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華北克拉通巖石圈地幔熔體與橄欖巖反應及相關高溫高壓實驗

2017-06-10 10:33陳康唐紅峰
地球科學與環(huán)境學報 2017年3期

陳康+唐紅峰

摘要:基于大量地幔包體的巖石學和地球化學研究,推斷在大陸巖石圈地幔內部發(fā)育著熔體與橄欖巖反應,以華北克拉通巖石圈地幔最具典型。依據(jù)地幔捕虜體的礦物交代特征和相關元素地球化學指標,華北克拉通巖石圈地幔發(fā)育著硅酸鹽熔體與橄欖巖反應(如吉林輝南、安徽女山、山東山旺、河北漢諾壩、內蒙古集寧、河北符山等地區(qū))和碳酸巖熔體與橄欖巖反應(如河南鶴壁、山東鐵銅溝、河南信陽等地區(qū))。已有的熔體與橄欖巖反應高溫高壓實驗研究的初始熔體也可以歸為硅酸鹽熔體和碳酸巖熔體兩大類。這些實驗研究為探討異剝橄欖巖、純橄巖、高鎂安山巖、高鎂埃達克質巖等特殊巖石成因及巖石圈地幔組成的變化提供了直接證據(jù)。今后通過進一步的熔體與橄欖巖反應高溫高壓實驗研究,建立反應產物特征與初始熔體性質、組成的對應關系,是揭示華北克拉通巖石圈地幔從古老難熔型向“年輕”飽滿型演化的重要途徑。

關鍵詞:實驗巖石學;熔體與橄欖巖反應;高溫高壓實驗;巖石圈地幔;硅酸鹽熔體;碳酸巖熔體;華北克拉通

中圖分類號:P589.1文獻標志碼:A

Abstract: It has been concluded that there are meltperidotite reactions occurring within continental lithospheric mantles from the petrological and geochemical studies on a large number of mantle xenoliths. This case is especially typical in the lithospheric mantle of North China Craton. Based on the mineralogical metasomatic characteristics in mantle xenoliths and the related element geochemical signatures, it is identified that the melt reacted with peridotite within the lithospheric mantle of North China Craton is silicate melt such as in Huinan of Jilin, Nushan of Anhui, Shanwang of Shandong, Hannuoba of Hebei, Jining of Inner Mongolia and Fushan of Hebei, and carbonatite melt such as in Hebi of Henan, Tietonggou of Shandong and Xinyang of Henan. The starting melts used in previous reaction experiments under hightemperature and highpressure conditions can be also classified into silicate and carbonatite melts. The experimental studies have provided direct evidence for the origin of some special rocks, such as wehrlite, dunite, highMg andesite, highMg adakite, and for the compositional change in lithospheric mantle. Further experimental study on meltperidotite reaction under hightemperature and highpressure conditions, in which the characteristic of run product is correlated with the property and composition of the starting melt, is an important way to reveal lithospheric mantle evolution of North China Craton from ancient refractory to “young” fertile.

Key words: experimental petrology; meltperidotite reaction; experiment under hightemperature and highpressure conditions; lithospheric mantle; silicate melt; carbonatite melt; North China Craton

0引言

圖件引自文獻[15]

巖石圈地幔是地球內部連接地殼和軟流圈的重要圈層,是巖石圈的主體。大陸巖石圈地幔以莫霍面為界,下伏于大陸地殼,上覆于軟流圈。特殊的位置決定了大陸巖石圈地幔對大陸地殼和整個大陸巖石圈的性質和組成有重要影響。古老的克拉通型巖石圈地幔主要由富Mg的方輝橄欖巖組成,其主要礦物是橄欖石和斜方輝石[17]。根據(jù)前人對大陸巖石圈地幔的研究,南非Debeers、Jagersfontein及Bultfontein等地金伯利巖區(qū)中常出現(xiàn)主要含有金云母、角閃石和富含不相容元素的FeTi氧化物等交代礦物[814]。這些交代礦物的出現(xiàn)意味著富含K、Ba、Ti、Zr、Nb和稀土元素(REE)等不相容元素的熔體與地幔橄欖巖發(fā)生了反應,改變了巖石圈地幔的組成。前人通過對中國華北克拉通古生代金伯利巖、中生代玄武巖或閃長巖、新生代玄武巖所攜帶的地幔巖包體系統(tǒng)的巖石學、礦物學和地球化學研究(圖1),推斷在華北克拉通巖石圈地幔演化過程中較為廣泛地發(fā)育著橄欖巖與不同性質熔體的反應。

