蔡曉飛 牛少寧 丁 喬 程 灝
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京地壇醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京 100015)
· 麻醉學(xué)與神經(jīng)科學(xué) ·
不同麻醉藥物行全身麻醉復(fù)合硬膜外阻滯對肝臟切除術(shù)后肝腎功能的影響
蔡曉飛 牛少寧 丁 喬 程 灝*
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京地壇醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京 100015)
目的 探討不同麻醉藥物行全身麻醉復(fù)合硬膜外阻滯對肝臟切除術(shù)后肝腎功能的影響。方法 選取首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京地壇醫(yī)院2014年10月至2015年10月全身麻醉復(fù)合硬膜外阻滯下肝臟切除術(shù)病人123例。采用數(shù)字表法隨機抽樣將研究對象分為3組(每組41例),A組病人采用七氟醚吸入全身麻醉,B組病人采用異氟醚吸入全身麻醉,C組病人采用丙泊酚靜脈全身麻醉,比較3組病人不同時間點肝腎功能指標(biāo)。結(jié)果 術(shù)后3組病人丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)、堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、總膽紅素(total bilirubin,TBiL)、γ-谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶(γ-glutamyltranspeptidase,γ-GT)、尿素氮(urea nitrogen,BUN)、血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-microglobulin,α1-MG)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、乳酸脫氫酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)均表現(xiàn)為升高后降低(P<0.05)。B組病人術(shù)后1、3 d時ALT、AST、ALP、TBiL、γ-GT、BUN、SCr、α1-MG、ALB、LDH高于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。C組病人術(shù)后1 d、3 d時ALT、AST、ALP、TBiL、γ-GT、BUN、SCr、α1-MG、ALB、LDH高于A組和B組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 肝臟切除術(shù)中,七氟醚、異氟醚、丙泊酚均可用于全身麻醉復(fù)合硬膜外阻滯。七氟醚對病人術(shù)后肝腎功能的影響更小,安全性更高。
七氟醚;異氟醚;丙泊酚;肝臟切除術(shù);肝腎功能
近年來,隨著飲食結(jié)構(gòu)改變和人口老齡化發(fā)展,各種肝病頻發(fā)[1-2],治療方法各異,其中手術(shù)治療較為常見,肝臟切除術(shù)是臨床治療肝臟疾病的常見外科術(shù)式[3-4]。目前,臨床常用的全身麻醉藥物為七氟醚、異氟醚、丙泊酚等,均可用于麻醉維持[5-7]。本課題的目的是探討不同麻醉藥物行全身麻醉復(fù)合硬膜外阻滯對肝臟切除術(shù)后肝腎功能的影響。
1.1 一般資料
選擇首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京地壇醫(yī)院2014年10月至2015年10月肝臟切除術(shù)病人123例,入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):病人均行全身麻醉復(fù)合硬膜外阻滯,并由同一組醫(yī)生實施相同術(shù)式,病人簽署知情同意書。本項目經(jīng)醫(yī)院倫理委員會通過。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):患有器質(zhì)性疾病(除肝臟疾病外)、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病、血液系統(tǒng)疾病、精神性疾病、麻醉藥物過敏的病人。采用數(shù)字表法隨機抽樣將病人分為3組(每組41例),A組男性28例,女性13例,年齡為48~71(61.2±4.9)歲;B組男性27例,女性14例,年齡為47~72(61.3±5.2)歲;C組男性26例,女性15例,年齡為46~73(61.0±6.4)歲,3組病人性別、年齡比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05),3組之間均衡可比。
1.2 方法
病人入室后,建立靜脈輸液通路,實施心電監(jiān)護(hù),監(jiān)測血壓、心率、呼吸頻率、血氧飽和度等指標(biāo)。依次給予病人咪達(dá)唑侖0.05 mg/kg、舒芬太尼5 μg/kg、丙泊酚1.5 mg/kg、維庫溴銨0.15 mg/kg。之后行氣管插管,順利完成后給予病人機械通氣以輔助呼吸,調(diào)節(jié)呼吸參數(shù)如下:潮氣量為8~10 mL/kg,呼吸頻率為10~12次/min,采用麻醉氣體監(jiān)護(hù)儀監(jiān)測呼出氣體濃度,維持PET CO2在35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)之間。麻醉維持時,A組病人采用七氟醚治療,B組病人采用異氟醚治療,C組病人采用丙泊酚治療。
于不同時間點行肝功能指標(biāo)[丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、門冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)、堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)、總膽紅素(total bilirubin,TBiL)、γ-谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶(γ-glutamyltranspeptidase,γ-GT)]、腎功能指標(biāo)[尿素氮(urea nitrogen,BUN)、血肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、α1-微球蛋白(α1-microglobulin,α1-MG)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、乳酸脫氫酶(lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)]檢測。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
