魏更生,吳京亮,吳 磊
老年骨質(zhì)疏松性髖部骨折患者的藥物起始率及依從性分析
魏更生,吳京亮,吳 磊
目的 分析老年骨質(zhì)疏松性髖部骨折患者使用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物的起始率及依從性。方法 將326例行手術(shù)治療的老年骨質(zhì)疏松性髖部骨折患者根據(jù)性別分為男性組(148例)和女性組(178例)。采集患者入院時(shí)服用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物情況,并計(jì)算藥物起始率;術(shù)后待患者恢復(fù)進(jìn)食后給予抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療,統(tǒng)計(jì)患者術(shù)后1年期間服用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物情況,分析術(shù)后0~6、7~12個(gè)月兩個(gè)隨訪階段服用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物情況及藥物依從性。結(jié)果 術(shù)前服藥起始率:男性組鈣劑為27.70%,維生素D為20.27%,雙膦酸鹽為6.76%;女性組鈣劑為46.07%,維生素D為31.46%,雙膦酸鹽為15.17%;男性組3種藥物服藥起始率均低于女性組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)后常規(guī)抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物治療0~6個(gè)月,兩組患者服藥依從性良好的比例較高,男性組中鈣劑為79.73%,維生素D為71.62%,雙膦酸鹽為70.27%;女性組中鈣劑為85.96%,維生素D為78.65%,雙膦酸鹽為76.97%;男性組略低于女性組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后7~12個(gè)月時(shí)兩組患者3種服藥依從性良好的人數(shù)比例均顯著減少(P<0.05),男性組鈣劑為55.40%,維生素D為48.65%,雙膦酸鹽為41.89%;女性組鈣劑為71.91%,維生素D為60.67%,雙膦酸鹽為57.86%;男性組3種服藥依從性良好的比例均低于女性組(P<0.05)。 結(jié)論 老年骨質(zhì)疏松性髖部骨折患者術(shù)前抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物治療的起始率低,男性患者較女性患者更低;術(shù)后抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物治療中患者長(zhǎng)期的藥物依從性較差,男性患者差于女性患者。提示醫(yī)務(wù)人員應(yīng)該對(duì)患者加強(qiáng)抗骨質(zhì)疏松的健康宣教。
骨質(zhì)疏松;髖部骨折;藥物起始率;依從性
老年骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者骨骼強(qiáng)度明顯下降,在輕微外力下即可能出現(xiàn)脆性骨折,尤其是髖部骨折,1年內(nèi)病死率高達(dá)20%[1-2]。近年來,醫(yī)務(wù)工作者們?cè)絹碓綇?qiáng)調(diào)老年骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折的早期預(yù)防,注重對(duì)老年骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者早期進(jìn)行飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)及藥物的綜合治療[3]。而對(duì)于已經(jīng)發(fā)生了脆性骨折的患者,其抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療也尤為重要,否則會(huì)出現(xiàn)二次骨折,甚至多次骨折[4]。盡管醫(yī)務(wù)工作者對(duì)抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療可以減少骨折發(fā)生率已達(dá)成共識(shí),且在臨床中強(qiáng)調(diào)抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療的重要性,但研究顯示目前老年骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者的起始治療率很低、依從性很差;即使發(fā)生了脆性骨折的患者,其抗骨質(zhì)疏松的起始治療率仍較低[5]。2013年1月~2015年3月,筆者收集、整理我院老年骨質(zhì)疏松性髖部骨折患者術(shù)前及術(shù)后隨訪資料,分析其術(shù)前抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物起始率及術(shù)后隨訪中的藥物依從性,為骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折的防治提供數(shù)據(jù)參考,報(bào)道如下。
1.1 病例資料 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):① 年齡≥60歲,符合世界衛(wèi)生組織制定的骨質(zhì)疏松癥診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]。② 通過病史、體征及影像學(xué)明確診斷為單側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)子間骨折,并行手術(shù)治療。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):① 由車禍等嚴(yán)重暴力導(dǎo)致的多發(fā)骨折傷。② 患有心肺功能衰竭、腎功能衰竭等嚴(yán)重基礎(chǔ)疾病。本組326例,男148例,女178例,年齡60~79歲。分為男性組和女性組,兩組術(shù)前一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
表1 兩組患者術(shù)前一般資料比較
1.2 治療方法 入院時(shí)收集所有患者一般資料及服用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物情況,并計(jì)算藥物起始率。術(shù)后待患者恢復(fù)進(jìn)食后給予抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療,并進(jìn)行骨質(zhì)疏松健康教育,強(qiáng)調(diào)術(shù)后長(zhǎng)期服用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物的重要性。術(shù)后隨訪1年,統(tǒng)計(jì)患者服用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物情況。目前用于治療骨質(zhì)疏松癥的藥物較多,臨床中常用的主要為鈣劑、維生素D(包括活性和半活性)等基礎(chǔ)治療藥物,加上抑制破骨細(xì)胞活性的雙膦酸鹽類藥物,因此,本研究主要分析鈣劑、維生素D、雙膦酸鹽類藥物服用情況。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo) 本研究采用藥物占有率(medical possession ratio, MPR)來評(píng)價(jià)藥物服用情況[7]。各隨訪階段的MPR =隨訪期間服藥總天數(shù)/隨訪期間總天數(shù);其中雙膦酸鹽類藥物(阿侖膦酸鈉)服藥1次計(jì)7 d(70 mg/周)。