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長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA在胃癌中作用機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展

2017-05-11 21:45趙青芳關(guān)露露陳小兵
關(guān)鍵詞:胃腫瘤

趙青芳+關(guān)露露+陳小兵

[摘要] 長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(lncRNAs)是一類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄本長(zhǎng)度大于200 nt的非編碼RNA,不具備蛋白質(zhì)編碼功能。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA異常表達(dá)與胃癌有關(guān)。在表觀遺傳學(xué)水平上,lncRNAs可通過(guò)與mRNA堿基互補(bǔ)配對(duì)形成雙鏈或與RNA結(jié)合蛋白(RBP)形成復(fù)合物,介導(dǎo)mRNA剪接和穩(wěn)定性;也可與微小RNA(miRNA)形成競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性?xún)?nèi)源RNA(ceRNA)調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),參與基因表達(dá)調(diào)控;在某些情況下,lncRNAs招募組蛋白修飾復(fù)合物,抑制靶基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄;此外,lncRNAs還可通過(guò)腫瘤抑制基因P53或癌基因c-Myc發(fā)揮致癌或抑癌作用。同時(shí),lncRNAs參與胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,調(diào)節(jié)上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(EMT)過(guò)程影響轉(zhuǎn)移。本文就lncRNA在胃癌中的作用機(jī)制的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。

[關(guān)鍵詞]長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA;胃腫瘤;表觀遺傳;上皮間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R735.2 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2017)03(b)-0033-04

Mechanism of long non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer

ZHAO Qingfang GUAN Lulu CHEN Xiaobing

Department of Gastroenterology, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, He'nan Province, Zhengzhou 450003, China

[Abstract] Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that have transcript lengths exceeding 200 nt and do not have the capacity for protein coding. Aberrant expression of lncRNAs has been found associated with gastric cancer. At the level of epigenetics, lncRNAs may mediate mRNA stability and splicing by complementary base pairing with mRNAs or forming complexes with RNA binding proteins (RBPs); lncRNAs also participate in the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network with miRNA; under certain circumstances, lncRNAsmay inhibit the transcription of target genesby recruiting histone-modifying complexes; in addition, lncRNAs play oncogenic or tumor suppressor roles by correlated with tumor suppressor P53 or onco-protein c-Myc, respectively. They are involved in signaling pathways and affecting metastasis by regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Therefore, this anicle mainly reviewed on the mechanism of long non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer.

[Key words] LncRNA; Stomach neoplasms; Epigenetic; Epithelial to mesenchymal transition

胃癌是世界上最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,盡管近年來(lái)胃癌死亡率有所下降,但仍是全球第三大癌癥致死性疾病[1]。因此,探索胃癌發(fā)生的分子機(jī)制,積極尋找有效的早期診斷標(biāo)志物和治療策略尤為迫切。隨著基因芯片及高通量測(cè)序技術(shù)的發(fā)展,越來(lái)越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)胃癌中長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(long non-coding RNAs,lncRNAs)表達(dá)異常。它們通過(guò)堿基互補(bǔ)配對(duì)原則與DNA、RNA和蛋白質(zhì)之間發(fā)生特異性、動(dòng)態(tài)性作用,形成復(fù)雜而微妙的基因表達(dá)調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),參與細(xì)胞增殖、遷移、凋亡、侵襲、細(xì)胞周期和轉(zhuǎn)移等。本文就lncRNA在胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中作用機(jī)制作一綜述。

1 lncRNA概述

研究表明[2]人體中大約有15 000種lncRNA,大部分lncRNA顯示了不同的組織特異性。lncRNA具有不同的亞細(xì)胞定位,并在不同的細(xì)胞定位中起不同的作用。例如,在細(xì)胞核中,lncRNA主要調(diào)節(jié)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄和mRNA剪接,而在細(xì)胞質(zhì)中主要影響RNA穩(wěn)定性和微小RNA(miRNA)的活性。根據(jù)它們的位置和轉(zhuǎn)錄方向,將其分為以下5種:①正義lncRNA(sense lncRNA):轉(zhuǎn)錄方向與鄰近mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄方向相同;②反義lncRNA(antisense lncRNA):轉(zhuǎn)錄方向與鄰近mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄方向相反;③雙向lncRNA(bidirectional lncRNA):可同時(shí)向相反的兩個(gè)方向發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)錄;④內(nèi)含子lncRNA(intronic lncRNA):某一蛋白編碼基因的一個(gè)內(nèi)含子轉(zhuǎn)錄而來(lái);⑤基因間lncRNA(intergenic lncRNA):位于兩個(gè)蛋白編碼基因之間[3]。

