張宏文 肖慧捷 姚 勇
北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院兒科(北京 100034)
他克莫司治療小兒腎病綜合征致急性腎衰竭3例報(bào)告
張宏文 肖慧捷 姚 勇
北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院兒科(北京 100034)
目的探討他克莫司治療腎病綜合征導(dǎo)致急性腎衰竭的原因。方法回顧分析2012年1月至2015年12月期間因他克莫司治療腎病綜合征導(dǎo)致急性腎衰竭的3例患兒的臨床資料。結(jié)果3例患兒中男2例、女1例,年齡分別為3、11和13歲。臨床均符合腎病綜合征(原發(fā)性、單純型),1例為頻復(fù)發(fā)、2例為繼發(fā)激素耐藥型,腎臟病理均為微小病變。在激素治療基礎(chǔ)上,加用他克莫司后出現(xiàn)急性腎衰竭,均發(fā)生于他克莫司治療后4周內(nèi),且前1周內(nèi)均有感染誘因,經(jīng)停用或減量他克莫司并對(duì)癥、支持治療,腎功能均于2周內(nèi)恢復(fù)正常,其中2例繼續(xù)應(yīng)用他克莫司、1例更換為環(huán)孢素A。隨訪10~42個(gè)月,3例患兒的腎功能均維持正常。結(jié)論在他克莫司治療兒童腎病綜合征的開(kāi)始4周內(nèi),如果合并感染,可能導(dǎo)致可逆性的急性腎衰竭。
他克莫司; 腎病綜合征; 急性腎衰竭
腎病綜合征(nephrotic syndrome,NS)是兒童最常見(jiàn)的腎小球疾病,是因腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)膜對(duì)血漿蛋白的通透性增高,尿中蛋白大量丟失所致的臨床綜合征,以水腫、大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血癥和高膽固醇血癥為特點(diǎn)。根據(jù)病因,NS可分為原發(fā)性、繼發(fā)性和遺傳性;根據(jù)對(duì)激素治療反應(yīng),可分為激素敏感型和激素耐藥型。兒童NS以原發(fā)性、激素敏感型最為常見(jiàn),約占70%~90%[1,2]。對(duì)于激素耐藥型或者頻復(fù)發(fā)的NS,常需聯(lián)合免疫抑制劑治療。鈣調(diào)磷酸酶(CaN)是迄今發(fā)現(xiàn)的唯一受Ca2+或鈣調(diào)素調(diào)節(jié)的絲/ 蘇氨酸蛋白磷酸酶,參與多種細(xì)胞功能的調(diào)節(jié),而CaN抑制劑(CNIs)可能是目前臨床上最有效的免疫抑制藥物,常用者包括環(huán)孢素A(CsA)和他克莫司(tacrolimus,Tac),被廣泛用于激素耐藥型或頻復(fù)發(fā)NS的治療,但其腎不良反應(yīng)也越來(lái)越受到重視[3,4]。本文回顧分析3例因他克莫司治療NS導(dǎo)致急性腎衰竭患兒的臨床資料。
2012年1月至2015年12月,北京大學(xué)第一醫(yī)院兒科收治因他克莫司治療NS導(dǎo)致急性腎衰竭患兒3例,男2例、女1例,年齡為3、11和13歲,病程5~12個(gè)月,臨床均符合原發(fā)性、單純型NS。其中例2為頻復(fù)發(fā)、例1和例3為繼發(fā)激素耐藥型,腎臟病理均為微小病變(MCD),不伴腎小管間質(zhì)損傷。應(yīng)用他克莫司治療前,3例患兒均處于NS復(fù)發(fā)狀態(tài),尿蛋白定性++++、定量>50 mg/(kg·d),無(wú)小分子蛋白尿,腎功能均正常。見(jiàn)表1。
3例患兒分別于他克莫司治療后4周、3+5周和3天出現(xiàn)臨床感染,2例為呼吸道感染,1例為胃腸道感染;3例患兒血白細(xì)胞總數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞百分比和CRP均明顯升高。合并感染后分別7、6和3天出現(xiàn)尿量減少、進(jìn)行性腎衰竭,血壓正常,不伴尿色異常、進(jìn)行性貧血、血小板減少及肝功能異常。急性腎衰竭前例1和例2查他克莫司血藥濃度均在正常范圍,例3因用藥時(shí)間短未檢查;急性腎衰竭后,3例均在正常范圍。治療方面,例1和例3停用他克莫司、例2減半量,并予積極抗感染、抗凝、利尿等對(duì)癥、支持治療,3例均于2周內(nèi)腎功能逐漸恢復(fù)正常。腎功能正常后例1改用環(huán)孢素A、例2和例3繼續(xù)原劑量他克莫司聯(lián)合激素治療,至今已分別隨訪42、18和10個(gè)月,例1復(fù)發(fā)、例2和例3持續(xù)緩解,但腎功能均維持正常。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 3例腎病綜合征患兒臨床及實(shí)驗(yàn)室資料
環(huán)孢素A對(duì)激素耐藥型或者頻復(fù)發(fā)的NS有很好的治療效果[5-7],但其相關(guān)腎毒性也有眾多報(bào)道[8-11]。而他克莫司被認(rèn)為藥理作用較環(huán)孢素A更強(qiáng)、不良反應(yīng)更小[12,13],近年來(lái)也廣泛用于激素耐藥型或頻復(fù)發(fā)NS[14-16],但關(guān)于其腎毒性特別是治療小兒NS時(shí)導(dǎo)致急性腎衰竭少見(jiàn)。
本組3例NS患兒臨床均為原發(fā)性、單純型,1例為頻復(fù)發(fā)、2例為繼發(fā)激素耐藥型,腎臟病理均為MCD,不伴腎小管間質(zhì)損傷,腎功能均正常,臨床有他克莫司應(yīng)用指征。加用他克莫司治療后4周內(nèi),最早1例為3 d,3例患兒出現(xiàn)尿量較平時(shí)減少、進(jìn)行性腎衰竭,臨床均合并細(xì)菌感染,腎衰竭發(fā)生于感染后1周以?xún)?nèi)。經(jīng)他克莫司停用或減量,并積極抗感染、抗凝、利尿等,3例患兒均于2周內(nèi)腎功能逐漸恢復(fù)正常。其后,1例更換為環(huán)孢素A、2例繼續(xù)原劑量他克莫司聯(lián)合激素治療,隨訪10~42個(gè)月,3例患兒腎功能均維持正常。提示對(duì)于激素耐藥型或者頻復(fù)發(fā)的NS患兒,加用他克莫司初期如合并感染狀態(tài),可能誘發(fā)急性腎衰竭,但為可逆性,且腎功能恢復(fù)正常后,繼續(xù)應(yīng)用他克莫司或其他CNIs仍較為安全。
