎo)CTO病變PCI治療推薦等級(jí)分別是I、IIa、IIa。Euroscore主要驗(yàn)證手術(shù)病死率,EuroscoreII主要驗(yàn)證院內(nèi)病死率,SYNTAX主要驗(yàn)證≥1年MACE風(fēng)險(xiǎn),SYNTAXⅡ主要驗(yàn)證4年病死率。
4.3 冷激光-準(zhǔn)分子激光冠狀動(dòng)脈斑塊消融術(shù) ELCA術(shù)是一種心臟介入輔助治療手段,準(zhǔn)分子激光是冷光源,通過激光導(dǎo)管對(duì)斑塊進(jìn)行消融[48]。其特點(diǎn)是波長(zhǎng)短,消融深度淺。使ELCA因其明顯的臨床效果和較低的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率成為復(fù)雜冠狀動(dòng)脈病變介入治療的選擇。LEONARDO臨床研究[49]證明其是安全可行,有效的處理CTO病變的協(xié)同工具。對(duì)于導(dǎo)絲可以通過,但球囊等其他介入器械不能通過或不能擴(kuò)張的病變,通過激光的作用可以對(duì)斑塊進(jìn)行消蝕,開辟一條通路。對(duì)于導(dǎo)絲不能通過的病變,激光在纖維帽近端消蝕有血管穿孔的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。相信通過對(duì)激光導(dǎo)管頭部的改良,ELCA可能會(huì)在導(dǎo)絲不能通過的CTO治療中發(fā)揮一定作用[49]。
5.1 CTO-PCI現(xiàn)狀 ①成功率:目前PCI開通CTO病變成功率約為85%,日本中心開通率超過90%,逆向成功率達(dá)84%[44,50,51]。導(dǎo)絲使用比例Fielder XT及Fielder XT-R/XT-A約為56.7%居于首位;Pilot系列及Gaia系列以16%和9.6%分列二三;在逆向技術(shù)中Sion作為首選導(dǎo)絲使用比例為69%。Reverse CART技術(shù)在逆向開通中使用比例最高,約為52%。②失敗常見原因:導(dǎo)絲不能通過病變約80%,球囊不能通過約15%,球囊通過不能擴(kuò)張約5%。隨著PCI器械的不斷改進(jìn)和術(shù)者的技術(shù)不斷提高。③并發(fā)癥:目前CTO-PCI的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較非閉塞病變較高[21]。來自美國(guó)的多中心CTO注冊(cè)研究顯示CTO-PCI開通組患者冠脈夾層和穿孔比例為4.3%和1.7%,失敗組兩者比例分別為9.4%和7.4%[32]。日本的多中心數(shù)據(jù)顯示CTO-PCI前向開通時(shí)夾層,穿孔,血栓發(fā)生率分別是14.7%、8.2%和3.7%,逆向則為10.1%、13%和1.4%[21]。④MACE發(fā)生率:CTO-PCI組MACE事件發(fā)生率5.1%。⑤生存率:CTO-PCI成功開通CTO與非CTO病變開通患者10年生存率無明顯差異,CTO-PCI成功組和失敗組10年生存率差異顯著(P= 0.002)[23]。部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為CTO-PCI失敗組患者預(yù)后差重要原因之一正是因?yàn)椴l(fā)癥高所致,降低并發(fā)癥較提高成功率更為重要[52,53]。
5.2 CTO-PCI難點(diǎn) CTO-PCI常用技術(shù)包括正向開通技術(shù)、逆向開通技術(shù)、Hybrid策略。不論采用何種技術(shù),CTO病變行PCI治療時(shí)導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入內(nèi)膜下形成夾層血腫是難以避免的。導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入內(nèi)膜下后如何重回血管真腔成為CTO-PCI的技術(shù)難點(diǎn),主要包括以下方式:①Re-entry技術(shù):由于CTO血管迂曲、鈣化等特點(diǎn),導(dǎo)絲易進(jìn)入血管內(nèi)膜下,當(dāng)導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入內(nèi)膜下后,術(shù)者可將導(dǎo)絲退回,調(diào)整方向?qū)ふ艺媲幌蚯巴七M(jìn),被稱為Re-entry技術(shù)。②平行導(dǎo)絲技術(shù)[54]是正向開通常用技術(shù),當(dāng)?shù)?