孫 陽,姜會梨,盧 峻,費宇彤,楊昕婧,趙冰驄,圖 婭**
(1.北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)針灸推拿學(xué)院 北京 100029;2.北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)針灸推拿學(xué)院精神神經(jīng)疾患研究中心 北京 100029;3.北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)循證醫(yī)學(xué)中心 北京 100029)
基于中醫(yī)學(xué)“異病同治”理念探究神經(jīng)精神疾患共病機制*
孫 陽1,2,姜會梨1,2,盧 峻1,2,費宇彤3,楊昕婧1,2,趙冰驄1,2,圖 婭1,2**
(1.北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)針灸推拿學(xué)院 北京 100029;2.北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)針灸推拿學(xué)院精神神經(jīng)疾患研究中心 北京 100029;3.北京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)循證醫(yī)學(xué)中心 北京 100029)
基于中醫(yī)學(xué)疾病觀與治療觀,結(jié)合本課題組20年研究工作,從“應(yīng)激”-“炎性”-“共病”這一關(guān)鍵途徑出發(fā),探究神經(jīng)-精神系統(tǒng)日趨明顯,揭示共病性病理機制。抑郁癥、精神分裂癥、焦慮癥等精神疾患與缺血性中風(fēng)、阿爾茲海默病、哮喘等存在明顯的病理、生理學(xué)機制重疊:涉及共同的腦區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)、激活共同的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)環(huán)路、影響共同的神經(jīng)化學(xué)物質(zhì)、獲得了確切的療效。因此,“治病求本”和“異病同治”效應(yīng)指向的“神經(jīng)-精神系統(tǒng)疾患共病”將是我們今后深入探究的主題。
應(yīng)激 炎性反應(yīng) 神經(jīng)-精神系統(tǒng)疾患 共病
亙古常新的中醫(yī)學(xué)和一日千里的現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)技術(shù)昭示我們:醫(yī)學(xué)不僅是維護健康的技術(shù)操作,也是人類認(rèn)識自身和身外世界的理性思考。醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展到今天,必須具備大健康視角、大醫(yī)學(xué)視野和多元化價值觀追求;而長期存在、持續(xù)發(fā)展的中醫(yī)學(xué),要被世界關(guān)注、被時代認(rèn)同的前提,毋庸置疑地取決于其臨床價值。將人的心身相關(guān)性直接運用于指導(dǎo)臨床治療的心身形神一體化、關(guān)注人的社會生存狀態(tài)的整體觀念,是中醫(yī)藥/針灸治療精神疾患的臨床優(yōu)勢;“所以任物者謂之心”,社會角色改變及適應(yīng)過程中直接影響“心神”--“悲哀憂愁則心動,心動則五臟六腑皆搖”,并直接干擾人的整個生命狀態(tài)--與“心理應(yīng)激-軀體應(yīng)激”達成跨時空的高度共識。
“經(jīng)脈者,所以行血氣而營陰陽,濡筋骨、利關(guān)節(jié)、調(diào)虛實,決死生,處百病,不可不通?!北菊n題組相關(guān)研究提示:針刺對炎癥反應(yīng)、免疫反應(yīng)通路上差異基因的調(diào)控作用可能是針刺多靶點抗抑郁效應(yīng)機制所在。在此過程中多個參與炎癥反應(yīng)和免疫調(diào)節(jié)的差異蛋白通過以上涉及的信號通路發(fā)揮作用,這提示我們從“共病”角度審視中醫(yī)“辨證論治”、“異病同治”的深刻科學(xué)內(nèi)涵。現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)在掌握人體微觀局部的精確過程后,對生命現(xiàn)象整體層面上的關(guān)注便上升為關(guān)鍵要素;醫(yī)學(xué)-生命科學(xué)正在探尋思維模式、研究視角和技術(shù)手段的全面創(chuàng)新。我們有理由相信,中醫(yī)學(xué)惠及人類的不僅僅是一方一藥,而是一種價值觀,即,將個性化的、形神兼具的、與生存環(huán)境構(gòu)成整體的“人”的非健康狀態(tài)的解除視為唯一要務(wù)。
隨著神經(jīng)精神疾患的病理生理機制、臨床治療效應(yīng)的研究不斷深化,關(guān)于人類個體感知應(yīng)答內(nèi)外環(huán)境刺激的機制、關(guān)于精神情緒與健康-疾患的神經(jīng)生化和遺傳基礎(chǔ)與差異,以及關(guān)于精神神經(jīng)疾患的發(fā)病及病理生理研究“各不相關(guān)”的理念正在被動搖和被取代,探究指向“應(yīng)激”-“炎性”-“共病”關(guān)鍵途徑,這將為腦科學(xué)與神經(jīng)精神疾患研究中不斷被賦予新的深度和內(nèi)涵。此前,對于應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)多種軀體-精神疾患的機制研究尚停留在單一病種癥狀學(xué)階段。最近關(guān)于“應(yīng)激-炎性”參與介導(dǎo)多系統(tǒng)功能紊亂和神經(jīng)生物學(xué)異常[1,2]相關(guān)研究被不斷驗證,其中包括神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)失衡、免疫功能紊亂、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌失調(diào)、神經(jīng)可塑性異常,因此,真正意義上的“共病”概念呼之欲出。
