姜繼權(quán), 夏小慧△, 王 卉, 張祖花
(1. 蘭州城市學(xué)院, 甘肅 蘭州 730070; 2. 井岡山大學(xué), 江西 吉安 343009; 3. 蘭飛醫(yī)院, 甘肅 蘭州 730070)
不同運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式對(duì)糖尿病前期人群血糖相關(guān)指標(biāo)影響的Meta分析*
姜繼權(quán)1, 夏小慧1△, 王 卉2, 張祖花3
(1. 蘭州城市學(xué)院, 甘肅 蘭州 730070; 2. 井岡山大學(xué), 江西 吉安 343009; 3. 蘭飛醫(yī)院, 甘肅 蘭州 730070)
目的:系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)、有氧聯(lián)合抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)三種不同干預(yù)方式對(duì)糖尿病前期人群血糖的影響。方法:制定文獻(xiàn)檢索策略,檢索PubMed、EMBASE、EBSCO外文數(shù)據(jù)庫以及CNKI、Wanfang中文數(shù)據(jù)庫,以手工查閱檢出文獻(xiàn)和相關(guān)參考文獻(xiàn)作為補(bǔ)充,查找符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),運(yùn)用RevMan5.2統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)納入的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Meta分析,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)組和對(duì)照組間指標(biāo)采用均數(shù)差(MD)評(píng)價(jià)。結(jié)果:共納入原始文獻(xiàn)8篇,與對(duì)照組相比,不同運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式的綜合效應(yīng)對(duì)空腹血糖指標(biāo)無顯著性影響,與按不同干預(yù)方式進(jìn)行亞組分析結(jié)果一致;有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)及有氧聯(lián)合抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)餐后2h血糖指標(biāo)有顯著性降低的作用(P<0.05);有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)胰島素抵抗指數(shù)有顯著降低作用。結(jié)論:對(duì)糖尿病前期人群,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)對(duì)餐后2 h血糖、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)的影響與運(yùn)動(dòng)方式有關(guān),但對(duì)空腹血糖的作用尚不能確定。
糖尿病前期;運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù);血糖指標(biāo);Meta分析
【DOI】 10.12407/j.cjap.5400.2017.048
糖尿病前期(pre-diabetes),又稱糖調(diào)節(jié)受損(impaired glucose regulation, IGR),是機(jī)體糖代謝處于正常狀態(tài)與糖尿病之間的階段,包括空腹血糖受損(impaired fasting glucose, IFG),葡萄糖耐量受損(impaired glucose tolerance, IGT)以及二者的合并狀態(tài)。由于IGR具有可逆性。因此積極干預(yù)糖尿病前期是預(yù)防2型糖尿病發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵。
糖尿病前期的干預(yù)手段以控制飲食、運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)加健康宣傳為主。在各項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道中,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的手段各不相同。本研究試圖通過對(duì)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)以及有氧聯(lián)合抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)等三種不同運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式對(duì)血糖相關(guān)指標(biāo)影響的分析,探討更有效的糖尿病前期人群的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式。
1.1 資料來源
以“糖尿病前期”、“糖耐量異?!焙汀斑\(yùn)動(dòng)”為主題詞,檢索CNKI和萬方中文數(shù)據(jù)庫,以“exercise”、“sport”、“glucose metabolism disorders”、“prediabetic”為主題詞,以“reandomize”為限定詞檢索PubMed、Embase、EBSCO外文數(shù)據(jù)庫。文獻(xiàn)檢索截止期限為2015年11月。同時(shí)檢索納入研究的參考文獻(xiàn)作為補(bǔ)充以保證文獻(xiàn)的全面性。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)篩選、資料提取與質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
文獻(xiàn)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)研究設(shè)計(jì)類型為隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn);(2)研究對(duì)象為糖尿病前期人群,運(yùn)動(dòng)是唯一的干預(yù)手段;(3)運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案的實(shí)施有監(jiān)控,有具體的運(yùn)動(dòng)頻率、運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度和運(yùn)動(dòng)量的描述;(4)結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、胰島素抵抗指數(shù)等;(5)排除對(duì)青少年、妊娠期人群的研究。
