張 穎,王聯(lián)生,陳宇霞,黃世敬
(中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院廣安門(mén)醫(yī)院 北京 100053)
基于神經(jīng)血管單元穩(wěn)態(tài)探索開(kāi)心解郁方抗抑郁作用機(jī)制*
張 穎,王聯(lián)生,陳宇霞,黃世敬**
(中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院廣安門(mén)醫(yī)院 北京 100053)
神經(jīng)血管單元(NVU)是以神經(jīng)元、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、血腦屏障以及維持腦組織完整性的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)等多種成員組成的動(dòng)態(tài)功能模塊,NVU的主要成員是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)之一,參與了抑郁癥的病理過(guò)程。抑郁癥神經(jīng)血管單元失穩(wěn)態(tài)主要以神經(jīng)血管解耦聯(lián)、血腦屏障通透性增高及神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)等為特征。中藥治療抑郁癥具有辨證論治、整體調(diào)節(jié)等優(yōu)勢(shì),開(kāi)心解郁方治療抑郁癥療效顯著,本文旨在從腦白質(zhì)功能連通性、保護(hù)神經(jīng)元及膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞損傷、保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,修復(fù)血腦屏障以及減輕神經(jīng)炎癥等角度闡述開(kāi)心解郁方對(duì)NVU的影響,為中醫(yī)藥治療抑郁癥提供新的理論依據(jù)和思路方法。
抑郁癥 神經(jīng)血管單元 開(kāi)心解郁方 作用機(jī)制
抑郁癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制目前尚不明確,除傳統(tǒng)的單胺遞質(zhì)、HPA軸功能失調(diào)和神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)說(shuō)等外,近年來(lái)神經(jīng)血管單元(Neurovascular Unit,NVU)失穩(wěn)態(tài)在其病理機(jī)制中的作用越來(lái)越受到大家的關(guān)注。目前認(rèn)為NVU與抑郁癥之間存在明顯相關(guān)性,NVU失穩(wěn)態(tài)可導(dǎo)致抑郁癥的發(fā)病、是抑郁癥發(fā)病的病理生理基礎(chǔ)[1]。中醫(yī)強(qiáng)調(diào)整體原則,辨證論治,抑郁癥以元?dú)馓澨摓楸荆瑲庋禎嵊魷闃?biāo),臨床多本虛標(biāo)實(shí),治療應(yīng)以培元補(bǔ)虛、開(kāi)郁化滯為其總則,黃世敬教授通過(guò)10余年的臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)和深入研究,深入挖掘和傳承名老中醫(yī)經(jīng)驗(yàn),凝煉其學(xué)術(shù)思想,在“開(kāi)心散”和“四逆散”的基礎(chǔ)上,形成開(kāi)心解郁方,此方益氣開(kāi)郁,治療抑郁癥療效顯著。透過(guò)其以益氣為先而后開(kāi)郁的治則結(jié)合目前神經(jīng)血管單元重構(gòu)學(xué)說(shuō),本論文著重闡述開(kāi)心解郁方對(duì)抑郁癥患者神經(jīng)血管單元微結(jié)構(gòu)的干預(yù)和保護(hù)作用。
NVU的概念由2002年美國(guó)中風(fēng)研究組提出,是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的基本單位,旨在強(qiáng)調(diào)神經(jīng)元-星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(Astrocyte,AST)-血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞(vascular endothelial cell,VEC)之間的相互聯(lián)系和相互作用的重要性,NVU以神經(jīng)元、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、血腦屏障(blood brain barrier,BBB)以及維持腦組織完整性的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)為其結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)[2,3]。NVU是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞之間相互偶聯(lián)的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,通過(guò)細(xì)胞-細(xì)胞間信號(hào)、串話等機(jī)制,共同參與神經(jīng)血管重塑,調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)達(dá)到動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,維護(hù)血-腦穩(wěn)定,任何成分的損傷均可能影響整個(gè)單元的功能。