郭 莉 孫龍妹 劉 芳
中國人民解放軍白求恩國際和平醫(yī)院新生兒科(河北石家莊 050082)
脊髓性肌萎縮伴呼吸窘迫1型不伴呼吸衰竭1例報(bào)告
郭 莉 孫龍妹 劉 芳
中國人民解放軍白求恩國際和平醫(yī)院新生兒科(河北石家莊 050082)
目的探討脊髓性肌萎縮伴呼吸窘迫1型(SMARD1)的診斷和鑒別診斷。方法回顧分析1例確診為SMARD1女性患兒的臨床資料、基因檢測結(jié)果及隨訪,并復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)。結(jié)果患兒因羊水過少剖宮產(chǎn),生后吃奶、反應(yīng)欠佳轉(zhuǎn)入新生兒科,診斷“新生兒膿毒癥、感染性休克、彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血、非典型化膿性腦膜炎”,經(jīng)治療1個月后出院;生后2個月出現(xiàn)踝關(guān)節(jié)攣縮,肝功能異常、心肌受損;6個月時發(fā)現(xiàn)肌張力明顯減低、運(yùn)動發(fā)育落后;8個月時行SMA相關(guān)基因檢測結(jié)果陰性;9個月時行周圍神經(jīng)病panel基因檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)IGHMBP2基因存在2個雜合突變,即exon8 c.1061-2A>G和exon12 c.1708C>T,分別來自父親和母親,其中位點(diǎn)exon12 c.1708C>T已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道與疾病相關(guān),另1個為剪切突變,結(jié)合臨床確診為SMARD1?;純含F(xiàn)2歲,反復(fù)合并呼吸道感染,但尚未出現(xiàn)呼吸窘迫或呼吸衰竭。結(jié)論SMARD1的臨床表型復(fù)雜多樣,該例患兒為經(jīng)基因診斷病例。
脊髓性肌萎縮伴呼吸窘迫1 型; 呼吸衰竭; 膈肌麻痹
脊髓性肌萎縮伴呼吸窘迫1型(spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1,SMARDl)是一種極為罕見的常染色體隱性遺傳病。由于常染色體11 q 13上的免疫球蛋白μ結(jié)合蛋白2(immunoglobulinμ-binding protein 2,IGHMBP2)基因發(fā)生突變[1],導(dǎo)致脊髓前角α-運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元和脊髓背側(cè)神經(jīng)根細(xì)胞發(fā)生不可逆的退行性變性[2],最為突出的特征是嬰兒期在毫無預(yù)兆下突發(fā)不可逆性膈肌麻痹導(dǎo)致呼吸窘迫、呼吸衰竭,危及生命[3]。但少數(shù)患兒不以膈肌麻痹或呼吸功能障礙為首發(fā)癥狀,國外已相關(guān)病例報(bào)道[4-6],而國內(nèi)尚未見報(bào)道?,F(xiàn)對我院確診為SMARD1不伴呼吸衰竭患兒的病史進(jìn)行回顧性分析,并結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí),探討疾病的臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷、鑒別診斷和治療進(jìn)展,借此期望能引起臨床兒科醫(yī)師對該病的認(rèn)識,提高對遺傳性疾病的重視。
患兒,女,G3P3,胎齡39+6周,因羊水過少行剖宮產(chǎn)娩出,出生體質(zhì)量2 200 g,頭圍29 cm,身長49 cm;Apgar評分不詳,否認(rèn)出生時窒息、搶救史,生后一般情況好。父母體鍵,非近親婚配;哥哥現(xiàn)11歲,體鍵。母親第2胎為女孩,4個月時突發(fā)呼吸困難,經(jīng)搶救無效死亡;此次孕7個月時產(chǎn)檢提示胎兒宮內(nèi)生長發(fā)育遲緩。
患兒生后第2天,因吃奶欠佳1天轉(zhuǎn)入新生兒科。當(dāng)時體溫37.7℃,刺激反應(yīng)欠佳,哭聲弱;全身皮膚干燥,軀干及四肢皮膚發(fā)花,四肢末梢涼。血常規(guī)白細(xì)胞(WBC)22.27×109/L,血小板(Plt)30×109/L;血涂片桿狀核/中性粒細(xì)胞 22%;天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶88 U/L,肌酸激酶396 U/L,肌酸酶同工酶67 U/L,乳酸脫氫酶798 U/L;纖維蛋白原0.53 g/L,D-二聚體1.62 mg/L;腦脊液常規(guī)及生化結(jié)果無異常;優(yōu)生四項(xiàng)(TORCH)陰性;血培養(yǎng)無細(xì)菌及真菌生長;血、尿遺傳代謝性疾病篩查陰性。診斷為“新生兒膿毒癥(臨床型)、感染性休克、彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血(早期)、非典型化膿性腦膜炎”,給予補(bǔ)充凝血因子,能量合劑營養(yǎng)支持,超小劑量低分子肝素鈉皮下注射抗凝,聯(lián)合抗感染治療,逐步恢復(fù)正常?;純鹤≡浩陂g吃奶欠佳,吸吮弱,體質(zhì)量、頭圍增長緩慢,血氨、乳酸正常。頭顱CT示腦溝腦裂顯示欠佳、雙側(cè)側(cè)腦室較小。予胞磷膽堿鈉、神經(jīng)節(jié)苷脂鈉營養(yǎng)腦細(xì)胞,吃奶情況逐漸好轉(zhuǎn),經(jīng)綜合治療1個月病情平穩(wěn)出院。