2.1 3組病人不同時間點肝功能指標(biāo)比較
術(shù)后,3組病人ALT、AST、ALP、TBiL、γ-GT均表現(xiàn)為升高后降低(P<0.05)。B組病人術(shù)后1 d、3 d時ALT、AST、ALP、TBiL、γ-GT高于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。C組病人術(shù)后1 d、3 d時ALT、AST、ALP、TBiL、γ-GT高于A組和B組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。詳見表1。
2.2 3組病人不同時間點腎功能指標(biāo)比較
術(shù)后,3組病人BUN、SCr、α1-MG、ALB、LDH均表現(xiàn)為升高后降低(P<0.05)。B組病人術(shù)后1 d、3 d時BUN、SCr、α1-MG、ALB、LDHT高于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。C組病人術(shù)后1 d、3 d時BUN、SCr、α1-MG、ALB、LDH高于A組和B組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。詳見表2。
肝臟切除術(shù)是臨床常用術(shù)式,主要應(yīng)用于肝癌,其次是良性腫瘤,兩者約占肝切除病例的80%[8-9]。其他適應(yīng)證包括肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石、肝外傷、肝膿腫和不適合引流的包囊蟲囊腫等,可行部分肝切除術(shù)。根據(jù)病變的范圍大小和位置行楔行切除、肝局部切除、左半肝或右半肝切除。肝切除目前是治療肝癌的首選方法,特別是早期肝癌,手術(shù)切除術(shù)的遠(yuǎn)期療效較其他任何方法都好[10-11]。
手術(shù)操作需要給予病人麻醉,目前常用方法為全身麻醉復(fù)合硬膜外阻滯[12-13]。該方法可以顯著減少麻醉藥物用量,對手術(shù)操作中產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)也會有明顯的抑制效果,能夠有效維持機體心肌供氧量,將有助于促進(jìn)病人的術(shù)后恢復(fù)。全身麻醉復(fù)合硬膜外阻滯會對病人的血流動力學(xué)指標(biāo)產(chǎn)生不同程度的影響,其中肝功能指標(biāo)與腎功能指標(biāo)的改變比較明顯。分析麻醉用藥如下:七氟醚首先由Ross Terrell發(fā)現(xiàn),于1968年由Regan合成,1986年完成三期臨床試驗,1990年首先由日本的藥監(jiān)部門批準(zhǔn)臨床使用[14]。近年來,被許多著名麻醉學(xué)專家譽為吸入麻醉的里程碑式藥物,并認(rèn)為在兒童全麻誘導(dǎo)及其維持中有顯著優(yōu)點,也有許多研究[15-16]報道了將其廣泛用于兒童全麻的成功經(jīng)驗。七氟醚誘導(dǎo)時間比較短,麻醉期間的鎮(zhèn)痛、肌松效應(yīng)較好,呼吸抑制作用較小,對心血管系統(tǒng)的影響較小,對腦血流量、顱內(nèi)壓的影響也較小,安全性較高。
表1 3組病人不同時間點肝功能指標(biāo)比較Tab. 1 Comparison of liver function tests at different time points among the three groups
*P<0.05vspre-operation,#P<0.05vsgroup A,△P<0.05vsgroup B;ALT:alanine aminotransferase;AST:aspartate transaminase;ALP:alkaline phosphatase; TBiL: total bilirubin;γ-GT: γ-glutamyltranspeptidase.
異氟醚是一種帶乙醚樣氣味的無色澄明液體,是恩氟烷的異構(gòu)體,吸入后藥物濃度在血中迅速達(dá)到平衡,肺泡內(nèi)濃度很快上升并接近吸入氣濃度,故誘導(dǎo)迅速,蘇醒亦快[17-18]。異氟醚對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可產(chǎn)生進(jìn)行性下行性抑制,腦耗氧量減少,腦血流量增多及顱內(nèi)壓上升,但過度通氣即可糾正。異氟醚能抑制神經(jīng)肌肉接頭,肌松良好。對循環(huán)系統(tǒng)和呼吸系統(tǒng)的抑制作用小,對呼吸道黏膜幾無刺激性,并可擴張收縮的支氣管。
丙泊酚是目前臨床上普遍用于麻醉誘導(dǎo)、麻醉維持、重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(intensive care unit, ICU)危重病人鎮(zhèn)靜的一種新型快速、短效靜脈麻醉藥,具有麻醉誘導(dǎo)起效快、蘇醒迅速且功能恢復(fù)完善,術(shù)后惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率低等優(yōu)點[19-20]。丙泊酚為烷基酚類的短效靜脈麻醉藥,通過激活γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA)受體-氯離子復(fù)合物,發(fā)揮鎮(zhèn)靜催眠作用。臨床劑量時,丙泊酚增加氯離子傳導(dǎo),大劑量時使GABA受體脫敏感,從而抑制中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜、催眠效應(yīng),起效快,作用時間短,蘇醒迅速。丙泊酚能抑制咽喉反射,有利于插管,很少發(fā)生喉痙攣。對循環(huán)系統(tǒng)有抑制作用,可引起血壓下降,心肌血液灌注及氧耗量下降,外周血管阻力降低,心率無明顯變化,安全性很高。
表2 3組病人不同時間點腎功能指標(biāo)比較Tab.2 Comparison of kidney function tests at different time points among the three groups
*P<0.05vspre-operation;#P<0.05vsgroup A;△P<0.05vsgroup B; BUN:urea nitrogen; SCr:serum creatinine,SCr;α1-MG:α1-microglobulin; ALB:albumin;LDH: lactic dehydrogenase.
