王文軍,何雷,張帆,李佳嘉,徐國祥,徐五琴
(皖南醫(yī)學院弋磯山醫(yī)院病理科,蕪湖 241000)
胃腺癌組織中GDF-15和p53表達特征及其臨床意義
王文軍*,何雷,張帆,李佳嘉,徐國祥,徐五琴
(皖南醫(yī)學院弋磯山醫(yī)院病理科,蕪湖 241000)
目的探討胃腺癌及癌旁正常組織中生長分化因子15 (grow th dif erentiation factor -15, GDF-15)和p53表達的特征及臨床意義。方法采用免疫組織化學Polink-1兩步法檢測91例胃癌手術標本,相應91例癌旁正常組織、64例腸化腺體及36例淋巴結轉移癌組織中GDF-15和p53的表達特征,并結合臨床資料分析其表達與臨床病理參數(shù)的關系。結果GDF-15在腸上皮化生腺體、胃腺癌和淋巴結轉移癌組織中的陽性表達率均顯著低于癌旁組織。GDF-15的陽性表達率與患者年齡、浸潤深度、淋巴結轉移及pTNM分期呈正相關,而與其它臨床病理參數(shù)無關。p53在癌旁正常胃粘膜腺體和腸上皮化生腺體中均不表達,在胃腺癌和淋巴結轉移癌組織中的過表達陽性率均高于癌旁組織和腸上皮化生腺體。p53過表達的陽性率與患者年齡、Lauren分型(腸型與彌漫型)和分化程度呈正相關,而與其它臨床病理參數(shù)無關。GDF-15與p53免疫反應性在胃癌組織中呈正相關。結論GDF-15可作為胃腺癌的胃壁浸潤能力、淋巴結轉移能力及臨床病理分期的重要評價指標,而p53過表達可能與Lauren分型的腸型胃癌有關。尤其在老年患者中,GDF-15和p53過表達在胃腺癌的發(fā)生、進展中扮演重要角色,并起協(xié)同作用。
胃腺癌;生長分化因子-15;p53
胃癌在我國腫瘤的發(fā)病率及死亡率中均居第二位[1],是我國危害極大的惡性腫瘤之一,迄今為止尚缺乏特異性的腫瘤標志物。生長分化因子-15(grow th dif erentiation factor-15, GDF-15)作為一種應激反應蛋白在腫瘤發(fā)生的早期即被激活,是目前唯一所知的p53基因調節(jié)的分泌蛋白。野生型p53基因起抑癌作用,而p53突變或過表達可引起惡性腫瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展。目前,有關GDF-15表達與p53過表達在胃癌中的特征、關系及其意義的研究尚不多見。本文采用免疫組織Polink-1兩步法檢測GDF-15表達和p53過表達在人胃腺癌及相應癌旁組織中的表達特征,并結合臨床資料分析其表達與臨床病理參數(shù)間的關系。
1 材料
收集2013年12月至2014年5月間皖南醫(yī)學院弋磯山醫(yī)院病理科存檔石蠟包埋組織,均為手術部分胃或全胃切除標本。實驗組為91例胃腺癌組織,其中對應的91例癌旁組織(距離腫瘤邊緣約5cm)、64例腸上皮化生腺體(癌旁不伴不典型增生或異型增生的慢性胃炎背景中的普通腺上皮腸上皮化生)及36例淋巴結轉移癌組織作為對照組。所有病例均由兩位高年資病理醫(yī)師根據(jù)2010年第四版WHO消化系統(tǒng)胃腫瘤分類標準進行病理診斷,術前均未行任何放療及化療。
2 試劑
濃縮型兔抗人GDF-15多克隆抗體(ab14586)購自Abcam公司,即用型兔抗人p53單克隆抗體(EP95)、PV-6000免疫組織化學試劑盒、PBS緩沖液、枸櫞酸緩沖液和DAB顯色液等均購自北京中杉金橋生物技術有限公司。
3 免疫組織化學染色
上述存檔蠟塊組織均經(jīng)10%中性福爾馬林固定,常規(guī)脫水,石蠟包埋,4μm厚切片。采用Polink-1兩步法免疫組織化學檢測胃腺癌、淋巴結轉移癌、腸上皮化生腺體組織及癌旁正常組織中的GDF-15免疫反應陽性表達和p53過表達特征。所用抗體采用pH6.0的枸櫞酸鈉緩沖液高壓修復,DAB顯色。以PBS代替一抗作空白對照,以已知陽性病例作陽性對照。操作嚴格按產品說明書進行。
4 結果判讀