生后2個月,患兒足背屈角增大,再次就診。當(dāng)時體格檢查:營養(yǎng)中等,精神反應(yīng)好,眼神可追物,有試抬頭動作,足背屈角90°,有阻力,踏步反射可引出,足尖著地,雙足交叉,雙側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)外展稍差,下肢肌張力稍高,上肢肌張力正常;心肺無異常;腹軟,肝肋下2.5 cm,質(zhì)軟,邊銳,脾肋下1 cm,腸鳴音正常。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查:谷氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶113 U/L,天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶142 U/L,肌酸激酶306 U/L,肌酸激酶同工酶102 U/L。心電圖無異常。頭顱磁共振成像(MRI)未見明顯異常。給予保肝、營養(yǎng)心肌治療,1周后建議前往專業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)行康復(fù)訓(xùn)練。生后6個月,因四肢肌力、肌張力減低,運(yùn)動發(fā)育落后4個月就診于白求恩國際和平醫(yī)院小兒康復(fù)科門診。嬰兒神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)測試國際量表(Infant Neurological International Battery,INFANIB)評估示66分。足背屈角90°(偏大),站立位不能承重,坐位身體前傾明顯,俯臥位不能抬頭,拉起頭后仰、肩滯后,主動抓握準(zhǔn)確性差,能逗笑,偶能笑出聲,會吃手,雙手能合于中線,運(yùn)動落后于同齡兒。當(dāng)時體格檢查示體溫36.4℃,脈搏100次/min,呼吸34次/min,身長63.5 cm,體質(zhì)量6.2 kg(均低于第3百分位數(shù));神清,營養(yǎng)欠佳,認(rèn)知、運(yùn)動發(fā)育均落后于正常同齡兒;全身皮膚黏膜無皮疹、色素沉著,無咖啡牛奶斑,全身淺表淋巴結(jié)未捫及,易出汗,掌心為著;雙側(cè)眼瞼無下垂,眼球運(yùn)動無受限,雙側(cè)瞳孔等大等圓,對光反射靈敏;伸舌居中,無舌尖震顫;兩側(cè)鼻唇溝等深;頸軟,無抵抗,頸肌無力,抬頭困難;胸廓對稱無畸形,雙肺呼吸音清;心律齊,未聞及雜音;腹部平軟,肝脾肋下未觸及;脊柱無畸形,雙側(cè)踝關(guān)節(jié)攣縮,呈伸直狀態(tài),雙足不能背屈或跖屈,關(guān)節(jié)無紅腫、觸痛或叩擊痛;四肢肌力、肌張力明顯減低,肌肉未見萎縮性改變;膝、跟腱反射均消失,踝陣攣陰性,雙側(cè)巴氏征、克氏征、布氏征均陰性。實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查示丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶87.4 U/L,門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶142.7 U/L,磷酸肌酸激酶381 U/L,磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶117 U/L,乳酸脫氫酶716 U/L;游離三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(FT3)7.48 pmol/L,三碘甲狀腺原氨酸4.13 pmol/L。外周淋巴細(xì)胞染色體分析示46,XX。超聲心動圖示心內(nèi)結(jié)構(gòu)未見明顯異常。顱腦MRI示雙側(cè)額部輕度外部性腦積水,右側(cè)乳突可疑炎性改變。胸片示兩肺炎癥性改變(圖1)。
圖1 患兒胸片