這些通過對實際樣品研究得到的反演推論有一定合理性,但是對于準確揭示巖石圈地幔橄欖巖與熔體反應機制和溫度壓力條件、參與反應的初始熔體的組成,上述推論存在不確定性。高溫高壓實驗研究則可以通過一定的方案設計,建立參與反應的初始熔體組成、溫度壓力條件以及與反應產物特征之間的對應關系,為檢驗依據(jù)實際樣品研究得到的反演推論,正確認識熔體橄欖巖反應機制和條件,深入揭示大陸巖石圈地幔演化過程提供直接證據(jù),因此,其越來越受到地質科學家的重視,也獲得了一些重要進展。

基于此,本文通過總結對比華北克拉通巖石圈地幔內部發(fā)育的熔體與橄欖巖反應地質實例及相關高溫高壓實驗,闡釋高溫高壓實驗研究可以建立反應后的礦物組合特征、反應帶新生礦物元素組成和分配行為與初始熔體性質和組成的對應關系,為闡明華北克拉通巖石圈地幔從古老難熔型向“年輕”飽滿型演化的機制提供直接證據(jù)。

1熔體與橄欖巖反應

熔體與橄欖巖反應在大陸巖石圈地幔中普遍存在,在華北克拉通巖石圈地幔內部尤其發(fā)育。按照寄主巖的時代和類型、熔體與橄欖巖反應特征、熔體性質和來源等,總結華北克拉通地幔熔體與橄欖巖反應的典型實例(表1)。

前人依據(jù)地幔捕虜體的礦物交代特征及相關元素地球化學指標[1617],推斷在華北克拉通發(fā)育著導致地幔由難熔型向飽滿型演化的熔體與橄欖巖反應。在吉林輝南、安徽女山、山東山旺、河北漢諾壩、內蒙古集寧、河北符山等地區(qū),地幔包體發(fā)育交代成因硅酸鹽礦物(輝石、角閃石、金云母、斜長石等)和/或次生重結晶結構、交代脈體等顯性交代特征,包體全巖富集大離子親石元素(LILE)、輕稀土元素(LREE),包體中單斜輝石具低w(La)N/w(Yb)N值、高w(Ti)/w(Eu)值等隱性交代特征,由此推斷上述地區(qū)巖石圈地幔發(fā)生了硅酸鹽熔體與橄欖巖反應(表1、圖2);而在河南鶴壁、山東鐵銅溝、河南信陽等地區(qū),地幔包體發(fā)育交代成因單斜輝石、方解石等富鈣礦物,包體全巖富集輕稀土元素、虧損高場強元素(HFSE),包體中單斜輝石具低w(Ti)/w(Eu)值、高w(La)N/w(Yb)N值等隱性交代特征,據(jù)此推斷上述地區(qū)巖石圈地幔主要發(fā)生了碳酸巖熔體與橄欖巖反應(表1、圖2)。實際上,前人獲得的部分巖石圈地幔橄欖巖定年結果(表1)顯示,形成于太古代的華北克拉通巖石圈地幔局部不同程度地發(fā)生了年輕化,這一現(xiàn)象也意味著巖石圈地幔受到了后期熔體和/或流體的改造。