根導(dǎo)絲多次嘗試不能進(jìn)入真腔,將其保留起到屏障和路標(biāo)作用,嘗試第2根導(dǎo)絲從其他方向進(jìn)入靶血管真腔。導(dǎo)絲互參技術(shù)在平行導(dǎo)絲技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上改良,采用兩根導(dǎo)絲+微導(dǎo)管交替前行直至通過閉塞遠(yuǎn)端到達(dá)真腔。此技術(shù)可以避免反復(fù)進(jìn)入同一個(gè)方向假腔。Crusade雙腔微導(dǎo)管有兩個(gè)方向相反的開口,兩根導(dǎo)絲可以在其內(nèi)不斷調(diào)整方向,是極為理想的平行導(dǎo)絲技術(shù)器械。③knuckle wire技術(shù)[55]:通過導(dǎo)絲鈍性分離血管內(nèi)膜通過閉塞段,迂曲導(dǎo)絲不易進(jìn)入分支,常是在分叉處撕裂回真腔。④限制性正向內(nèi)膜下尋徑技術(shù)LAST(limited antegrade subintimal tracking)技術(shù)[56]是knuckle導(dǎo)絲向前但并不通過遠(yuǎn)端纖維帽,然后采用較硬的導(dǎo)絲將頭端做一直角折彎,在微導(dǎo)管的幫助下刺入CTO遠(yuǎn)端血管真腔,目前也沒有大型研究證實(shí)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的可行性及遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后。⑤內(nèi)膜下尋徑及重入真腔技術(shù)(Subintimal Tracking and Re-entry,STAR)[57],是術(shù)中導(dǎo)絲從假腔通過閉塞段,在閉塞段遠(yuǎn)端重回到血管真腔。最終形成真腔-假腔-真腔,并放置支架。STAR技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)是Knuckle導(dǎo)絲技術(shù),該技術(shù)是通過導(dǎo)絲鈍性分離血管內(nèi)膜通過閉塞段該技術(shù)提高手術(shù)成功率。Carlino等[58]在STAR技術(shù)上進(jìn)行改良,將微導(dǎo)管沿已進(jìn)入內(nèi)膜下的導(dǎo)絲送入夾層中,進(jìn)行微導(dǎo)管抽吸血腫,根據(jù)造影顯示的夾層形態(tài),操作導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入真腔,部分術(shù)者運(yùn)用該技術(shù)時(shí)不進(jìn)行微導(dǎo)管造影,直接小心沿導(dǎo)絲推送微導(dǎo)管至閉塞遠(yuǎn)端,再嘗試重回真腔。⑥CART及反向CART技術(shù)[59]:CART為控制性內(nèi)膜下尋徑技術(shù),前向?qū)Ыz進(jìn)入閉塞段近端假腔,可通過逆向送入一根導(dǎo)絲在閉塞段內(nèi)進(jìn)入假腔,經(jīng)逆向?qū)Ыz送入球囊擴(kuò)張形成更大的假腔空間,正向?qū)Ыz沿該假腔回到遠(yuǎn)端真腔。反向CART技術(shù)是逆向?qū)Ыz不能回到近端真腔時(shí),正向?qū)Ыz進(jìn)入近端夾層后正向球囊擴(kuò)張形成空隙,逆向?qū)Ыz沿空隙進(jìn)入正向真腔。與CART技術(shù)相比,該技術(shù)不用從間隔支送入球囊,操作相對(duì)安全,穿孔風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小,使用較多。⑦CrossbossTM導(dǎo)管和StingrayTM系統(tǒng)(boston scientific,USA)[60]可以準(zhǔn)確指向并通過內(nèi)膜下重回真腔,為CTO-PCI帶來了新的技術(shù)血液。這種技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)在于運(yùn)用所有可行的方法通過閉塞段(順行、逆行,真假腔交叉或重回真腔),F(xiàn)AST-CTO研究[60]發(fā)現(xiàn),采用該器械可提高手術(shù)成功率,縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間,減少對(duì)比劑用量,并不增加患者不良事件發(fā)生率。術(shù)中發(fā)生壁內(nèi)血腫后可利用微導(dǎo)管抽吸可以減小血腫體積增加導(dǎo)絲再入真腔的機(jī)會(huì),被稱作STRAW技術(shù)[61]。