⊙ University of Montréal
翻譯:丁一
掌握雙語 更省腦力
⊙ University of Montréal
翻譯:丁一
Bilingualism May Save Brain Resources as You Age
本文有一個很吸引人的標(biāo)題,讓人急切想知道具體內(nèi)容。文章的第一句話表明標(biāo)題所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容其實是一項科研成果——該文確實是一篇講述科學(xué)研究的記敘文。這一類文章通常層次分明,條理清晰,要讀懂大意并不難。
此類文章的閱讀難點通常有兩個:一是內(nèi)容我們通常不熟悉,生詞較多。但別忘了,其實我們在看中文的此類文章時也會遇到這個問題。如本文提到的“腦回路”,你真的知道它是什么嗎?只不過中文沒有讓你產(chǎn)生恐懼感罷了,所以,你也沒有必要被circuit一詞嚇倒。應(yīng)對此類文章,一個有效方法就是要抓住科研類記敘文的常用語,如本文中的fnding、establish、compare、therefore、explain和to arrive at this fnding等。
理解此類文章的另一個難點就是長句,特別是帶有從句的長句。在遇到長句時不用慌張,定下神,先找到主句,弄明白主句的意思,其他問題(如分詞結(jié)構(gòu)、從句)就不難解決了。
好了,掌握了以上兩個武器,現(xiàn)在開始向這篇文章發(fā)起進(jìn)攻吧!
New researchfindings[結(jié)果]show that bilingual people are great at saving brain power.
To do a task, the brainrecruits[動員]different networks, or the highways on which different types of information flow, depending on the task to be done. A research team from Montréal, Canada, compared what are known as functional brain connections between seniors who aremonolingual[單語人士]and seniors who are bilingual. The teamestablished[確定]that years of bilingualism change how the braincarries out[完成]tasks that require concentrating on one piece of information without becomingdistracted[思想不集中的]by other information. This makes the brain more efficient andeconomical[節(jié)約的]with itsresources[資源].
To arrive at this finding, the team asked two groups of seniors (one of monolinguals and one of bilinguals) to perform a task that involved focusing on visual information (the color of an object) while ignoringspatial[空間的]information (the position of the object). The researchers compared the networks between different brain areas as people did the task. They found that monolinguals recruited a largercircuit[腦回路]with multiple connections, whereas bilinguals recruited a smaller circuit that was more appropriate for the required information. These findings were published in the Journal ofNeurolinguistics[神經(jīng)語言學(xué)].
“After years of daily practice managinginterference[干擾]between two languages, bilinguals become experts at selecting relevant information and ignoring information that can distract from a task. In this case, bilinguals showed higherconnectivity[連接]between visual processing areaslocated[位于的]at the back of the brain. This area is specialized indetecting[發(fā)現(xiàn)]the visual characteristics of objects and therefore is specialized in the task used in this study. These data indicate that the bilingual brain is more efficient and economical, as it recruits fewer regions and only specialized regions,” explained Dr. Ansaldo, the head of the team.
Bilinguals therefore have twocognitive[認(rèn)知的]benefits. First, having morecentralized[集中的]and specialized functional connections saves resources compared to the multiple and more diverse brain areasallocated[分配的]by monolinguals to accomplish the same task. Second, bilinguals achieve the same result by not using the brain’sfrontalregions[前區(qū)], which arevulnerable[脆弱的]toaging[變老]. This may explain why the brains of bilinguals are betterequipped[準(zhǔn)備好的]tostave off[防止]the signs of cognitive aging ordementia[癡呆].
All the benefits of bilingualism have yet to be discovered.
一項新的科研發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,雙語人士在節(jié)省腦力方面很有一手。
大腦在完成一項任務(wù)時要調(diào)動多個網(wǎng)絡(luò),即根據(jù)完成任務(wù)所需的不同類型信息流動的通道。加拿大蒙特利爾的一支研究團(tuán)隊對比了單語老人和雙語老人腦功能連接的情況。他們認(rèn)為,多年使用雙語讓大腦可以集中處理一條信息而不受其他信息干擾,從而改變了大腦完成任務(wù)的方式。這樣做既高效,又節(jié)省腦力。
為了證明這一結(jié)論,研究團(tuán)隊請兩組老年人——一組為單語人士,另一組為雙語人士——完成一項任務(wù),任務(wù)要求參與者在集中注意視覺信息(物體的顏色)的同時忽略空間信息(物體的位置)。然后,研究人員比較了老人在完成任務(wù)時大腦內(nèi)不同區(qū)域之間的聯(lián)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),單語人士調(diào)動了更大面積的腦回路,需要建立多個連接;而雙語人士用的腦回路較小,更適于處理任務(wù)所需的相關(guān)信息。這些研究成果發(fā)表在《神經(jīng)語言學(xué)雜志》上。
“有了多年經(jīng)常處理兩種語言相互干擾的經(jīng)驗,雙語人士成為甄選合適信息與忽略干擾信息的行家。在這次研究中,雙語人士在大腦后部處理視覺的區(qū)域建立了更多的聯(lián)系,該區(qū)域擅長觀察物體的視覺特征,因此更適合完成此次研究中的任務(wù)。這些研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,雙語人士的大腦在完成任務(wù)時所需調(diào)動的區(qū)域更少,而且只調(diào)動專屬區(qū)域,因而更高效、更節(jié)省腦力,”研究團(tuán)隊的負(fù)責(zé)人安薩爾多博士解釋道。
雙語人士因此在認(rèn)知上有兩點優(yōu)勢。首先,與單語人士完成同樣任務(wù)時要調(diào)動更多、差異性更大的大腦區(qū)域相比,他們的功能性連接更集中、更具專屬性,這可節(jié)省腦力。其次,要達(dá)到同樣的效果,雙語人士不必使用位于大腦前葉的區(qū)域,而這一區(qū)域隨著年齡增長更容易老化。這也許可以解釋為什么雙語人士的大腦可以更好地防范認(rèn)知衰老及癡呆問題。
人們尚未完全掌握雙語給人帶來的好處。