硅酸鹽熔體、碳酸巖熔體交代作用分區(qū)引自文獻[16];吉林輝南數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[25]、[26];安徽女山數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[27];河南鶴壁數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[23]、[28];山東山旺數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[22]、[29];河北漢諾壩數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[24]、[30];河北陽原數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[31]、[32];內蒙古集寧數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[19]、[20];河南信陽數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[33];w(·)為元素含量(質量分數(shù),下同);w(·)N為元素含量球粒隕石標準化后的值

在華北克拉通古老巖石圈地幔向新生地幔轉變過程中,參與反應的熔體既有單一性質,也有復合性質。在鐵銅溝地區(qū),熔體與橄欖巖反應早期以碳酸巖熔體交代為主,晚期又發(fā)生了富硅熔體與橄欖巖反應[18],在不同時期經歷了不同性質熔體與橄欖巖反應過程。研究表明,熔體橄欖巖相互作用不僅發(fā)生在已經遭到破壞和減薄的華北克拉通東部地區(qū),也同樣發(fā)生在華北克拉通西部地區(qū)[1920]。從巖石圈地幔性質角度來看,華北克拉通東部橄欖巖包體所表現(xiàn)出的新、老地幔共存,分布不均勻的特征可能是軟流圈物質對古老巖石圈地幔的不均一侵蝕導致了東部巖石圈的劇烈減薄[2124],而華北克拉通西部巖石圈地幔是原始地幔經過不同程度部分熔融之后的產物,既有飽滿地幔,又存在過渡類型地幔。因此,不管在華北克拉通東部還是西部都存在不同性質熔體與橄欖巖反應,總體顯示出時空分布上的無規(guī)律性。

2相關高溫高壓實驗

2.1不同性質熔體與橄欖巖反應

由于地球內部熔體組成的復雜性,加上根據(jù)實際樣品難以準確確定參與反應的初始熔體組成(因為實際樣品保留下來的只是發(fā)生了反應后的信息),所以前人在開展熔體與巖石(礦物)反應的高溫高壓實驗研究時,依照各自擬解決的科學問題選擇了不同初始物以模擬初始熔體(表2)。綜合已有研究,可以將前人的熔體與橄欖巖反應實驗的初始熔體劃歸為兩大類:硅酸鹽熔體和碳酸巖熔體[34]。硅酸鹽熔體還可以具體區(qū)分為SiO2含量較低的貧硅熔體(包括拉斑玄武質貧硅熔體[3538]和堿性玄武質貧硅

表1地幔熔體與橄欖巖反應的典型實例

Tab.1Typical Examples of Mantle Meltperidotite Reaction

序號寄主巖時代橄欖巖時代寄主巖類型產地熔體與橄欖巖反應特征參與反應的熔體性質及來源資料來源

1新生代(0.6 Ma)古生代—元古代(0.39~1.50 Ga)堿性玄武巖吉林輝南方輝橄欖巖包體發(fā)育次生重結晶結構,其單斜輝石有明顯高的Yb、Ti含量,富集輕稀土元素,具低w(La)N/w(Yb)N、高w(Ti)/w(Eu)值硅酸鹽熔體,來源于軟流圈地幔[25]、[39]和[40]

2新生代(2 Ma)中生代—元古代(0.2~2.0 Ga)堿性玄武巖安徽女山地幔橄欖巖包體發(fā)育角閃石、金云母、斜長石的交代脈富Si的硅酸鹽熔體,可能來源于俯沖或拆沉的殼源物質[27]、[41]和[42]

3新生代(4 Ma)太古代(2.5~3.0 Ga)堿性玄武巖河南鶴壁地幔捕虜體中的單斜輝石富集大離子親石元素和輕稀土元素,虧損高場強元素和重稀土元素,主體具低w(Ti)/w(Eu)值和變化大的w(La)N/w(Yb)N值碳酸巖熔體[21]、[28]和[43]

4新生代(16 Ma)堿性玄武巖山東山旺地幔捕虜體發(fā)育長石、金云母,富集輕稀土元素,其橄欖石Mg#值低硅酸鹽熔體[21]