抑郁癥的發(fā)生與不良的社會(huì)生活環(huán)境密切相關(guān),長(zhǎng)期的應(yīng)激性生活事件是誘發(fā)抑郁癥的主要因素之一[4,5],研究發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性應(yīng)激可導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元與神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞壞死、凋亡增多,樹(shù)突分支明顯減少,腦微血管及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損,提示慢性應(yīng)激引起的NVU超微結(jié)構(gòu)組分的損傷及其功能的失穩(wěn)態(tài)可能參與了抑郁癥的病理生理過(guò)程。海馬神經(jīng)元損傷及可塑性障礙是抑郁癥重要發(fā)病機(jī)制之一,長(zhǎng)期的慢性應(yīng)激可導(dǎo)致海馬特別是齒狀回等區(qū)域神經(jīng)元可塑性降低、再生減少、凋亡增加、萎縮等病理改變,與抑郁癥學(xué)習(xí)、記憶和行為障礙密切相關(guān)[6]。而抑郁癥的電休克治療以及部分抗抑郁西藥的作用機(jī)制正是通過(guò)保護(hù)海馬新生神經(jīng)元和促進(jìn)神經(jīng)再生發(fā)揮作用[7]。星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中分布最廣、數(shù)量最多的一類細(xì)胞,在抑郁癥的發(fā)病中扮演重要角色,參與了腦血流、BBB通透性、能量代謝等過(guò)程的調(diào)節(jié)。星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的丟失與抑郁癥海馬、杏仁核、扣帶回皮質(zhì)和前額的功能紊亂明顯相關(guān)[8,9]。鄭曉霓等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥模型大鼠海馬CA3區(qū)血管出現(xiàn)口徑變大,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞形態(tài)不規(guī)則,提示腦微血管及內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷參與了抑郁癥病理過(guò)程。
開(kāi)心解郁方治療抑郁癥臨床療效顯著,臨床觀察顯示其提高認(rèn)知能力、改善抑郁情緒的臨床總有效率達(dá)88.57%[11]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)開(kāi)心解郁方的抗抑郁機(jī)制可能與改善NVU穩(wěn)態(tài)平衡,保護(hù)神經(jīng)元、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、血腦屏障等NVU超微結(jié)構(gòu)功能相關(guān)。
腦部不同區(qū)域白質(zhì),所屬功能各異,腦室周圍白質(zhì)邊緣環(huán)路纖維與認(rèn)知能力和情感相關(guān),其功能障礙可導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知能力下降,抑郁情緒發(fā)生,是認(rèn)知障礙和情緒低下的病理生理基礎(chǔ)[12],改善白質(zhì)纖維生理結(jié)構(gòu)可逆轉(zhuǎn)抑郁癥狀。我們課題組磁共振功能成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)結(jié)果提示抑郁癥患者的前左側(cè)額葉、島葉及右側(cè)頂葉邊緣回及扣帶回等區(qū)低頻振幅(amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,ALFF)值下降,左側(cè)額葉、丘腦和頂葉,右側(cè)顳部、頂葉等部位局部一致性(regional homogeneity,ReHo)降低,腦白質(zhì)纖維功能的連通性障礙,開(kāi)心解郁方治療后,右側(cè)前額葉下回三角部、右側(cè)中央前回、左側(cè)中央前回、右側(cè)背外側(cè)前額葉上回、第二行右側(cè)顳下回、右側(cè)前楔葉ALFF值差異增加,右側(cè)額中回、左側(cè)中央前回、左側(cè)顳上回、左側(cè)小腦ReHo值增加,可見(jiàn)開(kāi)心解郁方能調(diào)解多個(gè)功能腦區(qū)白質(zhì)的連通性,恢復(fù)多腦區(qū)神經(jīng)傳遞通路,改善患者的認(rèn)知與情緒障礙[13]。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),抑郁癥可導(dǎo)致腦白質(zhì)變性,與情感相關(guān)的海馬及額葉和皮層萎縮變小,海馬神經(jīng)元數(shù)目顯著減少[14-16]。持續(xù)的抑郁或應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下神經(jīng)元萎縮、突觸密度下降,內(nèi)側(cè)前額皮質(zhì)中神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞凋亡壞死,數(shù)量減少,髓鞘形成障礙,纖維數(shù)量減少等白質(zhì)損傷性病理改變而出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)信號(hào)傳遞功能減弱,甚至消失。藥物干預(yù)或訓(xùn)練學(xué)習(xí)可加強(qiáng)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間連接而促進(jìn)腦神經(jīng)元結(jié)構(gòu)和功能重塑而改善抑郁狀態(tài)[17,18]。