王艷芳,相立,徐少卓,王森,王曉偉,陳學(xué)森,毛志泉,張民
(1山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)化學(xué)與材料科學(xué)學(xué)院,山東泰安 271018;2山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院/作物生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東泰安 271018;3棗莊科技職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,山東棗莊 277500;4山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,山東泰安 271018)
生物炭與甲殼素配施對(duì)連作平邑甜茶幼苗及土壤環(huán)境的影響
王艷芳1,相立2,徐少卓2,王森2,王曉偉3,陳學(xué)森2,毛志泉2,張民4
(1山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)化學(xué)與材料科學(xué)學(xué)院,山東泰安 271018;2山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院/作物生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,山東泰安 271018;3棗莊科技職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院,山東棗莊 277500;4山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,山東泰安 271018)
【目的】研究生物炭與甲殼素配施對(duì)連作條件下平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率、根系保護(hù)酶和土壤環(huán)境的影響,為防治蘋果連作障礙提供依據(jù)?!痉椒ā颗柙詶l件下,以蘋果常用砧木-平邑甜茶為試材,試驗(yàn)設(shè)蘋果連作土壤作為對(duì)照(CK),用1‰甲殼素(w/w,T1)、2%生物炭(w/w,T2)、1‰甲殼素+2%生物炭(T3)以及溴甲烷滅菌(T4)處理蘋果連作土壤,共5個(gè)處理。采用常規(guī)方法測(cè)定不同處理對(duì)平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系呼吸速率及根系抗氧化酶活性的影響,同時(shí)用末端限制性片段長(zhǎng)度多態(tài)性(T-RFLP)和實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR測(cè)定不同處理土壤中真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)和尖孢鐮刀菌數(shù)量?!窘Y(jié)果】T3和T4可顯著增加平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地莖和干鮮重,T3使平邑甜茶幼苗的株高、地徑、鮮重、干重分別增加了44.6%、33.0%、76.8%和77.1%,T4各指標(biāo)分別增加了73.1%、76.9%、117.0%和123.7%;與對(duì)照相比,不同處理均使根系呼吸速率明顯提高,T1、T2、T3和T4處理的幼苗根系呼吸速率分別是對(duì)照的1.37、1.70、1.87和2.02倍;T4處理超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性最高,其次為T3處理,T2和T1處理也增加了SOD活性,所有處理都與對(duì)照達(dá)到了顯著差異;過氧化物酶(POD)和過氧化氫酶(CAT)活性變化與SOD變化趨勢(shì)一致,T4處理根系POD和CAT活性分別為對(duì)照的2.68和2.64倍,其次為T3,3種酶活分別為對(duì)照的2.52和2.18倍;與對(duì)照相比,T2、T3和T4均可顯著降低根系丙二醛(MDA)的含量,分別為對(duì)照的82.0%、61.9%和43.1%。T2和T3明顯提高細(xì)菌數(shù)量,細(xì)菌/真菌比值分別是對(duì)照的1.7和2.2倍,溴甲烷滅菌(T4)則使土壤中的細(xì)菌、真菌顯著降低,但是真菌降低的數(shù)量大于細(xì)菌的,因此,細(xì)菌/真菌比值高于對(duì)照;T4具有最高的多樣性、豐富度和均勻度指數(shù),分別比對(duì)照增加了24.4%、41.3%和13.6%,其次是T3處理;溴甲烷滅菌、生物炭配施甲殼素處理土壤中尖孢鐮刀菌基因拷貝數(shù)均顯著低于連作土,說明連作土壤中尖孢鐮刀菌為主的有害真菌數(shù)量明顯減少;與對(duì)照相比,T3土壤中根皮苷、根皮素、肉桂酸、對(duì)羥基苯甲酸和間苯三酚含量分別降低了28.1%、30.6%、50.8%、33.6%和46.2%?!窘Y(jié)論】生物炭與甲殼素配施相較于單施生物炭或者甲殼素,能更好的提高連作條件下平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、根系呼吸速率和根系保護(hù)酶活性。并且二者配合施用優(yōu)化了連作土壤的真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu),增加了土壤細(xì)菌/真菌比值,降低了土壤中尖孢鐮刀菌基因拷貝數(shù),減少了酚酸類物質(zhì)含量。因此,生物炭配施甲殼素能更好地緩解蘋果連作障礙。