Pandirikkal等[17]報(bào)道1例10歲原發(fā)激素耐藥型NS男性患兒,腎臟病理為局灶節(jié)段性腎小球硬化(FSGS),他克莫司1個(gè)月時(shí)出現(xiàn)急性腎衰竭,停用他克莫司2周后腎功能恢復(fù)正常。Sinha等[18]報(bào)道3例3~7歲的頻復(fù)發(fā)NS患兒,2例病理為微小病變、1例為FSGS,他克莫司治療期間因腹瀉后出現(xiàn)急性腎衰竭,腹瀉好轉(zhuǎn)后4~5 d內(nèi)腎功能均恢復(fù)正常,腎功能恢復(fù)后1周內(nèi)繼續(xù)他克莫司治療,隨訪3個(gè)月,腎功能持續(xù)正常。該3例患兒感染后腎衰竭出現(xiàn)時(shí)間、恢復(fù)時(shí)間及后續(xù)他克莫司治療仍安全與本研究相同。
已知CNIs的腎不良反應(yīng)分為急性和慢性。前者呈劑量依賴(lài)性,主要由于血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變即入球小動(dòng)脈收縮引起腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率降低導(dǎo)致,多為可逆性;而后者呈時(shí)間依賴(lài)性,主要由于腎臟結(jié)構(gòu)性改變?nèi)玳g質(zhì)纖維化、腎小管萎縮、小動(dòng)脈壁特別是入球小動(dòng)脈壁的特征性退行性透明性變等導(dǎo)致,多為不可逆性[19]。
有關(guān)他克莫司導(dǎo)致腎衰竭原因,Pandirikkal等[17]報(bào)道他克莫司誘發(fā)溶血尿毒綜合征;而Sinha等[18]報(bào)道為腹瀉、脫水致血容量相對(duì)不足,他克莫司血藥濃度過(guò)高所致。本組3例患兒臨床無(wú)小分子蛋白尿,病理無(wú)腎小管間質(zhì)損傷,無(wú)CNIs使用禁忌證,他克莫司治療劑量均在正常范圍,腎衰竭后監(jiān)測(cè)他克莫司血藥濃度均正常,且其中2例腎衰竭前后他克莫司血藥濃度無(wú)明顯變化,提示腎衰竭與他克莫司劑量無(wú)明顯相關(guān)性。另本組患兒病程中不伴尿色異常、進(jìn)行性貧血、血小板減少及肝功能異常,無(wú)溶血尿毒綜合征證據(jù)。因此,推測(cè)腎衰竭原因主要為他克莫司治療初期,血流動(dòng)力學(xué)改變使腎血流量相對(duì)減少,機(jī)體尚未完全代償,此時(shí)合并感染,相對(duì)血容量更為不足,腎血流進(jìn)一步減少,兼之細(xì)菌毒素等綜合因素共同作用導(dǎo)致。
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Tacrolimus causes acute renal failure in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome in children: a report of 3 cases
ZHANG Hongwen, XIAO Huijie, YAO Yong
(Department of Pediatric, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China)
ObjectiveTo explore the causes of acute renal failure resulted from tacrolimus in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. Method The clinical data of acute renal failure caused by tacrolimus in treatment of nephrotic syndrome in 3 children during January 2012 and December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThere were 2 male and 1 female aged 3, 11, and 13 years respectively. Clinical manifestations were consistent with simple type of primary nephrotic syndrome. One child was frequently recurrent and another two were secondary steroid resistant. The renal pathology showed minimal changes. Acute renal failure occurred within 4 weeks after treatment with tacrolimus on the basis of hormone therapy in all patients who had infection within one week. Renal function recovered to normal within 2 weeks after discontinuation or reduction of tacrolimus combined with anti-infection and diuresis treatment. Two children continued with tacrolimus, but the other one was replaced with cyclosporin A. The renal function of all patients remained normal during the follow-up for 10-42 months. Conclusion In the first 4 weeks of tacrolimus therapy in children with nephrotic syndrome, infection may lead to reversible acute renal failure.
tacrolimus; nephrotic syndrome; acute renal failure
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2017.06.003
2016-10-11)
(本文編輯:蔡虹蔚)
姚勇 電子信箱:yaoyong3238@126.com