本課題組通過(guò)多次動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示慢性應(yīng)激抑郁癥模型大鼠行為學(xué)發(fā)生改變,強(qiáng)迫游泳不動(dòng)時(shí)間增加、水迷宮潛伏期延長(zhǎng),糖水消耗百分率下降[19],形態(tài)學(xué)檢測(cè)包括電鏡和HE染色可見(jiàn)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞數(shù)目減少,白質(zhì)纖維組織間隙水腫,間隙增寬,海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡數(shù)目增加,白質(zhì)纖維排列紊亂。而開(kāi)心解郁方治療后大鼠行為學(xué)得到明顯改善,學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力增強(qiáng),糖水比值增高,形態(tài)學(xué)顯示神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞損傷程度減輕,組織間隙水腫減少??梢?jiàn)開(kāi)心解郁方對(duì)神經(jīng)組織的病性損傷有改善作用,可減輕慢性應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致的神經(jīng)元及膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的凋亡與壞死[20,21]。通過(guò)檢測(cè)凋亡相關(guān)蛋白B淋巴細(xì)胞瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,bcl-2)、Bcl-2相關(guān) X 蛋白(Bcl-2 Associated X Protein,Bax)的表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)開(kāi)心解郁方使Bcl-2蛋白表達(dá)增強(qiáng)、Bax蛋白表達(dá)降低,可見(jiàn)開(kāi)心解郁方對(duì)神經(jīng)元及少突膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的保護(hù)作用,其機(jī)制可能與調(diào)節(jié)凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-2和Bax的表達(dá)相關(guān)[22]。
腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子(brain-derived neurotrophicfactor,BDNF)可促進(jìn)神經(jīng)元的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,維持成年后神經(jīng)元的生存和功能。應(yīng)激和抑郁導(dǎo)致突觸信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑的紊亂,與BDNF介導(dǎo)的原肌球蛋白相關(guān)激酶B受體的信號(hào)通路功能障礙有關(guān),BDNF對(duì)應(yīng)激所誘導(dǎo)的海馬神經(jīng)損傷和修復(fù)有重要的調(diào)節(jié)功能,可維持神經(jīng)元的分裂、神經(jīng)纖維生長(zhǎng),神經(jīng)元存活[23],促進(jìn)海馬神經(jīng)元軸突、樹(shù)突的生長(zhǎng),軸突樹(shù)突的重構(gòu)和神經(jīng)發(fā)生等,對(duì)慢性應(yīng)激下的海馬神經(jīng)可塑性具有調(diào)控作用[24]。星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在神經(jīng)回路的發(fā)育和神經(jīng)元的生存維持中發(fā)揮了重要作用,膠原纖維酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)是存在于星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)特有的細(xì)胞骨架蛋白,被認(rèn)為是星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞成熟的標(biāo)志,能維持星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定,可反映神經(jīng)細(xì)胞損傷程度,在正常情況下其表達(dá)較少,缺血后被誘導(dǎo)增加,促進(jìn)神經(jīng)修復(fù)[25]。本課題組在對(duì)抑郁癥模型大鼠做了行為學(xué)檢測(cè)后,取海馬組織用PCR和Western blot方法檢測(cè)BDNF、GFAP等基因和蛋白表達(dá),發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁癥模型大鼠BDNF、GFAP基因和蛋白與正常大鼠比較表達(dá)降低,而開(kāi)心解郁方藥物干預(yù)后其表達(dá)增強(qiáng),由此可見(jiàn)開(kāi)心解郁方可通過(guò)促進(jìn)BDNF和GFAP表達(dá),改善抑郁癥大鼠神經(jīng)元和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞損傷。