蘋果連作障礙;生物炭;甲殼素;平邑甜茶幼苗
【研究意義】蘋果連作障礙是制約蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的瓶頸之一。隨著蘋果樹齡的老化,果園需要不斷更新,受土地資源的限制,在更新的果園中,尤其是傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢(shì)栽培地區(qū)的蘋果園,必然存在著新建果園的連作,進(jìn)而面臨連作障礙的發(fā)生。前人研究認(rèn)為連作土壤中的有害微生物[1-3]和酚酸類物質(zhì)[4-6]是引起蘋果連作障礙的兩個(gè)重要因素。生物炭可吸附土壤中的酚酸類物質(zhì)[7],而甲殼素能抑制、滅殺病原菌[8]。因此,研究二者復(fù)合施用減輕蘋果連作障礙的效果,對(duì)指導(dǎo)蘋果抗連作障礙栽培具有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】土壤中酚酸類物質(zhì)的積累是導(dǎo)致蘋果發(fā)生連作障礙的一個(gè)重要原因,這些酚酸類物質(zhì)包括根皮苷、苯甲酸、對(duì)羥基苯甲酸、根皮素、丁香酸、香草酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸等[4,6]。土壤濃度的根皮苷、根皮素、肉桂酸及對(duì)羥基苯甲酸能明顯抑制蘋果幼苗根系發(fā)育,破壞根系線粒體功能[4-5];王青青等[6]研究證明一定濃度根皮苷可降低TCA循環(huán)中相關(guān)酶活性,導(dǎo)致蘋果幼苗根系呼吸速率下降。土壤微生物種群結(jié)構(gòu)、數(shù)量以及比例失調(diào),土傳病害加重是引起蘋果連作障礙的另一個(gè)重要原因[1-2]。蘋果連作后,根際促生菌(PGPR)的多樣性、豐富度、均勻度等大大降低,即土壤微生物環(huán)境變差[1];用T-RFLP技術(shù)分析蘋果連作土壤中真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu),發(fā)現(xiàn)連作土壤中對(duì)病原菌有抑制作用的木霉菌屬(Trichoderma)數(shù)量大大降低,真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)明顯變化,使得蘋果根系易感染腐霉病[3]。種植前進(jìn)行土壤溴甲烷熏蒸消除土傳病原菌,是國(guó)內(nèi)外公認(rèn)的防控蘋果連作障礙的最佳措施,但溴甲烷污染環(huán)境且對(duì)人體有害,已被禁止使用。輪作和選育抗性砧木也是行之有效的防控蘋果連作障礙的措施,但其耗時(shí)太長(zhǎng)?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】生物炭具有較大的比表面積和孔隙,對(duì)土壤中的農(nóng)藥殘留、多環(huán)芳烴和酚酸類物質(zhì)都有很好的吸附效果[7,9-10]。甲殼素及其水解產(chǎn)物殼聚糖可以改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu),抑制病原菌生長(zhǎng)[8],二者單一施用都能在一定程度上緩解蘋果連作障礙[7,11],但關(guān)于二者配施是否可以更顯著地改善蘋果連作土壤環(huán)境,促進(jìn)幼苗生長(zhǎng),減輕蘋果連作障礙現(xiàn)象等未見報(bào)道。【擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題】本研究以蘋果連作土壤為對(duì)照,溴甲烷滅菌的連作土壤為高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參照,研究生物炭和甲殼素配合施用對(duì)連作條件下盆栽平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、根系呼吸速率、土壤真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)和尖孢鐮刀菌數(shù)量的影響,探索能替代溴甲烷的技術(shù)措施,以期為防控蘋果連作障礙提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)參考。
試驗(yàn)于2014年3—10月在山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)園藝科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院南校區(qū)試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行。
1.1 試驗(yàn)材料
供試材料為平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensisRehd.),于2014年4月30日選取長(zhǎng)勢(shì)一致的6片真葉幼苗,移栽至裝有7.0 kg蘋果連作土的泥瓦盆中(外徑29 cm,內(nèi)徑25 cm,深20 cm)。
生物炭采用炭化稻殼,購(gòu)自安徽宣城家樂米業(yè)有限公司。甲殼素購(gòu)自濟(jì)南阿波羅甲殼素肥業(yè)有限公司。