本課題組長期從事神經(jīng)精神系統(tǒng)疾患臨床防治及機理研究工作,主要包括抑郁癥、缺血性中風(fēng)等。在臨床研究方面,以腦功能磁共振成像技術(shù)探討閾下抑郁/抑郁癥腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能連接差異的特征性研究[3,4]表明,閾下抑郁(Subthreshold Depression,StD)患者認(rèn)知控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Cognitive Control Network,CNN)的靜息態(tài)功能連接(Resting State Functional Connectivity,rs-FC)顯著降低,尤其是背外側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)、顳頂聯(lián)合區(qū)、楔前葉、腦島等區(qū)域最為明顯。此外,對電針干預(yù)抑郁人群腦功能變化的特征進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),電針干預(yù)后,抑郁人群腦認(rèn)知控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能連接變化與HAMD量表7大因子團減分率有相關(guān)性。尤其是在右側(cè)后扣帶回、后扣帶回、楔前葉、膝下前扣帶回、海馬旁回、梭狀回等腦區(qū)表現(xiàn)明顯。在機制研究方面,本課題組基于前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),針刺可顯著改善慢性應(yīng)激抑郁大鼠的探究和快感缺失行為,提高學(xué)習(xí)和記憶功能,調(diào)節(jié)由下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺(Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal,HPA)軸及cAMPPKA-CREB、Ras-ERK、PI-3K/Akt、JNK、p38 MAPK等多種信號通路介導(dǎo)的腦組織(前額葉皮質(zhì)/海馬/下丘腦/垂體)神經(jīng)元凋亡及血清炎性細胞因子水平[5-7],發(fā)揮針刺抗抑郁作用,并初步發(fā)現(xiàn)針刺和抗抑郁藥物的作用途徑可能存在差異。蛋白組學(xué)層面,基于蛋白芯片及iTRAQ技術(shù)聯(lián)合LC-MS/MS鑒定技術(shù)顯示,多因素、多靶點共同參與了抑郁癥的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程,而針刺對其具有廣泛調(diào)節(jié)作用[8]??傊谇捌谘芯炕A(chǔ)和眾多研究證實,抑郁癥、精神分裂癥和焦慮癥等精神疾患與缺血性中風(fēng)、阿爾茲海默病、哮喘等神經(jīng)/軀體疾患存在著眾多的病理生理學(xué)機制重疊,表現(xiàn)為多種軀體和精神疾患共病。它們之間是相互影響、相互作用的復(fù)雜網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系:涉及了共同的腦區(qū)結(jié)構(gòu)、激活了共同的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)環(huán)路、影響了共同的神經(jīng)化學(xué)物質(zhì)、確切療效的“異病同治”效應(yīng)。
應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)了神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌、免疫系統(tǒng)功能的紊亂,進而影響調(diào)節(jié)認(rèn)知和情感、學(xué)習(xí)和記憶行為的神經(jīng)環(huán)路,介導(dǎo)行為的神經(jīng)環(huán)路最終會投射到共同腦區(qū)并將其激活;而動機和獎賞減退(快感缺乏)、逃避和恐慌(焦慮)是抑郁癥、焦慮癥、精神分裂癥和阿爾茲海默病的典型癥狀[9-12]。抑郁癥、慢性疼痛、焦慮癥、創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙和阿爾茲海默病均表現(xiàn)出海馬體積萎縮、杏仁核增生、前額葉皮質(zhì)中神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)減少以及途徑腹側(cè)背蓋區(qū)到伏狀核(獎賞系統(tǒng))多巴胺投射系統(tǒng)功能失調(diào)[13,14]。
“由應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)炎性-共病”可以用共同的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)通路理論予以解釋[15]。涉及最多的是HPA軸和在此過程中被激活的谷氨酸、P物質(zhì)、5-羥色胺、去甲腎上腺素、多巴胺、腦源性神經(jīng)營養(yǎng)因子、細胞因子、催產(chǎn)素等。當(dāng)機體感知應(yīng)激時,HPA軸就會被激活[16]。HPA軸整合疼痛、記憶以及情緒體驗,調(diào)控HPA軸活性最重要的腦區(qū)是海馬以及杏仁核。下丘腦神經(jīng)元可分泌促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放激素(Corticotropin Releasing Hormone,CRH),海馬表現(xiàn)為抑制效應(yīng),而杏仁核則對此過程進行促進。長期壓力下高水平的糖皮質(zhì)激素對HPA軸的負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)作用中斷,表現(xiàn)為HPA軸的異常和過度激活[17]。炎性細胞因子是HPA軸糖皮質(zhì)激素的高表達狀態(tài)的有效激活劑,導(dǎo)致HPA軸內(nèi)平衡紊亂;IL-1β等增加下丘腦CRH釋放,促使ACTH和CORT生成和分泌[18]。因此,應(yīng)激通過炎癥和免疫系統(tǒng)影響HPA軸功能也是重要原因之一。