抑郁癥尤其是血管性抑郁多以心腦血管疾病為發(fā)病基礎(chǔ),腦缺血往往是其誘因,缺血缺氧等可引起NVU失穩(wěn)態(tài)導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)血管脫耦聯(lián)。開(kāi)心解郁方具有活血化瘀之功效,能夠改善腦血流量及微血管內(nèi)環(huán)境[21]?;|(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMPs)是一組同源的中性蛋白酶基因家族,在缺血缺氧和炎性因子作用下,MMP-2和MMP-9可由血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞、小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞等合成,MMP-2和MMP-9可破壞血管基底膜的完整性,造成NVU失穩(wěn)態(tài)、神經(jīng)元損傷和功能障礙[26]。組織型纖溶酶原激活物(Tissue-type plasminogen activator,t-PA)是體內(nèi)纖溶系統(tǒng)的生理激動(dòng)劑,在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)t-PA主要參與了調(diào)節(jié)血腦屏障的通透性和突觸的可塑性。在慢性腦缺血過(guò)程中,t-PA具有重要的神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,其調(diào)節(jié)血腦屏障通透性的作用有益于內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的遷移和血管重建,對(duì)BDNF的激活作用和調(diào)節(jié)突觸的可塑性作用有益于神經(jīng)元的修復(fù)和重生[27]。本課題組進(jìn)一步觀察開(kāi)心解郁方對(duì)抑郁癥模型大鼠MMP-9、t-PA以及血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)表達(dá)影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)開(kāi)心解郁方能夠提高抑郁癥模型動(dòng)物MMP-9、t-PA及VEGF等表達(dá)[28,29],改善其認(rèn)知和學(xué)習(xí)能力,可見(jiàn)開(kāi)心解郁方能夠保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,促進(jìn)血管重構(gòu)。
血腦屏障是循環(huán)系統(tǒng)和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)之間的一個(gè)擴(kuò)散屏障,由腦的微血管系統(tǒng)即內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞終足、基底膜和周細(xì)胞等組成,BBB對(duì)于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)態(tài)的維持具有重要意義[30]。緊密連接蛋白-1(Claudin-1)和緊密連接蛋白-5(Claudin-5)是其主要的屏障蛋白,被認(rèn)為是血腦屏障功能正常與否的敏感指標(biāo)。抑郁癥模型大鼠Claudin-1、Claudin-5表達(dá)顯著降低,血腦屏障功能紊亂,而開(kāi)心解郁方治療后可恢復(fù)其表達(dá)異常,維持BBB正常功能,改善抑郁癥狀[31]。
神經(jīng)炎癥在抑郁癥的病理過(guò)程中具有重要作用,抑郁癥的神經(jīng)炎癥假說(shuō)認(rèn)為炎癥可減少5-羥色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)的合成,在小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活狀態(tài)下減少突觸間隙5-HT水平。同時(shí),炎癥對(duì)于5-HT受體活性以及5-HT轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體活性具有明顯抑制作用[32]。通過(guò)給予白介素 1(interleukin-1,IL-1)、干擾素γ(interferon γ,IFN-γ)、脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides,LPS)以及腫瘤壞死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)等促炎癥因子誘導(dǎo)全身炎癥性反應(yīng)可導(dǎo)致情緒低落、快感缺乏、興趣降低等抑郁行為[33],而給予抗抑郁治療后這些炎癥細(xì)胞因子可明顯降低,抑郁癥狀明顯改善[34]。研究顯示,神經(jīng)炎癥對(duì)于抑郁癥患者NVU功能具有重要影響,可明顯降低NVU功能,同時(shí)增加BBB通透性,該過(guò)程被認(rèn)為是大腦遭遇創(chuàng)傷、感染或其他疾病的普遍性反應(yīng),是抑郁癥的發(fā)病機(jī)理之一[35]。通過(guò)檢測(cè)抑郁癥模型大鼠血清中白介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、白介素2(interleukin-2,IL-2)、白介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)和TNF-α表達(dá)水平發(fā)現(xiàn)這些炎癥因子在模型大鼠中表達(dá)顯著增加,開(kāi)心解郁方治療后其表達(dá)均顯著降低,提示開(kāi)心解郁方可調(diào)節(jié)血清中炎癥細(xì)胞因子的高表達(dá),從而改善抑郁癥狀[36]。