試驗(yàn)用土取自山東省泰安市岱岳區(qū)夏張鎮(zhèn)王小莊村25年生蘋果園,砧木為八棱海棠(M.micromalus),土壤類型為棕壤土。土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量為5.94 g·kg-1,速效磷95.68 mg·kg-1,速效鉀41.33 mg·kg-1,銨態(tài)氮2.46 mg·kg-1,硝態(tài)氮12.77 mg·kg-1,土壤pH為6.17。收集距樹干1 m、深5—40 cm范圍內(nèi)的連作土壤,多點(diǎn)取樣混勻使用。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)共設(shè)置5個(gè)處理:連作土(CK)、1‰ 甲殼素(w/w, T1)、2%生物炭(w/w, T2)、1‰甲殼素+2%生物炭(T3)、連作土溴甲烷熏蒸(T4)。每個(gè)處理15盆,每盆定植幼苗2株。于2014年8月12日采樣,測(cè)定植株生物量、根系保護(hù)酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及相應(yīng)的土壤環(huán)境。每個(gè)處理取9盆,3個(gè)生物學(xué)重復(fù)。去掉表層土和盆周圍的土,將土混勻裝入黑色塑料袋帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,過2 mm篩,取大約500 g土裝入封口袋,用于土壤微生物和酚酸類物質(zhì)的測(cè)定。
1.3 測(cè)定項(xiàng)目與方法
1.3.1 根系呼吸速率 采用Oxy-Lab氧電極自動(dòng)測(cè)定系統(tǒng)[12]測(cè)定根系呼吸速率。
1.3.2 丙二醛(MDA)含量 用分光光度法分別測(cè)定反應(yīng)產(chǎn)物在600、532和450 nm下的吸光度,計(jì)算MDA含量[13]。
1.3.3 根系保護(hù)性酶活性 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性采用氮藍(lán)四唑(NBT)光還原法測(cè)定[7];過氧化物酶(POD)的活性測(cè)定按OMRAN[14]的方法;過氧化氫酶(CAT)的活性按照趙世杰[13]的方法。
1.3.4 土壤微生物數(shù)量 土壤細(xì)菌、真菌、放線菌均用平板涂抹法測(cè)定,測(cè)定前計(jì)算水分系數(shù)。 細(xì)菌采用牛肉膏蛋白胨培養(yǎng)基,真菌采用馬丁氏培養(yǎng)基,放線菌采用高氏一號(hào)培養(yǎng)基[15]。
1.3.5 土壤總DNA和T-RFLP分析 參照尹承苗等[16]的方法。
1.3.6 土壤中尖孢鐮刀菌數(shù)量 根據(jù)蘋果尖孢鐮刀菌菌株測(cè)序結(jié)果,在GenBank進(jìn)行Blast同源比對(duì),根據(jù)NCBI基因庫(kù)中尖孢鐮刀菌保守序列用Premer Premier5.0軟件設(shè)計(jì)PCR引物,正向引物序列:GTGAACATACCACTTGTTGCCTC,反向引物序列:GAGTCCCAACACCAAGCTGTG,送上海生工生物工程技術(shù)服務(wù)有限公司合成。按照趙永坡等[17]的方法測(cè)定不同處理土壤中尖孢鐮刀菌的基因拷貝數(shù)。
1.3.7 土壤酚酸類物質(zhì)含量 準(zhǔn)確稱取過12目篩的風(fēng)干土壤80 g,加入適量硅藻土,于燒杯中混合均勻。按照WANG等[7]的方法進(jìn)行提取測(cè)定。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Microsoft Excel 2003進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)整理,SPSS 19.0軟件進(jìn)行方差和顯著性檢測(cè)分析。
2.1 不同處理對(duì)平邑甜茶幼苗干鮮重的影響
由表1可以看出,T3和T4可顯著增加平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地莖和干鮮重。T3使平邑甜茶幼苗的株高、地徑、鮮重、干重分別比對(duì)照增加了44.6%、33.0%、76.8%和77.1%;T4各指標(biāo)分別增加了73.1%、76.9%、117.0%和123.7%。與對(duì)照相比,T1和T2也不同程度的促進(jìn)了幼苗的生長(zhǎng),但是其效果不如T4處理效果好。
表1 不同處理對(duì)平邑甜茶幼苗生物量影響Table 1 Effects of different treatments on planting biomass of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings
2.2 對(duì)幼苗根系呼吸速率的影響
圖1顯示,CK、T1、T2、T3和T4處理的平邑甜茶幼苗根系呼吸速率分別為0.1593、0.219、0.2713、0.2978和0.3212 μmol O2·min-1·g-1FW,T1、T2、T3和T4處理的平邑甜茶幼苗根系呼吸速率分別是對(duì)照的1.37、1.70、1.87和2.02倍。
2.3 對(duì)幼苗根系保護(hù)酶SOD、POD、CAT活性和MDA含量的影響
圖1 不同處理對(duì)平邑甜茶幼苗根系呼吸速率的影響Fig. 1 Effects of different treatments on the respiration rate of seedling roots