神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)對情緒、認(rèn)知、動機調(diào)節(jié)極為重要。多條途徑可通過炎性細胞因子使突觸對單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)5-羥色胺、去甲腎上腺素、多巴胺及興奮性氨基酸谷氨酸的利用性降低,被認(rèn)為是精神神經(jīng)疾患的基本病理生理機制[19-22]。炎癥標(biāo)志物升高不僅出現(xiàn)在抑郁癥患者中[23,24],也出現(xiàn)在焦慮癥和精神分裂患者中[25,26]。炎性細胞因子影響動機和獎賞改變(快感缺乏、疲勞和精神運動障礙),導(dǎo)致敏感性增加(焦慮、興奮和恐慌)[27]。
本課題組基于針刺干預(yù)缺血性中風(fēng)的效應(yīng)機制研究均以“百會”和“印堂”為針刺主穴。相關(guān)研究證實,缺血性中風(fēng)和抑郁癥可能存在的共性病理生理機制,尤其是針刺相同穴位產(chǎn)生的某些共性效應(yīng)機制:電針百會和印堂穴通過調(diào)節(jié)由ACTH、Hsp70、IL-1β、IL-6、TNFα等介導(dǎo)的損傷級聯(lián)反應(yīng)而發(fā)揮改善缺血/再灌注誘發(fā)的腦損傷[28]。該研究結(jié)果引導(dǎo)我們對應(yīng)激-炎癥-神經(jīng)通路-腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能的“上游共病性”這一關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問題深入探索。文獻檢索研究表明,電針百會印堂穴在神經(jīng)精神疾患臨床治療中基本成為必用穴。另一個證據(jù)是,某些抗抑郁藥物能減少系統(tǒng)性炎癥[23],某些人源化抗體對治療情緒障礙也有一定療效[29]。
總之,應(yīng)激參與多種病理過程尤其是應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌途徑,誘導(dǎo)免疫炎性反應(yīng)激活為神經(jīng)精神疾患“共病”研究提供了新視角。
應(yīng)激作為眾多疾患病理過程的重要誘發(fā)因素日益受到重視。1936年,加拿大病理生理學(xué)家Hans Selye首先提出“應(yīng)激”概念,認(rèn)為應(yīng)激是機體對外界或內(nèi)部各種刺激所產(chǎn)生非特異性應(yīng)答反應(yīng)的總和,并將其稱為全身適應(yīng)綜合征(Geaeral Adaptation Syndrome,GAS),后命名為應(yīng)激(Stress)。當(dāng)刺激具備了超負(fù)荷、沖突、不可控制性三個基本特點時,就成為應(yīng)激原(Stressor)。機體需要對環(huán)境中的應(yīng)激原進行適應(yīng),所以個體應(yīng)激受到經(jīng)歷、遺傳和行為反應(yīng)的影響;當(dāng)大腦感知到應(yīng)激原,生理和行為反應(yīng)被啟動,導(dǎo)致適應(yīng)負(fù)荷產(chǎn)生[30]。適應(yīng)負(fù)荷累積造成對神經(jīng)、內(nèi)分泌和免疫應(yīng)激介質(zhì)的過度暴露會引發(fā)多種軀體和精神疾患,包括抑郁癥、創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙(Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,PTSD)、焦慮癥和精神分裂癥等精神疾患,也可導(dǎo)致哮喘和類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等身心疾患[31]。
神經(jīng)病理學(xué)、臨床流行病學(xué)研究證實,由應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥與抑郁癥、焦慮癥、精神分裂癥和阿爾茨海默病的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥反應(yīng)是把雙刃劍:①巨噬細胞有利于神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)組織損傷修復(fù);②強烈炎癥反應(yīng)誘發(fā)和加重局部病變,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)退行性疾患的發(fā)生和發(fā)展。在該過程中,小膠質(zhì)細胞(腦內(nèi)固有免疫細胞,在多種神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾患固有免疫和炎癥反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮重要作用)激活是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)炎癥發(fā)生的特征性表現(xiàn)。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)反復(fù)或長期應(yīng)激/損傷時小膠質(zhì)細胞被頻繁激活,持續(xù)活化并分泌多種炎性相關(guān)因子,導(dǎo)致炎癥反應(yīng),介導(dǎo)抑郁癥等神經(jīng)精神疾患的病理過程。