2 lncRNA對(duì)基因的表觀遺傳學(xué)調(diào)控

2.1 lncRNA與DNA相互作用

lncRNA可結(jié)合組蛋白修飾復(fù)合物,然后以DNA為靶點(diǎn)。例如長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA FENDRR由4個(gè)外顯子組成,可結(jié)合組蛋白修飾復(fù)合物,以啟動(dòng)子片段為靶點(diǎn),在維持染色體結(jié)構(gòu)和基因活性方面發(fā)揮重要作用。HOX 基因轉(zhuǎn)錄反義基因間RNA(HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA,HOTAIR)以雙鏈DNA(dsDNA)為靶點(diǎn),抑制基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[4]。此外,人類(lèi)二氫葉酸還原酶(dihydrofolatereductase,DHFR)基因的次要啟動(dòng)子轉(zhuǎn)錄的lncRNA與宿主基因關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)區(qū)結(jié)合,形成三重結(jié)構(gòu)模型。這些三重結(jié)構(gòu)可作為lncRNA和基因組DNA之間的特異性識(shí)別結(jié)構(gòu)。

2.2 lncRNA與RNA相互作用

2.2.1 lncRNA與mRNA形成復(fù)合物 靶mRNA中的ALU序列和lncRNA互補(bǔ)序列通過(guò)不完全堿基配對(duì)形成RNA雙鏈(dsRNA)結(jié)構(gòu)。Staufen 1(STAU1)蛋白識(shí)別dsRNA結(jié)合位點(diǎn)并降解mRNA。這種類(lèi)型的lncRNA被稱(chēng)為1/2-STAU1結(jié)合位點(diǎn)RNA,該過(guò)程稱(chēng)為staufen介導(dǎo)的mRNA衰減(staufen-mediated mRNA decay,SMD)[5]。例如組織分化誘導(dǎo)非蛋白編碼RNA(TINCR)通過(guò)SMD過(guò)程損害Krüppel樣因子2(KLF2)mRNA的穩(wěn)定性和表達(dá)。TINCR通過(guò)與含有其盒基序的mRNA雙鏈化,保持mRNA穩(wěn)定[6]。除了直接作用,胃癌增殖轉(zhuǎn)錄本1(gastric carcinoma proliferation enhancing transcript 1,GHET1)與其靶mRNA之間發(fā)揮間接作用。 GHET1可促進(jìn)胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子mRNA結(jié)合蛋白1(IGF2BP1)和c-Myc mRNA結(jié)合,保持c-Myc mRNA的穩(wěn)定性[7-8],而c-myc基因可使細(xì)胞無(wú)限增殖,與多種腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展有關(guān)。

2.2.2 lncRNA作為miRNA前體 lncRNA的活性與miRNA有關(guān)。一方面,有些lncRNA是一部分miRNA的前體,通過(guò)細(xì)胞核中Drosha酶裂解作用和細(xì)胞質(zhì)中Dicer酶切割作用,產(chǎn)生成熟的miRNA,調(diào)控靶基因表達(dá)。例如miR-675(H19的切割產(chǎn)物)在胃癌發(fā)生中起關(guān)鍵作用。H19通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)miR-675的兩個(gè)靶點(diǎn)即Runt相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1(RUNX1)和鈣營(yíng)養(yǎng)蛋白1(CALN1)的表達(dá)促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞增殖[9]。另一方面,lncRNA與miRNA 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合靶基因mRNA 的3′-UTR,從而對(duì)miRNA 的負(fù)向調(diào)控機(jī)制進(jìn)行抑制[10]。