圖2 不同處理對(duì)平邑甜茶幼苗根系保護(hù)酶活性和MDA的影響Fig. 2 Effects of different treatments on the antioxidant enzyme activities and the MDA content in root of seedlings
由圖2可以看出,不同處理對(duì)平邑甜茶幼苗根系SOD活性影響大小不一,其中以T4處理SOD活性最高,其次為T3,T2和T1處理也增加了SOD活性,并與對(duì)照達(dá)到了顯著差異;POD和CAT活性變化與SOD變化趨勢(shì)一致,均表現(xiàn)為T4使根系抗氧化酶活性最高。SOD、POD和CAT活性分別為對(duì)照的1.34、2.68和2.64倍;其次為T3,3種酶活分別為對(duì)照的1.21、2.52和2.18倍。與對(duì)照相比,T2、T3和T4均可顯著降低根系MDA的含量,分別為對(duì)照的82.0%、61.9%和43.1%。
2.4 對(duì)土壤微生物數(shù)量的影響
由圖3可以看出,連作土壤中單施甲殼素(T1),細(xì)菌和真菌數(shù)量都有所減少,但細(xì)菌/真菌比值比對(duì)照明顯提高;而生物炭(T2)以及甲殼素和生物炭二者復(fù)合配施(T3)明顯提高細(xì)菌數(shù)量,細(xì)菌/真菌比值分別是對(duì)照的1.7和2.2倍。溴甲烷滅菌(T4)則使土壤中的細(xì)菌、真菌顯著降低,但是真菌降低的數(shù)量大于細(xì)菌,因此,細(xì)菌/真菌比值顯著高于對(duì)照。
圖3 不同處理對(duì)土壤微生物數(shù)量的影響Fig. 3 Effects of different treatments on soil microorganisms
2.5 對(duì)土壤真菌多樣性的影響
根據(jù)T-RFLP的圖譜中OUT的數(shù)量、種類及豐度,分別計(jì)算了不同處理土壤的真菌多樣性指數(shù)(表2)。與對(duì)照相比,T1和T2使連作土壤中真菌的多樣性(香濃指數(shù))、豐富度和均勻度明顯升高,但效果不如T3和T4。T4具有最高的多樣性、豐富度和均勻度指數(shù),分別比對(duì)照增加了24.4%、41.3%和13.6%,其次是T3處理。辛普森指數(shù)是土壤中微生物優(yōu)勢(shì)度的衡量指標(biāo),它與多樣性指數(shù)成倒數(shù)關(guān)系,所以,T4具有最低的辛普森指數(shù)。
2.6 對(duì)土壤中尖孢鐮刀菌基因拷貝數(shù)的影響
采用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量 PCR 技術(shù)對(duì)不同處理下尖孢鐮刀菌基因拷貝數(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)定(圖4)。結(jié)果表明,溴甲烷滅菌、生物炭配施甲殼素處理土壤中尖孢鐮刀菌基因拷貝數(shù)均顯著低于連作土,說明連作土壤中尖孢鐮刀菌為主的有害真菌數(shù)量明顯減少。
圖4 不同處理對(duì)土壤尖孢鐮刀菌基因拷貝數(shù)的影響Fig. 4 Effects of different treatments on the copies of Fusarium oxysporum
2.7 對(duì)土壤中酚酸類物質(zhì)含量的影響
由表3可以看出,連作條件下,土壤中的酚酸類物質(zhì)含量是最高的,而溴甲烷滅菌和甲殼素處理對(duì)土壤中酚酸類物質(zhì)含量的影響不明顯。生物炭處理以及生物炭配施甲殼素處理可明顯降低土壤中酚酸類物質(zhì)的含量,但兩種處理之間根皮苷等酚酸含量差異不明顯。與對(duì)照相比,T3土壤中根皮苷、根皮素、肉桂酸、對(duì)羥基苯甲酸和間苯三酚含量分別降低了28.1%、30.6%、50.8%、33.6%和46.2%。
蘋果連作障礙的發(fā)生具有普遍性,隨著蘋果矮化密植栽培模式的建立,蘋果樹生命周期縮短,品種更新加快,老果園、苗圃的更新和連作栽培在所難免,這使得蘋果連作障礙問題越來越突出。引起連作障礙的原因復(fù)雜多樣,主要有微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)失衡[1],特別是有害真菌數(shù)量劇增[18]以及酚酸類化感物質(zhì)積累等[4]。越來越多的研究者認(rèn)為,導(dǎo)致作物連作障礙的因素之間存在協(xié)同作用。ZHOU等[19]將酚酸物質(zhì)添加至土壤中后,進(jìn)行黃瓜重茬栽培發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤中有益微生物菌群數(shù)量大大減少,而尖孢鐮刀菌和疫霉菌等病原菌數(shù)量呈持續(xù)上升趨勢(shì)。ZHANG等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)黃瓜根系分泌的酚酸類物質(zhì)能促進(jìn)尖孢鐮刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)孢子萌發(fā)。土壤中有害微生物的增多又會(huì)促進(jìn)根系分泌更多的酚酸類物質(zhì)。因此,緩解連作障礙的措施主要集中于滅殺土壤中有害微生物或者降低土壤中酚酸類物質(zhì)。目前,土壤化學(xué)消毒法(如溴甲烷消毒)是國(guó)內(nèi)外公認(rèn)的防治連作障礙有效措施,但因其污染環(huán)境且對(duì)人體有害,逐步被禁止使用。