患兒8個月時,經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn),父母知情同意,抽取患兒和其父母的外周靜脈血各2 mL,行基因檢測。脊髓性肌萎縮(spinal muscular atrophy,SMA)相關(guān)基因篩查結(jié)果陰性。周圍神經(jīng)病panel基因測序示患兒IGHMBP2基因有2個雜合突變,即exon8 c.1061-2A>G和exon12 c.1708C>T,分別來自父親和母親,其中位點(diǎn)exon12 c.1708C>T已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[7],為SMA伴呼吸窘迫1型的致病突變位點(diǎn),另一個位點(diǎn)為剪切突變,提示患者為SMARD1(圖2)。入院后給予葡醛內(nèi)酯鈉、肝泰樂、維生素C保肝治療,小兒肢體康復(fù)訓(xùn)練、感覺統(tǒng)合訓(xùn)練、水療等促通運(yùn)動發(fā)育,住院期間合并肺炎,給予霧化、吸痰、抗感染治療;行肌電圖檢查示神經(jīng)源性損傷。經(jīng)半年的綜合康復(fù)訓(xùn)練,運(yùn)動發(fā)育情況未見明顯好轉(zhuǎn),家長要求出院行家庭康復(fù)訓(xùn)練。
患兒現(xiàn)2歲,長期臥床,營養(yǎng)狀況差,智力、運(yùn)動發(fā)育情況明顯落后,只會說“爸爸、媽媽”等簡單詞匯,與人交流差,不會抬頭、翻身、坐、爬等,四肢肌力、肌張力降低,雙上肢肌力近端4級,遠(yuǎn)端3級,雙下肢肌力近端3級,遠(yuǎn)端2級,肌肉可見明顯萎縮,膝關(guān)節(jié)及肘關(guān)節(jié)無明顯變形,脊柱無側(cè)彎?;純河谏L過程中因反復(fù)合并呼吸道感染住院治療,但一直未發(fā)生呼吸窘迫和呼吸衰竭。
圖2 患兒及其父、母IGHMBP2 基因分析結(jié)果
SMARD 1為常染色體11 q 13上的IGHMBP2基因突變所致的一種極為罕見的隱性遺傳性疾病,又名遠(yuǎn)端型脊肌萎縮癥1型(distal spinal muscular atrophy 1,DSMA1)或遠(yuǎn)端遺傳性運(yùn)動神經(jīng)病6型(distal hereditary motor neuropathies type 6,dHMN6)。SMARD 1確切的患病率尚不清楚,因?yàn)榧s1%的SMA伴膈肌麻痹患者被診斷為早發(fā)型SMA[8]。目前,SMARD1的詳細(xì)發(fā)病機(jī)制仍不清楚,但I(xiàn)GHMBP2基因突變致脊髓前角α運(yùn)動神經(jīng)元變性是疾病的基礎(chǔ)。SMARD1的主要臨床特點(diǎn)為嬰兒期(常為出生6周~6個月)無明顯誘因出現(xiàn)逐漸進(jìn)展的對稱性肢體遠(yuǎn)端肌無力(尤其是下肢)和不可逆性膈肌麻痹導(dǎo)致呼吸衰竭,需機(jī)械通氣維持呼吸。一般預(yù)后較差,大部分患兒于10歲內(nèi)死亡[9],少數(shù)在人工輔助呼吸下存活至20歲以上[10,11]。
在解旋酶超家族1(SF1)成員中,IGHMBP2是一種廣泛表達(dá)的ATP酶/解旋酶,含有15個外顯子,編碼993個氨基酸, 包含解旋酶結(jié)構(gòu)域、單鏈核酸結(jié)合區(qū)域以及1個鋅指基序,參與DNA解旋或RNA合成,在細(xì)胞核中參與調(diào)控轉(zhuǎn)錄及tRNA的加工[12,13]。SMARD1的基因突變以單一堿基的置換、插入、缺失等點(diǎn)突變?yōu)橹?,以?fù)合雜合突變和純合突變?yōu)橹?,至今已?0余例SMARD1被報(bào)道[3],發(fā)現(xiàn)了140多個IGHMBP2基因突變位點(diǎn)。除IGHMBP2基因的第4外顯子,其余外顯子均有突變致病報(bào)道。本例患兒基因測序中發(fā)現(xiàn)IGHMBP2基因存在exon8 c.1061-2A>G和exon12 c.1708C>T的雜合突變,其中exon12 c.1708C>T位點(diǎn)已有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[7]。
多數(shù)SMARD1患兒出生時四肢肌力、肌張力基本正常,于生后6周~6個月內(nèi)出現(xiàn)對稱性遠(yuǎn)端肌無力、肌萎縮,以下肢為著,逐漸向肢體近端及軀干蔓延,伴突發(fā)性膈肌麻痹致呼吸窘迫,需氣管插管、機(jī)械通氣輔助呼吸維持生命。多數(shù)于生后2個月左右出現(xiàn)踝關(guān)節(jié)攣縮,隨著病情進(jìn)展,逐漸出現(xiàn)膝關(guān)節(jié)、肘關(guān)節(jié)、胸廓及脊柱的變形,上、下肢指節(jié)可見特征性脂肪墊[14],腱反射減弱或消失。其中最為突出的特征性表現(xiàn)是在毫無預(yù)兆下突發(fā)膈肌麻痹致呼吸窘迫危及生命,胸部X線下可見特征性膈肌膨出,可為單側(cè)或雙側(cè),多見于右側(cè),可能與肝臟對麻痹的膈肌有一定向上的壓力有關(guān)。SMARD1主要累及周圍運(yùn)動神經(jīng)和呼吸系統(tǒng),此外還可以累及中樞神經(jīng)、感覺神經(jīng)、自主神經(jīng)以及其他臟器的功能異常。