NVU功能的穩(wěn)態(tài)對(duì)于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能的正常發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要,與抑郁癥的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)。NVU功能的正常發(fā)揮主要依賴于神經(jīng)元-膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞-血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞-細(xì)胞基質(zhì)之間的相互作用所構(gòu)成的神經(jīng)微環(huán)境網(wǎng)絡(luò)。其中任一組分受到損傷,動(dòng)態(tài)平衡遭到破壞即可導(dǎo)致功能異常。開(kāi)心解郁方治療抑郁癥臨床療效顯著,其機(jī)制可能與保護(hù)神經(jīng)元及膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞損傷、保護(hù)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,修復(fù)血腦屏障、減輕神經(jīng)炎癥等相關(guān),充分體現(xiàn)了開(kāi)心解郁方治療抑郁癥多靶點(diǎn)、多環(huán)節(jié),整體功能調(diào)節(jié)的特性,也為中藥針對(duì)NVU的抗抑郁策略提供了理論依據(jù),深入闡明中藥對(duì)于抑郁癥NVU功能穩(wěn)態(tài)的調(diào)控機(jī)制,將為抑郁癥的預(yù)防、診斷和治療提供新的思路和方法。
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Effect of Kai-Xin Jie-Yu Decoction on Regulation of Neurovascular Unit of Depression
Zhang Ying,Wang Liansheng,Cheng Yuxia,Hang Shijing
(Guang’anmen Hospital,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100053,China)
The neurovascular unit(NVU)is a dynamic functional module composed of neurons,microglia,blood-brain barrier(BBB)and the extracellular matrix that maintains the integrity of brain tissues.The chief members of NVU are one of the structural bases of the development of nervous system diseases.And they are involved in the pathological process of depression.The NVU instability of depression is characterized by the uncoupling of nerve and blood vessels,the increase of BBB permeability and the inflammatory response.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has many advantages in the treatment of depression,and the effect ofKai-Xin Jie-Yu(KXJY)decoction in treating depression is remarkable.The purpose of this study was to explain the effect of KXJY decoction on NVU in terms of the functional connectivity of brain white matter,the protection of neurons and glial cells,the protection of vascular endothelial cells,the repair of BBB and the reduction of inflammation.It provided a new theoretical basis and method for the treatment of depression in TCM.
Depression,neurovascular unit,Kai-Xin Jie-Yudecoction,action mechanism
10.11842/wst.2017.08.017
R285
A
2017-02-19
修回日期:2017-06-23
* 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81573790):基于lncRNA-miRNA網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)神經(jīng)血管單元穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)控探討益氣開(kāi)郁中藥抗抑郁機(jī)制,負(fù)責(zé)人:黃世敬;北京市科技計(jì)劃(Z161100001816013):開(kāi)心解郁丸治療血管性抑郁的成藥性研究,負(fù)責(zé)人:黃世敬。
** 通訊作者:黃世敬,貴州道真人,醫(yī)學(xué)博士,博士生導(dǎo)師,中國(guó)中醫(yī)科學(xué)院廣安門(mén)醫(yī)院研究員、主任醫(yī)師,主要研究方向:中醫(yī)腦病、抑郁癥及中藥研發(fā)。
(責(zé)任編輯:張 靜,責(zé)任譯審:王 晶)