應(yīng)激參與多種病理過程尤其是誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌途徑[32],而炎癥-免疫反應(yīng)激活為精神神經(jīng)疾患“共病”研究提供了新視角[31]。軀體/心理應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下,活化的交感神經(jīng)纖維釋放兒茶酚胺刺激骨髓產(chǎn)生和釋放骨髓細胞進入外周循環(huán),在外周它們碰到由應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)的損傷相關(guān)分子模式(Damage Associated Molecular Patterns,DAMPs)、細菌等,從腸道滲出的微生物相關(guān)分子模式(Microbial Associated Molecular Patterns,MAMPs)。這些DAMPS隨后激活炎癥信號傳導(dǎo)途徑通路,如核轉(zhuǎn)錄因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)、NOD、LRR和熱結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白 3(Heat Domain Protein 3,NLRP3)炎性小體。受刺激產(chǎn)生的NLRP3激活Caspase1,導(dǎo)致成熟白細胞介素1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和IL-18產(chǎn)生[33]。NF-κB的活化可刺激促進其它促炎性細胞因子的釋放,包括腫瘤壞死因子(Tumor Necrosis Factor,TNF)和IL-6,其與IL-1β和IL-18一起可通過體液和神經(jīng)環(huán)路轉(zhuǎn)運至大腦,從而參與多種神經(jīng)精神共病的病理過程[34-38]。
細胞因子通過神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)系統(tǒng)調(diào)節(jié)大腦神經(jīng)環(huán)路,神經(jīng)影像學(xué)也證實了細胞因子可誘導(dǎo)腦區(qū)活動改變。細胞因子的主要目標(biāo)是調(diào)節(jié)動機和獎賞(保持社交回避和節(jié)能),以及沖動、焦慮和恐慌(保持警惕和免受攻擊)。細胞因子可致多巴胺釋放減少,造成動機和獎賞減退、以基底神經(jīng)節(jié)尤其是腹側(cè)紋狀體的獎賞環(huán)路減少[39-41]。PET、功能磁共振成像、MRS和定量磁化轉(zhuǎn)移成像結(jié)果證實細胞因子介導(dǎo)對大腦影響具有有效性和可重復(fù)性[42,43]。另有研究表明,炎癥介導(dǎo)的獎賞應(yīng)答減退與對厭惡型刺激(即負(fù)性刺激)敏感性增強有關(guān),并且獎賞響應(yīng)減退出現(xiàn)在富含多巴胺結(jié)構(gòu)的基底神經(jīng)節(jié)-黑質(zhì)中[44]。由此可見,炎癥免疫反應(yīng)激活產(chǎn)生的細胞因子影響多巴胺能途徑,并導(dǎo)致動機和獎賞下降或快感缺乏,這正是抑郁癥、焦慮癥、精神分裂癥等精神疾患與阿爾茲海默等神經(jīng)疾患的核心癥狀。
炎癥免疫反應(yīng)激活誘導(dǎo)的炎性因子通過影響5-羥 色 胺(5-Hydroxy Tryptamine,5-HT)、多 巴 胺(Dopamine,DA)和去甲腎上腺素(Noradrenaline,NE)等神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)而影響調(diào)節(jié)行為的神經(jīng)環(huán)路,特別是動機和獎賞減退(快感缺乏)、逃避和恐慌(焦慮)這類神經(jīng)精神疾患的典型癥狀[45]。細胞因子對神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)尤其是DA的影響,可抑制基底神經(jīng)節(jié)的紋狀體環(huán)路、腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉皮層、扣帶回膝上部和背側(cè)前扣帶回內(nèi)涉及獎賞和快感缺失調(diào)節(jié)多個方面,也會激活杏仁核、海馬、背側(cè)前扣帶回和腦島內(nèi)環(huán)路對焦慮、沖動、恐慌情緒的調(diào)節(jié)。功能磁共振成像研究表明,炎癥升高與焦慮相關(guān)的神經(jīng)環(huán)路激活增加有關(guān),其中包括背側(cè)前扣帶回、腦島和杏仁核[46]。必須注意的是,背側(cè)前扣帶回和杏仁核是反映患者高特質(zhì)焦慮和神經(jīng)質(zhì)活躍性增強的腦區(qū)[47],并與炎癥升高有關(guān)[48]。
應(yīng)激在腦科學(xué)與神經(jīng)精神疾患研究中不斷被賦予新的深度和內(nèi)涵。此前,對于應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)多種軀體-精神疾患的機制研究尚停留在單一病種癥狀學(xué)階段。最近關(guān)于“應(yīng)激”-“炎性”參與介導(dǎo)多系統(tǒng)功能紊亂和神經(jīng)生物學(xué)異常相關(guān)研究被不斷驗證,包括神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)失衡、免疫功能紊亂、神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌失調(diào)、神經(jīng)可塑性異常,因此,真正意義上的“共病”概念呼之欲出。抑郁癥與精神神經(jīng)疾患共病、抑郁癥與軀體疾患共病的理念也在延伸,從而為中醫(yī)學(xué)“異病同治”理念的臨床實踐奠定基礎(chǔ)??梢哉J(rèn)為,“應(yīng)激”-“炎性”-神經(jīng)通路-腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)功能的上游“共病”性探索,將成為當(dāng)前及今后相當(dāng)長時間的關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問題和研究熱點,而這些關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問題的揭示,將從針刺治療抑郁癥等精神神經(jīng)疾患效應(yīng)機制的深層視角,以中醫(yī)學(xué)“異病同治”理念的視角進一步強化臨床治療的精準(zhǔn)性并提高普適性。