累及中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),表現(xiàn)為精神發(fā)育遲緩、癲癇樣發(fā)作、面部表情肌受累和舌肌震顫等;累及感覺神經(jīng)表現(xiàn)為痛覺下降等;自主神經(jīng)功能紊亂表現(xiàn)為體溫、血壓不穩(wěn)、心率失常、易出汗、神經(jīng)源性膀胱等。雖然目前尚無SMARD1患兒心肌受損的相關(guān)報(bào)道,但無義介導(dǎo)的mRNA降解(NMD)小鼠模型中可觀察到心臟受損表現(xiàn),如心率失常、擴(kuò)張型心肌病等,所以是否合并心肌受損需進(jìn)一步研究。孕期可出現(xiàn)宮內(nèi)發(fā)育異常等非特異性表現(xiàn),如胎動減少、羊水過少、早產(chǎn)、小于胎齡兒等。
本例患兒孕7個月時產(chǎn)檢提示宮內(nèi)生長發(fā)育遲緩,出生時因羊水過少剖宮產(chǎn),為足月小樣兒。生后第2天診斷新生兒膿毒癥(臨床型)、感染性休克、彌散性血管內(nèi)凝血(早期)、非典型化膿性腦膜炎等;生后2個月時出現(xiàn)踝關(guān)節(jié)攣縮、足尖著地;生后6個月時肌張力明顯減低、運(yùn)動發(fā)育明顯落后,腱反射消失,肌電圖提示神經(jīng)源性損傷,懷疑脊髓性肌萎縮,行SMA相關(guān)基因檢測結(jié)果為陰性。但患兒癥狀仍不除外周圍神經(jīng)性疾病,擴(kuò)大基因篩查范圍發(fā)現(xiàn)IGHMBP2基因存在2個雜合突變,進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證患兒父母的IGHMBP2基因,明確父母為該位點(diǎn)的雜合突變攜帶者,結(jié)合臨床,最終確診為SMARD1?;純含F(xiàn)2歲,多次因呼吸道感染住院治療,多次行胸部X線平片均未發(fā)現(xiàn)膈肌抬高,至今未出現(xiàn)呼吸窘迫、呼吸衰竭。
SMARD1患兒臨床表型存在較大的差異性,即使同胞兄弟姐妹存在相同的突變位點(diǎn)臨床表現(xiàn)也不完全相同[15]。本例患兒與已故同胞姐姐攜帶相同突變位點(diǎn),姐姐于生后6個月時突發(fā)呼吸困難,經(jīng)搶救無效死亡,本例患兒2歲仍未出現(xiàn)呼吸功能不全癥狀。Hamilton等[10]報(bào)道1例21歲女性基因確診為SMARD1,合并穩(wěn)定型肌無力,正常的認(rèn)知能力,能適應(yīng)社會集體化生活,僅夜間需要機(jī)械通氣維持呼吸。Xinghua等[16]報(bào)道1例患兒4個月時出現(xiàn)四肢遠(yuǎn)端肌無力、肌萎縮,但直到生后54個月仍未出現(xiàn)呼吸功能不全癥狀。近期研究表明,殘留的IGHMBP2蛋白水平與疾病的嚴(yán)重程度有關(guān)。即殘留的IGHMBP2蛋白量越多,患兒的發(fā)病時間越遲,保留的運(yùn)動功能越多[17]。
SMARD1目前尚無統(tǒng)一的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),血清心肌酶譜、肌電圖、肌肉活檢和IGHMBP2基因檢測均有助于診斷和鑒別診斷。臨床上出現(xiàn)呼吸衰竭合并以下癥狀或體征時高度懷疑SMARD1[18]:①呼吸衰竭在出生后6周~6個月出現(xiàn);②膈肌麻痹;③遠(yuǎn)端性肌無力;④宮內(nèi)生長受限;此時需行特異性IGHMBP2基因檢測明確診斷。然而在分析基因檢測結(jié)果時,應(yīng)注意基因突變的多態(tài)性、突變類型及基因突變對編碼蛋白功能的影響,基因檢測結(jié)果必須結(jié)合臨床表現(xiàn)。
因SMARD1臨床表型的多樣性,極易發(fā)生誤診或漏診,需與以下常見遺傳性疾病相鑒別。①脊髓性肌萎縮1型(SMA1):常染色體5q13上的運(yùn)動神經(jīng)存活基因1(SMN1)突變致隱性遺傳病,生后6個月內(nèi)起病,表現(xiàn)為對稱性四肢近端肌無力,疾病后期可出現(xiàn)呼吸衰竭,基因分析可明確診斷[19]。②先天性肌強(qiáng)直性肌營養(yǎng)不良1型:常染色體19q13.32上編碼強(qiáng)直性肌營養(yǎng)不良蛋白激酶(DMPK)基因突變致遺傳性疾病,孕期表現(xiàn)為胎動減少,出生時即表現(xiàn)為松軟兒,吸吮、吞咽無力,常伴足、關(guān)節(jié)畸形,早期肋間肌變薄,膈肌受累,出現(xiàn)呼吸困難。因患兒1歲內(nèi)多無肌強(qiáng)直表現(xiàn),肌電圖無強(qiáng)直電位,容易誤診,檢測DMPK基因3’非編碼區(qū)內(nèi)的核苷酸(CTG)重復(fù)次數(shù)大于50個以上可以診斷[20]。
目前SMARD1尚無有效的治療方法,主要以保持呼吸道通暢、機(jī)械通氣輔助呼吸燈對癥治療延長患兒的生存期,改善生活質(zhì)量,但干細(xì)胞移植和基因療法被看作是潛在有效的治療方案[21]。IGHMBP2基因檢測是目前診斷SMARD1的唯一可靠方法,可通過產(chǎn)前診斷評估生育患兒的遺傳風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