5新生代(10~27 Ma)元古代(0.8~2.2 Ga)堿性玄武巖河北漢諾壩地幔橄欖巖包體發(fā)育高Mg、富集大離子親石元素和Ni的石榴輝石巖脈,以及富集輕稀土元素、具低w(La)N/w(Yb)N值和高w(Ti)/w(Eu)值的單斜輝石硅酸鹽熔體[24]、[30]、[44]和[45]

6新生代(29~32 Ma)古生代—太古代(0.33~2.63 Ga)堿性玄武巖河北陽原地幔橄欖巖包體發(fā)育富集輕稀土元素、相對虧損高場強元素、具低w(La)N/w(Yb)N值和高w(Ti)/w(Eu)值的單斜輝石硅酸鹽熔體[31]和[32]

7新生代(約33 Ma)古生代—元古代(0.56~1.44 Ga)堿性玄武巖內蒙古集寧地幔橄欖巖包體發(fā)育輝石巖脈,富集輕稀土元素,包體的單斜輝石具低w(La)N/w(Yb)N值和高w(Ti)/w(Eu)值硅酸鹽熔體,來源于軟流圈地幔[19]和[20]

8中生代(125 Ma)古生代(0.56 Ga)堿性和拉斑玄武巖山東方城玄武巖中發(fā)育具高Mg#值核和低Mg#值邊的帶狀橄欖石捕虜晶;地幔橄欖巖包體出現(xiàn)單斜輝石交代斜方輝石和晚期碳酸巖脈體富Ca的硅酸鹽熔體,來源于深俯沖陸殼物質的部分熔融[46]~[48]

9中生代(125 Ma)輝石閃長巖山東鐵銅溝橄欖巖捕虜體發(fā)育早期以單斜輝石+金云母±方解石組合為特征的交代,晚期以斜方輝石+斜長石+角閃石為特征的交代早期富Ca富K的碳酸巖熔體,晚期含水富Si的熔體[18]

10中生代(112~129 Ma)閃長巖山東金嶺含低Mg#值(86~87)橄欖石的純橄巖發(fā)育礦物反應結構和交代礦物角閃石、金云母富Si的鉀質熔體[49]

11中生代(160 Ma)玄武安山巖河南信陽貧單斜輝石的方輝橄欖巖包體富集輕稀土元素,虧損高場強元素,橄欖石和頑火輝石被滑石取代,橄欖巖包體中單斜輝石具低w(Ti)/w(Eu)值和高w(La)N/w(Yb)N值碳酸巖熔體[33]

12中生代(171 Ma)高鎂閃長巖河北符山方輝橄欖巖和貧單斜輝石二輝橄欖巖發(fā)育次生的角閃石、金云母,純橄巖發(fā)育網狀斜方輝石,3種橄欖巖都富集輕稀土元素和大離子親石元素含揮發(fā)分的硅酸鹽熔體,來源于拆沉的古元古代地塊部分熔融[50]和[51]

熔體[5254])和SiO2含量較高的富硅熔體[5559]。這些實驗研究為探討巖石圈地幔組成的變化、某些特殊地幔巖(如異剝橄欖巖、純橄巖)和噴出巖(如高鎂安山巖和埃達克質巖、原始洋中脊玄武巖、洋島玄武巖)的成因提供了重要的直接證據(jù)[6061]。例如,富硅的英云閃長質熔體與二輝橄欖巖反應后,在橄欖巖的橄欖石邊緣形成了斜方輝石+石榴石的反應帶[圖3(a)][62],其礦物組成特征與Liu等報道的漢諾

壩地幔包體中發(fā)育的石榴輝石巖脈體[圖3(b)][30]近于一致。因此,富硅熔體與地幔橄欖巖反應的高溫高壓實驗為揭示華北克拉通巖石圈地幔中石榴輝石巖脈的形成機制提供了直接證據(jù)。相比硅酸鹽熔體,碳酸巖熔體具有低密度、低黏度和高反應活性,極易發(fā)生滲濾流動,能夠與地幔橄欖巖保持化學平衡,被認為是最有效的地幔交代介質[6667]。例如,以白云巖為初始物的碳酸巖熔體,在高溫高壓下與地幔橄欖巖的反應主要是與橄欖巖中的斜方輝石發(fā)生反應[34]。其反應式為