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Mechanism of Neuropsychiatric Comorbidity Based on the Theory of“Same Treatment for Different Diseases”in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Sun Yang1,2,Jiang Huili1,2,Lu Jun1,2,Fei Yutong3,Yang Xinjing1,2,Zhao Bingcong1,2,Tu Ya1,2
(1.School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion And Tuina,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China;2.Research Center of Mental and Neurological Disorders,School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion And Tuina,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China;3.Centre for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine,Beijing 100029,China)
This study was aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the neuropsychiatric comorbidity in the process of“stress”-“inflammation”-“comorbidity”,from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)basic theory in combination with our previous 20-year findings.Notably,the neural-psychiatric comorbidity between psychiatric disorders,including depression,schizophrenia and anxiety,and systemic diseases,such as ischemic stroke,Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and asthma,have something in common in the pathophysiological mechanism.The stress-induced structural and functional changes in the brain,the stress-initiated diversely structural and neurobiological changes in neurocircuitry,and the stress-mediated neurochemical alterations in neurotransmitter are considered to be involved in the common pathophysiological mechanisms in the neural-psychiatric comorbidity,which initiates a cascade of physiological and psychological processes that contributes to the development of various types of neuropsychiatric disorders.Accordingly,it will be of great significance to investigate mechanisms underlying the neuropsychiatric comorbidity in the process of“stress”-“inflammation”-“comorbidity”under the guidance of the basic theory of“treating disease from the root”and“same treatment for different diseases”in TCM.
Stress,inflammatory response,neuropsychiatric disorders,comorbidity
10.11842/wst.2017.08.006
R277.7
A
2017-07-01
修回日期:2017-08-20
* 國家自然科學(xué)基金委面上項目(81373729):針刺對慢性應(yīng)激抑郁大鼠腦細胞微環(huán)境的影響,負(fù)責(zé)人:圖婭;國家自然科學(xué)基金委面上項目(81574070):基于電針抗抑郁療效機制的腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)-基因表達同步性觀察研究,負(fù)責(zé)人:圖婭。
** 通訊作者:圖婭,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要研究方向:針刺抗抑郁臨床和機理研究。
(責(zé)任編輯:馬雅靜,責(zé)任譯審:王 晶)