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Spinal muscular atrophy combined with respiratory distress type I but no respiratory failure: a case report
GUO Li, SUN Longmei, LIU Fang
(Department of Neonatology, People's Liberation Army of Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China)
ObjectiveTo explore the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type I (SMARD1).MethodThe clinical data, results of gene detection, and follow-up information of a girl diagnosed with SMARD1 were retrospectively analyzed, and related literatures were reviewed.ResultsThe girl was born by cesarean section due to oligohydramnios. After birth, she was transferred to neonatology department for poor feeding and response, and diagnosed with neonatal sepsis, infectious shock, disseminated inravascular coagulation and atypical purulent meningitis. She was discharged after one month of treatment. However, at 2 months old, she presented contracture of ankle joint, abnormal liver function, and myocardial damage. At 6 months old, she had obvious reduced muscular tension and development retardation. At 8 months old, the SMA gene was detected and it was normal. At 9 months old, The panel gene of peripheral neuropathy was detected and found 2 heterozygosis mutations in IGHMBP2 gene, exon8 c.1061-2A>G and exon12 c.1708C>T, which came from her father and mother respectively. Locus of exon12 c.1708C>T has been reported to be associated with the disease, and the other is a shear mutation. The diagnosis of SMARD1 was confirmed by the clinical and gene detection. The girl, 2-year-old now, suffered with recurrent respiratory tract infections, but had no respiratory distress or no respiratory failure yet.ConclusionThe clinical phenotype of SMARD1 is complex and diverse. This case is the first domestic case comfirmed by gene detection.
spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type I; respiratory failure; diaphragmatic paralysis
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2017.03.015
2016-09-19)
(本文編輯:鄒 強(qiáng))
劉芳 電子信箱:liufanglafy@126.com