CaMg(CO3)2+2Mg2Si2O6=CaMgSi2O6+

2Mg2SiO4+2CO2

CaMg(CO3)2+Mg2Si2O6=CaMgSi2O6+2MgCO3

上述反應的產物是橄欖石和富鈣的單斜輝石,因此,碳酸巖熔體與地幔二輝橄欖巖或方輝橄欖巖反應的實驗結果可以解釋巖石圈地幔內異剝橄欖巖的成因[34]。

硅酸鹽熔體與橄欖巖反應后橄欖石Fo牌號通常略有降低,新生單斜輝石富集強不相容元素;而碳酸巖熔體與橄欖巖反應后橄欖石Fo牌號略有升高,新生單斜輝石富集大離子親石元素和輕稀土元素,虧損高場強元素[7,54,68]。

2.2高溫高壓實驗研究的巖石學意義

2.2.1低鎂純橄巖成因

一般情況下,硅酸鹽熔體相對于地幔橄欖巖富Si、Ca、Fe,而貧Mg、Ni。硅酸鹽熔體與地幔橄欖巖反應的結果會使橄欖巖向富Si、Ca、Fe,貧Mg的方向演化,從而形成低Mg的地幔巖。在1 500 ℃、35 GPa溫壓條件下,利用角閃榴輝石巖與尖晶石二輝橄欖巖進行高溫高壓實驗,橄欖石Mg#值從反應前的89~90降低到反應后小于

85[64]。在1 300 ℃、10 GPa溫壓條件下,堿性玄武巖(SiO2含量為471%)熔體與二輝橄欖巖反應的產物是自熔體二輝橄欖巖接觸面往橄欖巖內部依次形成純橄巖、方輝橄欖巖、二輝橄欖巖的巖性序列[53],而且3種橄欖巖中橄欖石的Mg#值自純橄巖、方輝橄欖巖到二輝橄欖巖內部呈現(xiàn)單調遞增,其中純橄巖帶中橄欖石的Mg#值普遍較?。ǖ陀?8)[53]。上述熔體與橄欖巖反應的實驗結果證實,巖石圈地幔內部的硅酸鹽熔體與橄欖巖反應不僅促使橄欖石向低Mg#值的轉變,而且橄欖巖中輝石與熔體反應生成橄欖石,從而可以導致低鎂純橄巖的形成。

2.2.2高鎂安山巖和埃達克質巖的形成

與正常的島弧安山巖和埃達克質巖相比,高鎂安山巖和埃達克質巖以富Mg(Mg#值高于50)、Cr、Ni為特征,以及含有相對較少的Al2O3(含量低于16%)和CaO(含量低于10%)[6970]。實驗巖石學證明,玄武巖部分熔融產生的熔體Mg#值小于45,因此,一些新生代與俯沖帶有關的、具有低SiO2含量(低于65%)和高Mg#值(47~70)的高鎂安山巖和埃達克質巖可能是巖漿被地幔橄欖巖混染的結果[7172]。圖4中實驗數(shù)據(jù)與天然高鎂安山巖有明顯的系統(tǒng)誤差,其原因很可能是實驗采用的初始熔體組成與地質實際情況有差異;但是主量元素組成[7375]顯示,華北克拉通內部多處典型高鎂安山巖MgO、SiO2含量呈現(xiàn)負相關關系(圖4),高溫高壓條件下硅酸鹽熔體與橄欖巖反應后熔體從低MgO、高SiO2向高MgO、低SiO2方向演化,MgO、SiO2含量呈現(xiàn)出與華北克拉通內部高鎂安山巖類似的負相關關系。因此,安山質硅酸鹽熔體與地幔橄欖巖反應可能是形成華北克拉通內部安山巖和高鎂埃達克質巖的一種重要機制。