根據(jù)Huybrechts et al[8]對(duì)抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物依從性等級(jí)劃分的研究,MPR>90%視為依從性非常好,80%~90%視為依從性良好,50%~79%視為依從性中等,<50%視為依從性差。本研究將骨折前3個(gè)月內(nèi)其抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物的MPR>50%的患者(即依從性中等以上)視為已起始抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物治療。① 分析術(shù)前起始抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物情況:對(duì)比兩組患者術(shù)前3個(gè)月內(nèi)起始應(yīng)用鈣劑、維生素D、雙膦酸鹽等抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物服用情況。② 術(shù)后抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物依從性:對(duì)比分析兩組患者在術(shù)后隨訪0~6個(gè)月、7~12個(gè)月兩個(gè)隨訪階段的抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物服藥依從性良好的人數(shù)。
2.1 術(shù)前起始抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物情況 患者術(shù)前抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物總體起始率較低,其中鈣劑為37.73%,維生素D為26.38%,雙膦酸鹽為11.35%。鈣劑、維生素D及雙膦酸鹽用藥起始率男性組起始率比女性組更低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01,P<0.05)。見表2。
表2 兩組患者術(shù)前3個(gè)月內(nèi)服用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物的例數(shù)及起始率比較[例(%)]
表3 兩組患者術(shù)后服用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物依從性良好例數(shù)比較[例(%)]
與對(duì)應(yīng)組0~6個(gè)月時(shí)段比較:*P<0.05
2.2 術(shù)后抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物依從性 見表3。兩組患者術(shù)后0~6個(gè)月抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物依從性良好的比例較高,男性組3種抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物依從性良好的比例均略低于女性組,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)后7~12個(gè)月,兩組患者對(duì)3種抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物依從性良好的比例均顯著下降,與0~6個(gè)月比較差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。男性組藥物依從性良好的比例均低于女性組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
骨質(zhì)疏松癥雖然發(fā)病率高,但由于骨質(zhì)疏松早期癥狀不明顯,多數(shù)只有輕度骨痛、腰痛等癥狀,易被患者忽視。隨著骨質(zhì)的流失,這類患者在輕微外力下即可發(fā)生脆性骨折,尤其是髖部骨折多見,而老年人一旦發(fā)生髖部骨折則致殘率、病死率很高。因此,分析老年骨質(zhì)疏松性髖部骨折患者的抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物起始情況及藥物依從性情況可為臨床上骨質(zhì)疏松的防治提供重要的參考依據(jù)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年骨質(zhì)疏松性髖部骨折患者術(shù)前抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物總體起始率較低,男性患者比女性患者抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物起始率更低。術(shù)后給予常規(guī)抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物治療,0~6個(gè)月藥物依從性良好的人數(shù)比例較高,男性患者略低于女性患者;但是7~12個(gè)月抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物依從性良好的人數(shù)比例顯著減少,與女性患者相比,男性患者各種藥物依從性良好的人數(shù)比例下降更為顯著。
3.1 提高抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物治療的起始率 骨質(zhì)疏松癥與高血壓、糖尿病等慢性疾病類似,需要科學(xué)合理的慢病管理才能減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。盡早起始抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療可以減緩骨質(zhì)流失甚至提升骨量,但在臨床工作中,骨質(zhì)疏松的防治仍存在知曉率低、治療率低等狀況,尤其是那些發(fā)生脆性骨折的患者,其治療率是很低的。Viprey et al[5]通過回顧性分析脆性骨折患者的用藥情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)這些患者中大多數(shù)都沒有起始抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物治療,治療率只有38.95%(284/729),其中起始鈣劑和(或)維生素D的比例僅為17.69%(129/729),雙膦酸鹽僅為14.81%(108/729)。本研究結(jié)果與之相似。但本研究中患者起始鈣劑、維生素D的比例高于Viprey et al的研究結(jié)果,這可能是因?yàn)槲覈?guó)的傳統(tǒng)觀念里強(qiáng)調(diào)了鈣片的攝入,且鈣劑、維生素D產(chǎn)品的廣告投放量較大,使得我國(guó)鈣劑、維生素D攝入的人群高于國(guó)外??傮w來說,國(guó)內(nèi)外的骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者目前起始藥物治療的比例較低,應(yīng)加大健康宣教力度,科學(xué)進(jìn)行慢病管理,降低骨折等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)男性患者的抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物起始率比女性患者更低。因此,在進(jìn)行骨質(zhì)疏松知識(shí)宣教時(shí),要更加注重男性患者的健康教育。