由2位研究者按照納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨(dú)立進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)篩選和資料提取,如遇分歧,通過討論或征求第三位研究者的意見協(xié)商確定。由2位研究者根據(jù)Corhrane Handbook評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)納入研究的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
采用Cochrance協(xié)作網(wǎng)提供的Revman 5.2軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析。首先采用卡方檢驗(yàn)對(duì)納入研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性分析,同時(shí)采用I2對(duì)異質(zhì)性的大小進(jìn)行定量分析,I2<25%為低異質(zhì)性,25%≤I2<50%為中度異質(zhì)性,I2≥50%為高度異質(zhì)性。當(dāng)無異質(zhì)性或異質(zhì)性為低度或中度時(shí),采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)合并,當(dāng)異質(zhì)性為高度異質(zhì)性時(shí),采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)合并。計(jì)算加權(quán)均數(shù)差(MD)值及其95%可信區(qū)間(confidence interval, CI)。
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索結(jié)果
初檢出文獻(xiàn)1080篇,去重后獲得702篇。閱讀文題、摘要初篩后,排除與本研究目的無關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)679篇,剩余23篇進(jìn)一步閱讀全文。復(fù)篩后排除16篇,其中,有4篇文獻(xiàn)研究人群混雜[1-4];有2篇文獻(xiàn)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度沒有進(jìn)行量化描述[5, 6];有4篇文獻(xiàn)采用了兩種干預(yù)措施[7-10];6篇文獻(xiàn)沒有設(shè)計(jì)恰當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)照組[11-16]。通過對(duì)參考文獻(xiàn)的手工檢索,納入1篇。最終納入文獻(xiàn)8篇。
2.2 納入文獻(xiàn)的基本特征與質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
納入的8個(gè)文獻(xiàn)均為隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究,各文獻(xiàn)基本特征為:(1)Eriksson(1998)[17]:包括有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)(aerobic exercise training:AET)組7人、抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)(resistance training:RT)組8人和對(duì)照(control:CT)組7人,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案為:AET組2次/周,1~1.5 h/周, 強(qiáng)度為60% HRmax. RT組3次/周,每次3組,每組8~10次重復(fù), 強(qiáng)度為50%~60%1-RM.周期為10周。(2)Burtscher[18](2009):包括AET和CT兩個(gè)組(n=16),運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案為:AET組2次/周,每周1 h,強(qiáng)度為血乳酸達(dá)2~3 mmol/L.周期為48周。(3)劉一平[19](2012):包括AET(17人)、AET+RT(16人)和CT(17人)三個(gè)組,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案為:AET組4次/周,每次60 min,強(qiáng)度為60%~70% HRmax. AET+RT組4次/周,每次60 min,包括:RT 6組,每組15~20次重復(fù);AET 20 min,強(qiáng)度為60%~70% HRmax,周期為24周。(4)Alvarez[20](2012):包括RT(8人)和CT(13人)兩個(gè)組,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案為:RT組:2次/周,每次45 min,5組間歇練習(xí),強(qiáng)度為致肌肉疲勞,周期為12周。(5)Malin[21](2012):包括AET+RT(8人)和CT兩個(gè)組,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案為:AET+RT組3次/周,每次60~75 min。第1次和第3次為AET+RE,第2次為AET。AET 45 min,強(qiáng)度為70% HRmax。RT重復(fù)12次,強(qiáng)度為70% 1-RM.周期為12周。(6)王正珍[22](2013):包括AET(64人)和CT(18人)兩個(gè)組,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案為:AET組60 min/d,強(qiáng)度為50%~60%F.C,周期為12周。(7)Fritz[23](2013):包括AET(14人)和CT(18人)兩個(gè)組,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案為:AET組每周5 h,強(qiáng)度為呼吸急促、輕微排汗。周期為16周。(8)羅曦娟[24](2015):包括AET(26人)、RT(23人)和CT(21人)三個(gè)組,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方案為:AET組3次/周,每次50 min,強(qiáng)度為50%-59% VO2R,RT組3次/周,50 min,2~3組,每組重復(fù)8~16次。強(qiáng)度為階段1達(dá)12~16 RM,階段2達(dá)8~12 RM,周期為12周。