⑧IVUS[62]是一種有創(chuàng)的血管內(nèi)影像檢查技術(shù),可以用于識(shí)別判斷斑塊性質(zhì)、夾層和血腫并指導(dǎo)導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入方向、支架選擇。CTO導(dǎo)絲進(jìn)入內(nèi)膜下,IVUS可識(shí)別夾層并指導(dǎo)導(dǎo)絲重回真腔。IVUS在PCI術(shù)中指導(dǎo)作用越來越受到重視,隨著三維血管內(nèi)超聲成像技術(shù)的發(fā)展,縱向顯像超聲導(dǎo)管的運(yùn)用可以顯示CTO纖維帽和閉塞段內(nèi)的組織結(jié)構(gòu),從而大大提高手術(shù)效率和成功率[63,64]。
5.3 CTO-PCI新技術(shù) Strauss等[65]對(duì)導(dǎo)絲嘗試通過病變失敗CTO-PCI患者,30 min后冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)注射膠原酶。次日,再次行PCI其中75%的患者成功開通。該實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)通過I期臨床試驗(yàn),但該方法的有效性需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。同時(shí)新型的CTO專用器械使用降低手術(shù)難度且提高了成功率,如:超聲Crosser系統(tǒng)、Safe-Cross系統(tǒng)、FrontrunnerXP導(dǎo)管等。超聲Crosser系統(tǒng)通過20kHz高頻振動(dòng)改變斑塊結(jié)構(gòu)及硬度使導(dǎo)絲更易通過。有研究[66]報(bào)道該技術(shù)成功率可到達(dá)93.3%,但存在較多并發(fā)癥。Safe-Cross系統(tǒng)采用光學(xué)導(dǎo)絲發(fā)射紅外線,探測(cè)器通過紅外線吸收和散射情況判斷血管內(nèi)情況。當(dāng)導(dǎo)絲穿出血管壁內(nèi)1毫米即可識(shí)別,該系統(tǒng)可以降低穿孔和夾層風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高手術(shù)成功率[67]。frontrunner XP導(dǎo)管是頭端可以開合從而微型分離CTO病變形成通道的裝置,Shetty等[68]對(duì)22名常規(guī)介入失敗的患者使用該裝置,成功開通21名患者,成功率95.5%。
CTO病變作為是冠脈PCI領(lǐng)域最大的難點(diǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)之一,大量臨床試驗(yàn)表明開通CTO血管是有益的。成功的CTO-PCI可以緩解心絞痛癥狀,改善左室功能,降低MACE的發(fā)生率,減少冠狀動(dòng)脈搭橋手術(shù)需要,提高生存率。新器械:超聲Crosser系統(tǒng)、Safe-Cross系統(tǒng)、FrontrunnerXP導(dǎo)管、新CTO專用導(dǎo)絲等和新技術(shù):各種導(dǎo)絲入假腔重回真腔技術(shù)、CrossbossTM導(dǎo)管和StingrayTM系統(tǒng)、ELCA術(shù)、冠脈內(nèi)注射膠原酶等將在臨床中逐步得到驗(yàn)證和運(yùn)用。同時(shí)我們也看到這些新技術(shù)仍存在不足:成功率仍低、普及性不高、介入中心和術(shù)者缺乏相應(yīng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。隨著器械的革新、技術(shù)的進(jìn)步以及術(shù)者經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累,CTO-PCI成功率將進(jìn)一步提高、并發(fā)癥逐步降低。新技術(shù)的發(fā)展為開通CTO病變帶來了新希望,以上新技術(shù)仍需要在臨床運(yùn)用中進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。
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progress inpercutaneous coronary intervention ofchronictotal occlusion
CHEN Gong,CHENG Biao
R541.4
B
1672-6170(2017)03-0161-06
2016-12-11;
2016-03-10)