大量研究表明,綠肥、殼質(zhì)粗粉、秸稈稻殼等植物殘?bào)w、堆肥、糞肥和生物炭等土壤添加劑[7,21-23]有利于提高土壤養(yǎng)分,降低土壤中有害物質(zhì),改善土壤的微生物體系以及團(tuán)粒結(jié)構(gòu),提高土壤質(zhì)量,增強(qiáng)土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性,降低連作土壤中農(nóng)作物病害的發(fā)生,從而緩解連作障礙。甲殼素在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)上可被作為植物病害抑制劑、植物生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑以及農(nóng)藥載體和種衣劑等[22],可顯著增加連作條件下平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,提高幼苗抗性[11]。生物炭具有較大的比表面積和孔隙,含有豐富的有機(jī)碳及礦物營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素[24],因此,其既可吸附土壤中的重金屬離子和有機(jī)污染物[7,10,25],又可調(diào)控土壤微生物結(jié)構(gòu),抑制病原菌[26-27],進(jìn)而提高作物的生物量。本試驗(yàn)中,單施生物炭、甲殼素均能提高平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地莖和干鮮重,而二者復(fù)合施用效果更好。生物炭配施甲殼素對(duì)連作條件下蘋果幼苗的促進(jìn)作用僅次于溴甲烷土壤消毒的效果。這可能一方面是甲殼素對(duì)土壤中有害微生物有一定的抑制作用;另一方面生物炭不僅自身能調(diào)控土壤微生物,而且還能通過吸附土壤中的有害酚酸類物質(zhì),減少有害微生物賴以生存的食源,進(jìn)而降低土壤有害真菌的數(shù)量。
表2 對(duì)土壤真菌多樣性的影響Table 2 Effects of different treatments on the soil fungal diversity
表3 對(duì)土壤中酚酸類物質(zhì)的影響Table 3 Effects of different treatments on the concentration of phenolic compounds in soil
根系呼吸作用是植株地下部代謝的中心,它對(duì)根系更新、養(yǎng)分的吸收以及植株生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育具有重要意義。根系總呼吸速率變化趨勢(shì)因脅迫大小及時(shí)間而不同,通常較輕微脅迫會(huì)刺激植物的根系呼吸,而長(zhǎng)時(shí)間處于嚴(yán)重的脅迫條件下會(huì)明顯降低[12]。POD、CAT、SOD是保護(hù)酶系統(tǒng)的主要酶,在植物遭受逆境時(shí),SOD、POD和CAT等保護(hù)酶可通過清除活性氧等自由基來減輕對(duì)植物細(xì)胞膜的傷害作用,進(jìn)而提高植物細(xì)胞對(duì)逆境脅迫的抵抗力[5]。本試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)生物炭與甲殼素配施的平邑甜茶幼苗根系呼吸速率僅次于溴甲烷熏蒸處理,明顯高于連作對(duì)照;同時(shí)二者配合施用可明顯提高根系SOD、POD和CAT活性,并且降低MDA含量。這表明生物炭配施甲殼素,可顯著減輕連作障礙對(duì)蘋果幼苗的脅迫。結(jié)合前人研究結(jié)果[7,24,26-27]推測(cè),一方面可能是生物炭吸附了部分酚酸類化合物,降低了其有害濃度;另一方面可能與甲殼素和生物炭抑制土壤病原菌有關(guān)。二者配施很好的改善了土壤環(huán)境,有利于提高根系的生理功能。
作物連作后土壤微生物區(qū)系發(fā)生明顯變化,主要表現(xiàn)為土壤微生物種群結(jié)構(gòu)、數(shù)量以及比例失調(diào),土傳病害加重,某些病原菌微生物數(shù)量急劇增加,有益微生物大大減少,打破了原有的根際微生態(tài)平衡[1]。甲殼素是一類天然多糖類高分子化合物,對(duì)真菌有抑制作用[28],其降解液中的幾丁質(zhì)酶對(duì)病原真菌也有抑制作用[29];生物炭的特殊孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)和物質(zhì)組成,使其能改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu),促進(jìn)土壤微團(tuán)聚體的形成,促進(jìn)微生物種群發(fā)展,提高微生物活性。研究表明1%的桉木生物炭和0.5%的溫室廢棄物生物炭能顯著抑制黃瓜土壤中的立枯絲核菌,促進(jìn)黃瓜的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育[27],在蘆筍連作土壤中添加生物炭后,叢枝菌根大量繁殖,而由尖孢鐮刀菌引起的蘆筍根腐病和冠腐病大大降低[26]。本研究采用平板涂布法結(jié)合T-RFLP、實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù)研究連作蘋果園土壤中微生物數(shù)量、真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)及尖孢鐮刀菌的基因拷貝數(shù)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),生物炭配施甲殼素能增加土壤中細(xì)菌數(shù)量,明顯提高細(xì)菌/真菌值,使土壤類型由真菌型向細(xì)菌型轉(zhuǎn)變。