此次研究篩選的病例較為嚴(yán)格,在病人一般情況、術(shù)式、手術(shù)切除部位、手術(shù)時長、出血量、麻醉復(fù)蘇時間等各種參考因素上都大致相同,在數(shù)據(jù)上差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,術(shù)前均無合并癥,術(shù)后未出現(xiàn)手術(shù)及麻醉相關(guān)合并癥,在數(shù)據(jù)上差異也無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。因文章內(nèi)容所限,未做深入討論。因此考慮3組數(shù)據(jù)的對比已基本排除了其他因素對結(jié)果的影響,麻醉藥物種類的不同是造成肝腎功能指標(biāo)差異的主要原因,所以認(rèn)為3組比較還是有臨床價值的,如果擴大樣本范圍可能效果更顯著,對肝臟切除術(shù)的麻醉用藥更加有指導(dǎo)意義。
本次研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)后3組病人ALT、AST、ALP、TBiL、γ-GT均表現(xiàn)為升高后降低(P<0.05)。B組病人術(shù)后1 d、3 d時ALT、AST、ALP、TBiL、γ-GT高于A組(P<0.05)。C組病人術(shù)后1 d、3 d時ALT、AST、ALP、TBiL、γ-GT高于A組和B組(P<0.05)。說明肝臟切除術(shù)中,七氟醚、異氟醚、丙泊酚均可用于全身麻醉復(fù)合硬膜外阻滯。其中七氟醚對病人術(shù)后肝功能的影響更小,安全性更高。
術(shù)后,3組病人BUN、SCr、α1-MG、ALB、LDH均表現(xiàn)為升高后降低(P<0.05)。B組病人術(shù)后1 d、3 d時BUN、SCr、α1-MG、ALB、LDHT高于A組(P<0.05)。C組病人術(shù)后1 d、3 d時BUN、SCr、α1-MG、ALB、LDH高于A組和B組(P<0.05)。說明七氟醚對病人術(shù)后腎功能的影響也較小,有助于改善病人的預(yù)后,效果顯著,值得臨床推廣使用。但此次研究存在一定弊端,樣本量較少,需要進(jìn)一步擴大樣本量再進(jìn)行探討。
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編輯 孫超淵
Influence of general anesthesia combined with epidural block on liver and kidney function after liver resection
Cai Xiaofei, Niu Shaoning, Ding Qiao, Cheng Hao*
(DepartmentofAnesthesiology,BeijingDitanHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100015,China)
Objective To explore the influence of different anesthetic drugs for general anesthesia combined with epidural block on liver and kidney function after liver resection. Methods Totally 123 patients with liver resection were selected from Beijing Ditan Hospital who underwent general anesthesia combined with epidural block from October 2014 to October 2015. Patients were divided into three groups by simple random sampling. Forty-one patients were treated with sevoflurane as group A. Another 41 patients were treated with isoflurane as group B. Additional 41 patients were treated with propofol as group C. The result of liver and kidney function tests at different time points were compared among the three groups. Results After operation,alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TBiL), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), α1-microglobulin (α1-MG), albumin (ALB), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) increased firstly and then decreased in each of the three groups(P<0.05). ALT, AST, ALP, TBiL, γ-GT, BUN, SCr, α1-MG, ALB, LDH at postoperative day 1, day 3 in group B were higher than those of group A(P<0.05). ALT, AST, ALP, TBiL, γ-GT, BUN, SCr, α1-MG, ALB, LDH at postoperative day 1, day 3 in group C were higher than those of group A and B(P<0.05). Conclusion In liver resection, sevoflurane, or isoflurane, propofol can be used for general anesthesia combined with epidural block. Sevoflurane showed less effect on liver and kidney function, and had more safety profile.
sevoflurane; isoflurane; propofol; liver resection; liver and kidney function
首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京地壇醫(yī)院院內(nèi)“啟航計劃”(DTQH201405)。 This study was supported by “Sailing Plan” of Beijing Ditan Hospital of Capital Medical University(DTQH201405).
時間:2017-06-09 17∶26 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.r.20170609.1726.014.html
10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2017.03.005]
R614
2017-03-20)
*Corresponding author, E-mail:chenghaocn@yahoo.com