2.2.3 lncRNA作為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性?xún)?nèi)源RNA 有些lncRNA 能發(fā)揮內(nèi)源性“miRNA 海綿”功能,與mRNA競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合miRNA 的反應(yīng)元件(miRNA response elements,MREs),從而抑制miRNA表達(dá)并其對(duì)靶基因進(jìn)行負(fù)向調(diào)控,即ceRNA 機(jī)制。目前,已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)4個(gè)lncRNA 可作為癌基因,以ceRNA機(jī)制參與調(diào)控胃癌進(jìn)程,包括HOTAIR、GAPLINC、BC032469和H19。其中,HOTAIR在胃癌患者的血漿中高表達(dá),它可與人上皮細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子受體2(HER2)MREs占位結(jié)合,從而減少HER2與miR-331-3P 結(jié)合,抑制miR-331-3P 對(duì)HER2的降解作用,間接上調(diào)HER2表達(dá)水平,調(diào)控胃癌細(xì)胞增殖、遷移等[10]。Hu等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA GAPLINC與癌基因CD44競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性結(jié)合miR-311-3P 的結(jié)合位點(diǎn),上調(diào)CD44 表達(dá)水平,從而調(diào)控細(xì)胞遷移和增殖。類(lèi)似地,lncRNA BC032469 與miR-1207-5p通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制調(diào)節(jié)人端粒酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶(hTERT)的表達(dá)[12]。miR-141與H19形成ceRNA,調(diào)節(jié)miR-141的靶基因ZEB1表達(dá)[13]。此外,F(xiàn)ER1L4 和母系印記基因3(Maternal imprintedgenes 3,MEG3)可通過(guò)ceRNA 機(jī)制在胃癌發(fā)展進(jìn)程中發(fā)揮抑癌基因的作用[14]。

2.3 lncRNA與蛋白質(zhì)的相互作用

2.3.1 lncRNA與組蛋白修飾復(fù)合物結(jié)合 多達(dá)38%的lncRNA可與組蛋白修飾復(fù)合物結(jié)合。例如HOTAIR作為分子支架,5'端結(jié)合多梳抑制復(fù)合體2(polycomb repressivecomplex 2,PRC2)介導(dǎo)染色體組蛋白H3K27甲基化。而其3'端結(jié)合組蛋白賴(lài)氨酸去甲基化酶(lysine specific demethylase1,LSD1)介導(dǎo)染色體組蛋白H3K4Me2的去甲基作用。HOTAIR通過(guò)多點(diǎn)反式作用募集PRC2,誘導(dǎo)HOXD基因座產(chǎn)生抑制性染色體結(jié)構(gòu),在HOXD基因座上長(zhǎng)達(dá)40 kb的范圍內(nèi)抑制轉(zhuǎn)錄[15]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[16],F(xiàn)ENDRR可以降低腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)蛋白如纖維連接蛋白1(FN1)、MMP2 和MMP9的表達(dá)水平,從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。類(lèi)似地,ANRIL、H19、MALAT1 和PVT1,均可通過(guò)招募組蛋白修飾物,以順式或反式作用抑制靶基因轉(zhuǎn)錄[17]。

2.3.2 lncRNA與P53和c-Myc相互作用 一些lncRNAs差異性表達(dá)潛在激活了胃癌中的P53信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路。TUSC7(tumor suppressor candidate 7)是腫瘤抑制基因,分別通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)p53、c-myc 發(fā)揮致癌或抑癌作用[18]。Yang等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)H19在胃癌組織中高表達(dá),可結(jié)合P53并抑制其活性,降低P53下游靶基因Bax (凋亡相關(guān)基因)水平,從而促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞增殖和逃逸凋亡。MEG3的折疊導(dǎo)致P53表達(dá)水平顯著增加,從而抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增生并誘導(dǎo)其凋亡而抑制胃癌的發(fā)生[20]。Myc蛋白含有結(jié)合E-box DNA識(shí)別片段(CACGTG)的堿性DNA結(jié)合結(jié)構(gòu)域。CpG島和染色質(zhì)的預(yù)乙?;癄顟B(tài)使得與c-Myc的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)具有高親和力。微陣列結(jié)果表明[21],1244 個(gè)lncRNAs可被c-Myc直接激活,在胃癌中c-Myc激活H19和結(jié)腸癌相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄物1(colon cancer-associated transcript 1,CCAT1)的轉(zhuǎn)錄[22]。