3.2 維持抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物治療的良好依從性 盡管骨質(zhì)疏松防治指南中已經(jīng)推薦了鈣劑、維生素D(包括活性和半活性)等基礎(chǔ)治療藥物以及抑制破骨細(xì)胞活性的雙膦酸鹽類藥物或其他藥物,但在臨床工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)患者的藥物依從性并不高。一項(xiàng)基于社區(qū)橫斷面調(diào)查研究顯示[9],鈣劑、維生素D及雙膦酸鹽在連續(xù)6個(gè)月內(nèi)依從性良好(藥物占有率≥80%)的人數(shù)比例僅為19.66%、36.31%、54.28%,在連續(xù)12個(gè)月內(nèi)則分別降為11.52%、27.32%、46.51%,而在連續(xù)36個(gè)月內(nèi)則進(jìn)一步降為4.68%、13.48%、33.50%。不僅普通骨質(zhì)疏松癥患者藥物依從性差,對(duì)于已經(jīng)發(fā)生了脆性骨折的患者,其藥物依從性也較差。Elliot-Gibson et al[10]系統(tǒng)綜述了1994~2003年間發(fā)表的37篇關(guān)于骨質(zhì)疏松骨折患者術(shù)后抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物使用情況的文獻(xiàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)這些已經(jīng)發(fā)生了脆性骨折的患者其藥物依從性仍較差,其中鈣劑和維生素D的服用率為8%~62%,雙膦酸鹽的服用率為0.5%~38%。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)老年骨質(zhì)疏松性髖部骨折患者術(shù)后時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),其服用抗骨質(zhì)疏松藥物的依從性越差,0~6個(gè)月服藥依從性良好的人數(shù)比例較高,7~12個(gè)月比例顯著減少。骨質(zhì)疏松癥是一種不能立刻治愈的疾病,長(zhǎng)期良好的藥物依從性很重要,否則已經(jīng)發(fā)生脆性骨折的骨質(zhì)疏松患者可能發(fā)生二次骨折。因此,我們?cè)谂R床工作中應(yīng)努力探索提高骨質(zhì)疏松骨折患者長(zhǎng)期良好的藥物依從性的措施,積極借鑒國(guó)內(nèi)外經(jīng)驗(yàn),比如澳大利亞學(xué)者提出了“骨質(zhì)疏松預(yù)防及自我管理課程”[11],日本學(xué)者提出建立以社區(qū)衛(wèi)生中心為基礎(chǔ)的骨質(zhì)疏松及骨折防治的詢證醫(yī)學(xué)指南[12]。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)男性患者的藥物依從性比女性患者更差,應(yīng)該在臨床工作中加大對(duì)男性患者的慢病管理力度。
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(接收日期:2017-02-05)
Analysis of osteoporosis treatment initiation rate and adherence in elderly osteoporosis patients with hip fracture
WEIGeng-sheng,WUJing-liang,WULei
(DeptofOrthopaedics,HaidianHospitalofBeijingMunicipality,Beijing100080,China)
Objective To analyze the osteoporosis treatment initiation rate and adherence in elderly osteoporosis patients with hip fracture. Methods Total 326 elderly osteoporosis patients with hip fracture were assigned to male group(n=148) and female group(n=178). The osteoporosis treatment situation of patients were collected at admission, and the osteoporosis treatment initiation rate was calculated. After operation, the patients were treated with anti osteoporosis drugs. The osteoporosis treatment situation of the patients at 1 year after surgery was collected and the medication adherence in different period(0~6 months, 7~12 months) was evaluated. Results The osteoporosis treatment initiation of calcium, vitamin D and bisphosphonate in male group(27.70%, 20.27%, 6.76%) were lower than that of female group(46.07%, 31.46%, 15.17%) respectively (P<0.05). After operation, the number of patients who had good medicine adherence of osteoporosis treatment in 0~6 months was high. The ratio of calcium, vitamin D and bisphosphonate in male group(79.73%, 71.62%, 70.27%) were slightly lower than that of female group(85.96%, 78.65%, 76.97%) (P>0.05). In 7~12 months period, the number of patients with good adherence of the three drugs in both male and female groups were decreased significantly(P<0.05). The ratio of calcium, vitamin D and bisphosphonate in male group(55.40%, 48.65% and 41.89%) were lower than those in female group(71.91%, 60.67% and 57.86%) significantly(P<0.05). Conclusions The osteoporosis treatment initiation rate in elderly osteoporosis patients with hip fracture is low, especially lower in male patients. After initiating osteoporosis treatment after operation, the long-term medication adherence is poor, especially worse in male patients. Doctors should strengthen the health education of osteoporosis.
osteoporosis; hip fracture; medication initiation rate; medication adherence
10.3969/j.issn.1008-0287.2017.02.017
北京市海淀醫(yī)院骨科,北京 100080
魏更生,男,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事關(guān)節(jié)、創(chuàng)傷研究,E-mail:weigengsheng01@163.com
R 681; R 683.3
A
1008-0287(2017)02-0175-04