納入研究的方法學(xué)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)包括隨機(jī)方法、分配隱藏方法、對(duì)結(jié)局評(píng)價(jià)者施盲、結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)的完整性、是否選擇性報(bào)告研究結(jié)果等。由于運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)無法做到研究對(duì)象、干預(yù)者的盲法,因此,盲法的評(píng)價(jià)只包括是否對(duì)結(jié)局評(píng)價(jià)者施盲。評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果見表1。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.3.1 不同運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式對(duì)空腹血糖的影響 共有8篇文獻(xiàn)涉及運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)與空腹血糖的關(guān)系。綜合異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)I2=86%,表明各研究間異質(zhì)性較高,故選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)合并。分析結(jié)果顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組間無顯著性差異。[MD=-0.03,95%CI(-0.26,0.19),P=0.77]。進(jìn)一步按不同運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式進(jìn)行亞組分析,結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組與AET組[MD=-0.07,95%CI(-0.31,0.17),P=0.57]、RT組[MD=-0.01,95%CI(-0.84,0.82),P=0.98]、AET+RT組[MD=-0.02,95%CI (-0.17,0.14),P=0.84]間均無顯著性差異。即不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式干預(yù)的綜合效果以及各不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式干預(yù)的亞組效果均對(duì)空腹血糖指標(biāo)沒有影響。
Tab. 1 Method quality evaluation of the included studies
2.3.2 不同運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式對(duì)餐后2 h血糖的影響 共有5篇文獻(xiàn)涉及運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)與餐后2 h血糖的關(guān)系。綜合異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明I2=69%,表明各研究間異質(zhì)性較高,故選用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)合并。分析結(jié)果顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組相比有顯著性差異[MD=-0.84,95%CI(-1.27,-0.41),P<0.01]。進(jìn)一步按照不同運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式進(jìn)行亞組分析,結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組與AET組[MD=-0.87,95%CI (-1.59,-0.16),P=0.02]、AET+RT組[MD=-0.69,95%CI(-1.07,-0.31),P<0.01]間均有顯著性差異(P<0.05),與RT組[MD=-0.83,95%CI (-1.65, -0.01)]無顯著性差異。即不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式干預(yù)的綜合效果以及AET組、AET+RT組干預(yù)的亞組效果對(duì)餐后2 h血糖指標(biāo)有顯著性降低作用。
2.3.3 不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式對(duì)胰島素抵抗的影響 共有6篇文獻(xiàn)涉及運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)與胰島素抵抗指數(shù)的關(guān)系。綜合異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明I2=1%,表明各研究間異質(zhì)性較低,故選用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)合并。分析結(jié)果顯示,運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)組與對(duì)照組相比,兩組間有顯著性差異[MD=-0.98,95%CI(-1.39,-0.58),P<0.01]。進(jìn)一步按照不同運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式進(jìn)行亞組分析,結(jié)果顯示,對(duì)照組與AET組[MD=-1.22,95%CI (-1.71,-0.74),P<0.01]間有顯著性差異,對(duì)照組與RT組[MD=-0.30,95%CI (-1.19,0.59)]、AET+RT組[MD=-0.7,95%CI(-2.14,0.74)]間無顯著性差異。即AET干預(yù)組能顯著性降低胰島素抵抗指數(shù),而RT、AET+RT兩種干預(yù)方式對(duì)胰島素抵抗指數(shù)的降低無顯著作用。
2.4 敏感性分析
用不同的統(tǒng)計(jì)模型對(duì)各研究進(jìn)行Meta分析是敏感性分析的一種方法。在本研究中,對(duì)各組分析按不同效應(yīng)模型再次進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示,兩種模型統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果一致,說明Meta分析結(jié)果穩(wěn)定可靠。
目前,公認(rèn)的IGR干預(yù)措施,包括生活方式干預(yù)和藥物干預(yù)。生活方式干預(yù)應(yīng)是針對(duì)糖尿病前期人群的首選方式。生活方式的干預(yù)以飲食干預(yù)、運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)兩種方式為主,不同研究采用不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式進(jìn)行干預(yù),取得的效果也不盡相同。
在李琳等[25]的系統(tǒng)綜述中,生活方式的干預(yù)能使糖尿病前期人群的空腹血糖顯著降低,而本研究結(jié)果顯示,排除飲食干預(yù)后,單純以不同運(yùn)動(dòng)方式干預(yù),對(duì)空腹血糖并未產(chǎn)生顯著性影響??赡艿脑蚴强崭寡鞘且粋€(gè)更易受飲食影響的指標(biāo),而不是運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的敏感指標(biāo)。因此,建議空腹血糖高的糖尿病前期人群更多的注意飲食干預(yù)。