3 lncRNA參與EMT過(guò)程影響胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移

E-鈣黏蛋白被認(rèn)為是腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的抑制劑,其低表達(dá)是EMT的標(biāo)志物之一。而轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail抑制 E-鈣粘蛋白表達(dá),一些lncRNAs以E-鈣粘蛋白和Snail為靶點(diǎn)調(diào)節(jié)EMT過(guò)程。Xu等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)HOTAIR 通過(guò)提高Snail 表達(dá)水平促進(jìn)間質(zhì)性標(biāo)志物(如vimentin,N-cadherin)表達(dá)并抑制上皮性標(biāo)志物(如E-cadherin、ZO-1)表達(dá),促進(jìn)EMT過(guò)程。另一種在胃癌中低表達(dá)的lncRNA LEIGC也參與調(diào)節(jié)EMT過(guò)程。Han等[24]證實(shí)間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞相關(guān)基因(如zeb、twist、snail、slug)及其相應(yīng)蛋白在LEIGC下調(diào)時(shí)增加。這些表明LEIGC是阻止EMT過(guò)程的關(guān)鍵調(diào)節(jié)器。此外,研究表明MEG3在胃癌中低表達(dá),可抑制轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(TGF-β)介導(dǎo)的EMT過(guò)程中細(xì)胞形態(tài)和運(yùn)動(dòng)特性的改變[25]。其他lncRNAs如肝細(xì)胞癌上調(diào)的長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA HULC、長(zhǎng)基因非蛋白編碼RNA152(Linc00152)和MALAT2,也促進(jìn)胃癌中EMT過(guò)程[26]。

4 lncRNA調(diào)控胃癌的信號(hào)通路

Flockhart等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)體外沉默鼠類(lèi)肉瘤濾過(guò)性毒菌致癌同源體B1激活的非編碼RNA(BANCR)導(dǎo)致胃癌細(xì)胞活力下降、凋亡增加、NF-κb1表達(dá)下降,提示BANCR可能通過(guò)NF-κb通路參與胃癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[28],在胃癌中H19異常上調(diào)并通過(guò)滅活p53促進(jìn)胃癌細(xì)胞增殖或通過(guò)miR-675抑制腫瘤抑制基因RUNX1表達(dá)。而Akt/mTOR信號(hào)軸受RUNX1調(diào)節(jié)[14],并在大多數(shù)腫瘤包括胃癌中被激活。因此推測(cè)H19可能通過(guò)miR-675抑制RUNX1表達(dá),從而激活A(yù)kt/mTOR途徑,在胃癌發(fā)生中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。此外,Notch 1配體表觀遺傳沉默激活Notch 1信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑,Notch 1影響胃癌細(xì)胞凋亡、增殖及耐藥基因的表達(dá),加劇腫瘤細(xì)胞惡化。研究表明[29]lncRNA AK022798參與細(xì)胞耐藥性的形成,而AK022798的表達(dá)由Notch1調(diào)節(jié)。因此認(rèn)為增加lncRNA AK022798的表達(dá)水平可激活Notch 1,促進(jìn)胃癌的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。

5 小結(jié)與展望

lncRNA的特征在于其作用機(jī)制的復(fù)雜性。本文總結(jié)了lncRNAs與DNA、RNA和蛋白質(zhì)及相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)移信號(hào)通路在胃癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中的相互作用,但具體分子機(jī)制的研究尚處于起步階段,有待深入研究。LncRNA作為一種新型的生物標(biāo)志物,在胃癌的早期診斷、療效、預(yù)后評(píng)估、及靶向治療等方面有巨大的潛力。較前沿的領(lǐng)域集中于使用外來(lái)體、微泡、凋亡小體和凋亡微粒中包含的RNA分子作為生物標(biāo)志物。相信隨著lncRNA與胃癌相關(guān)研究的逐漸深入,胃癌的診斷和治療將能取得新的進(jìn)展。

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