高鎂安山巖數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[73]~[75];實驗反應后熔體數(shù)據(jù)引自文獻[55]、[58];實線箭頭是高鎂安山巖的變化趨勢;虛線箭頭代表實驗反應后熔體的變化趨勢

2.2.3對大陸巖石圈地幔演化的制約

大陸巖石圈地幔在空間上介于陸殼與軟流圈之間,其演化自然與后兩個層圈有密切聯(lián)系。陸殼物質通過俯沖作用或者拆沉作用進入巖石圈地幔,然后發(fā)生熔融而形成SiO2含量較高的硅酸鹽熔體;該熔體在巖石圈地幔內部運移過程中可以與地幔橄欖巖中相對貧硅的礦物發(fā)生反應,如“橄欖石+富硅熔體→斜方輝石+貧硅熔體”[35]。另一方面,來自軟流圈地幔的物質(如相對貧硅的拉斑玄武質熔體、堿性玄武質熔體)在上涌進入巖石圈地幔后可以與地幔橄欖巖中相對富硅的礦物發(fā)生反應,如“斜方輝石+貧硅熔體→橄欖石+富硅熔體”[35]。此外,目前對巖石圈地幔中碳酸巖熔體的來源和組成尚不明確,但無論是來自俯沖板片的殼源碳酸鹽巖,還是來自軟流圈地幔的碳酸巖巖漿,由于其富鈣特征,都可以與巖石圈地幔中相對貧鈣的礦物發(fā)生反應,如“斜方輝石+碳酸巖熔體→單斜輝石+橄欖石+CO2”[34]。因此,熔體與橄欖巖反應在大陸巖石圈內較為發(fā)育(圖1)。由于熔體相對于地幔橄欖巖明顯富集Al、Ca、Na等主量元素和許多微量元素,所以持續(xù)的熔體與橄欖巖反應無疑將會導致巖石圈地幔由難熔型向飽滿型演化[7677]。

3結語

高溫高壓實驗在模擬地球內部的物理和化學過程具有不可替代的優(yōu)勢,屬于當今地球科學研究的前沿領域。模擬大陸巖石圈地幔的熔體與橄欖巖反應的高溫高壓實驗,可以為認識華北克拉通以及世界其他地區(qū)古老克拉通巖石圈地幔的演化機制與過程提供重要的直接依據(jù)。

然而,已有熔體與橄欖巖反應的高溫高壓實驗使用的橄欖巖初始物幾乎都被研磨成很細的粉末而容易發(fā)生熔融,因此,反應產物中難以觀察到像地幔巖捕虜體那樣清楚的礦物交代現(xiàn)象和反應帶礦物組合特征,對于熔體與橄欖巖反應新生礦物的微量元素組成更是不容易獲得?;诖耍窈箝_展較粗粒的地幔礦物或保持結構不變的橄欖巖與熔體反應的高溫高壓實驗,研究反應帶的礦物組合特征、殘余熔體和新生礦物元素組成及其與初始熔體性質和組成的對應關系,是揭示如華北克拉通巖石圈地幔那樣從古老難熔型向“年輕”飽滿型演化的重要途徑。

相對于硅酸鹽熔體,前人對于碳酸巖熔體與橄欖巖或其組成礦物反應的實驗研究很不足。而實際情況是巖石圈地幔橄欖巖與碳酸巖熔體的反應確實存在,因此,相關實驗研究需要大力加強。此外,熔體與橄欖巖反應的機制和動力學關系到橄欖巖轉變的起因和程度,是探討巖石圈地幔演化的關鍵因素,而實驗研究可以通過對時間、溫度、壓力等參數(shù)的控制,結合反應結果(如反應邊寬度等)獲得反應機制和速率的重要信息,這也是今后高溫高壓實驗研究需要加強的方向。

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