在本研究中,AET、AET+RT干預(yù)方式均能有效降低餐后2 h血糖,單純RT組的作用效果處于統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的邊緣。表明胰島細(xì)胞的功能得到了一定的調(diào)整,而這種調(diào)整改變對(duì)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、有氧聯(lián)合抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)是敏感的,而對(duì)單純抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)的敏感性尚有待于大樣本量進(jìn)一步探討。胰島素抵抗指數(shù)的降低只對(duì)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)敏感,而對(duì)抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)、有氧聯(lián)合抗阻運(yùn)動(dòng)不敏感,可能是胰島素敏感性的改善與有氧代謝的關(guān)系更為密切的原因。有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)能夠通過提高骨骼肌對(duì)葡萄糖的攝取利用,并降低脂肪組織的氧化應(yīng)激程度,減少炎性因子的表達(dá),改善胰島素抵抗癥狀,同時(shí),有氧耐力訓(xùn)練能降低骨骼肌線粒體的能量轉(zhuǎn)換偶聯(lián)并增加線粒體的呼吸功能,促進(jìn)骨骼肌線粒體適應(yīng)性能力,加速糖脂代謝,延緩胰島素抵抗。
從方法學(xué)的角度分析,本研究納入8個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn),研究來源廣泛,但本系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)仍有缺陷,對(duì)研究結(jié)論的應(yīng)用還需謹(jǐn)慎。首先,上述8個(gè)隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)在試驗(yàn)報(bào)道和/或方法學(xué)上仍有不足,如大多數(shù)研究未能對(duì)IGR人群的類型進(jìn)行分類。因此,無法針對(duì)IFT或IGT人群分別進(jìn)行研究;運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的控制在不同研究中無法達(dá)到一致,只能控制在一定的范圍內(nèi)。另外,由于運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)無法實(shí)施盲法,所有研究均非雙盲試驗(yàn)。最后,對(duì)于糖尿病前期人群血糖控制情況,還有更具有說服力的結(jié)局指標(biāo)糖化血紅蛋白HbA1c,但在所納入的文獻(xiàn)中,僅有一篇研究[23]進(jìn)行了報(bào)道,因此,無法對(duì)其進(jìn)行Meta分析。
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Meta-analysis on influence of different exercise intervention modes to blood glucose related indexes of pre-diabetes
JIANG Ji-quan1, XIA Xiao-hui1△, WANG Hui2, ZHANG Zu-hua3
(1. Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070; 2. Jinggangshan University, ji'an 343009;3. Lanfei hospital, Lanzhou 730070, China)
Objective: To assess the influence of the different exercise intervention mode, aerobic exercise training(AET), resistance training(RT) and AET RT, on blood glucose of pre-diabetes. Methods: Literatures were identified from the PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO, CNKI and Wanfang databases. Relevant journals or conference proceedings were also searched manually. The qualities of randomized controlled trials that conformed to inclusion criteria were evaluated. Meta-analysis of the obtained related data was completed utilizing RevMan 5.2 statistical software. Mean difference of index related in exercise intervention groups and control group were calculated across the studies. Results: Eight original literatures enrolled in this study. Compared with control group, combined effect of different exercise interventions on fasting blood glucose showed no significant, consistent with different intervention subgroups analysis. RT group and AET+RT group showed a significantly reduced role on 2 h postprandial blood index (P<0.05). AET group showed a significantly reduced role on insulin resistance index. Conclusion: To pre-diabetic, effects of exercise on postprandial 2 h blood glucose and insulin resistance index are related to modes of exercise. Effects of exercise on fasting blood glucose, but still could not be determined.
pre-diabetes; exercise intervention; indexes of blood glucose; Meta-analysis
國家體育總局重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域類研究項(xiàng)目(2014B025)
2015-12-12
2016-10-24
R363.1
A
1000-6834(2017)02-189-04
△【通訊作者】Tel: 13993121044; E-mail: xiaxh2004@163.com