二者復(fù)合使用,提高了連作土壤中真菌的多樣性、均勻度和豐富度,并且極大的降低了土壤中尖孢鐮刀菌的基因拷貝數(shù),使得連作土壤中病原菌數(shù)量減少,整個(gè)真菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)往更利于幼苗生長(zhǎng)的方向漸變。同時(shí),生物炭還具有較強(qiáng)的吸附能力。蛇紋巖土中添加5%的木材生物炭,大大減少了土壤中生物可利用態(tài)鉻(Cr)、鎳(Ni)和錳(Mn),使得番茄生長(zhǎng)率為對(duì)照的40倍之多[25];高比表面積、低可溶性有機(jī)碳含量的生物炭可有效吸附土壤中的滅草松等農(nóng)藥殘留[10]。本試驗(yàn)中,生物炭、生物炭復(fù)合甲殼素處理的連作土壤中根皮苷、根皮素等有害酚酸類物質(zhì)明顯降低,推測(cè)是由于生物炭吸附了酚酸類物質(zhì),降低了這些化合物在土壤中的有效濃度。酚酸類物質(zhì)含量的降低,既減少了這些化合物對(duì)蘋果幼苗的毒害作用[4],又減少了有害微生物的食源,因此使蘋果幼苗生物量較對(duì)照明顯增加。
生物炭與甲殼素配合施用可顯著提高連作條件下平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、根系呼吸速率和根系保護(hù)酶活性,降低連作土壤中根皮苷等酚酸類物質(zhì)的含量,減少連作土壤中有害真菌的數(shù)量,尤其是尖孢鐮刀菌的基因拷貝數(shù)。生物炭與甲殼素配施能緩解蘋果連作障礙,效果明顯高于單施生物炭或者甲殼素,并接近于溴甲烷熏蒸處理,且其環(huán)保綠色無(wú)污染。因此,在老果園更新建立連作果園時(shí),可考慮用生物炭與甲殼素配施替代溴甲烷熏蒸技術(shù)。
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(責(zé)任編輯 趙伶俐)
Effects of Biochar and Chitin Combined Application on Malus hupehensis Rehd. Seedlings and Soil Environment Under Replanting Conditions
WANG YanFang2, XIANG Li1, XU ShaoZhuo1, WANG Sen1, WANG XiaoWei4, CHEN XueSen1, MAO ZhiQuan1, ZHANG Min3
(1College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, Shandong;2College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018;3Zaozhuang Vocational College of Science and Technology, Tengzhou 277500, Shandong;4College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong)
【Objective】 The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of biochar and chitin combined application on the plant biomass, root respiration rate, root protective enzymes and soil environment under replanting conditions, and to provide a basis for prevention of apple replanting disease (ARD). 【Method】 TheMalus hupehensisRehd. seedlings were planted in pots with apple replanting soil. The experiment included 5 treatments, which were the control (CK), 1‰ chitin (T1), 2% biochar (T2), 1‰ chitin + 2% biochar (T3) and methyl bromide sterilization (T4). The biomass, root respiration rate and protective enzymes activities ofM. hupehensisseedlings were measured by conventional method. The number of microorganism, fungal group structure and theFusarium oxysporumnumbers were detected by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and a real-time quantitative PCR detection system. 【Result】 The results showed that compared with the control, T3 and T4 significantly enhanced the plant height, ground diameter, fresh and dry weight, and that in T3 increased by 44.6%, 33.0%, 76.8% and 77.1%, and in T4 increased by 73.1%, 76.9%, 117.0% and 123.7%, respectively. T1, T2, T3 and T4 treatments made the root respiration rate increased significantly, which were 1.37, 1.70, 1.87 and 2.02 times more than the control. The four different treatments also increased the root activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and the increase reached a significant difference. The SOD, POD and CAT activities of T4 treatments were 1.34, 2.68 and 2.64 times compared with the control, and T3 were 1.21, 2.52 and 2.18 times, respectively. T2 and T3 improved the numbers of bacteria, enhanced the ratio of bacteria and fungi and made the soil become “bacterial soil”. The ratios of T3 and T4 were 1.7 and 2.2 times as large as the control, methyl bromide sterilization made the numbers of bacteria and fungi decreased significantly, and the fungi numbers decreased more than bacteria’s, so the bacteria/fungi ratio was higher than the control. T4 had the highest Shannon diversity index, evenness index and richness index, increased by 24.4%, 41.3% and 13.6% compared with CK, and the second was the T3 treatment. Compared with the control, T3 and T4 reduced the gene copie’s number ofF. oxysporum, which explained that theF. oxysporumharmful fungi number decreased significantly in replanting soils. Compared with CK, the concentration of phlorizin, phloretin, cinnamic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phloroglucinol reduced by 28.1%, 30.6%, 50.8%, 33.6% and 46.2% in T3, respectively.【Conclusion】The biochar and chitin combined application improved the condition in apple replanting soil better than solely biochar or chitin addition. The combined application improved theM. hupehensis.seedlings biomass, root respiration rate and root activity of protective enzymes. And the combined application optimized the soil fungi community structure, increased the soil bacteria/fungus ratio, and reduced theF. oxysporumgene copy numbers and contents of phenolic acids. Therefore, biochar and chitin combined application can better relieve ARD.
apple replant disease; biochar; chitin;Malus hupehensisRehd. seedlings
10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.04.011
2016-06-13;接受日期:2016-08-19
國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(CARS-28)、山東省高??萍加?jì)劃(J15LF06)、泰安市科技發(fā)展計(jì)劃(201340629)
聯(lián)系方式:王艷芳,E-mail:wyanfang@126.com。通信作者毛志泉,E-mail:mzhiquan@sdau.edu.cn。通信作者張民,E-mail:minzhang-2002@163.com