GDF-15免疫組織化學染色細胞膜和細胞質出現(xiàn)清晰淡黃色至棕褐色顆粒者為陽性表達細胞。GDF-15結果判定結合染色強度和陽性細胞數(shù)進行綜合分級。兩人雙盲法分別觀察切片,選擇10個具有代表性的高倍視野(10×40倍),評分后取平均值。染色強度評分標準:不著色為0 分,淡黃色為1 分,黃褐色為2分,棕褐色為3 分。陽性細胞所占整張切片比例評分標準:陽性細胞數(shù)<5%為 0分,5%~25%為 1分,26%~50%為 2分,51%~75%為 3分,> 75 %為 4分。兩種評分相乘,0分為陰性,≥2分為陽性;陽性率按陽性例數(shù)除以總例數(shù)計算。若兩人觀察結果相差3分則重新評定。p53免疫組織化學染色細胞核出現(xiàn)局灶清晰淡黃色,為正常表達,判為陰性;若呈彌漫棕褐色核染色且細胞數(shù)≥10%為過表達,判為陽性。
5 統(tǒng)計學分析
應用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件對實驗數(shù)據(jù)進行處理,兩兩組間比較采用χ2Fisher精確檢驗 ,采用Pearson進行相關性分析,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
1 胃腺癌患者臨床病理資料
91例胃腺癌中,男性65例,女性26例;年齡31歲~81歲,中位年齡63歲。瘤體位于賁門胃底23例、胃體7例、胃竇胃角59例、幽門2例;瘤體最大徑>5cm的17例、≤5cm的74例;高中分化腺癌51例、低分化腺癌40例;Lauren分型腸型54例、彌漫型26例、混合型11例;有神經(jīng)侵犯的34例;有脈管侵犯的15例;浸潤深度為粘膜層到粘膜下層的(T1) 45例、浸潤至肌層的(T2)10例、浸潤至漿膜下層的(T3)10例、浸潤穿過漿膜的(T4)26例;有淋巴結轉移的36例,有遠處轉移的2例;pTNM分期,Ⅰ期47例、Ⅱ期16例、Ⅲ期26例、Ⅳ期2例。
2 GDF-15和p53在各組織中的免疫反應陽性表達特征
GDF-15在癌旁正常胃粘膜表面粘液上皮及固有層腺體(圖1A)均可呈免疫反應陽性,陽性表達率為75%。其在腸上皮化生腺體(圖1B)、胃腺癌(圖1C)和淋巴結轉移癌(圖1D)組織中的陽性表達率分別為53%、48%、31%,均低于癌旁正常組織的75%,且均有顯著統(tǒng)計學差異(P<0.01)(表1)。GDF-15陽性表達率在腸上皮化生腺體組高于淋巴結轉移癌組(0.01<P<0.05);腸上皮化生腺體組與胃腺癌組、胃腺癌組與淋巴結轉移癌組陽性表達率均無統(tǒng)計學差異(P>0.05)。p53在癌旁胃粘膜腺體和腸上皮化生腺體中均為陰性表達。在胃腺癌(圖1E)和淋巴結轉移癌(圖1F)組織中均為過表達,陽性表達率均為33%,均高于癌旁組織和腸上皮化生腺體(P<0.01)(表1)。胃腺癌組與淋巴結轉移癌組p53陽性表達率無統(tǒng)計學差異(P>0.05)。
圖1 胃正常粘膜、腸上皮化生腺體、腺癌及淋巴結轉移癌的GDF-15和p53免疫組織化學表達特征。A, GDF-15在正常胃粘膜腺體組織中陽性表達;B, GDF-15在胃腸上皮化生腺體組織中陽性表達;C, GDF-15在胃腺癌組織中陽性表達;D, GDF-15在胃淋巴結轉移癌組織中陽性表達;E, p53在胃腺癌中的過表達,其鄰近正常組織及腸上皮化生腺體均不表達;F, p53在胃淋巴結轉移癌組織中過表達;比例尺,100μmFig. 1 Immunohistochem ical features of normal gastric tissue, intestinal metaplasia, adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastasis adenocarcinoma tissue. A, positive expression of GDF-15 in normal gastric tissue; B, positive expression of GDF-15 in gastric intestinal metaplasia tissue; C, positive expression of GDF-15 in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue; D, positive expression of GDF-15 in gastric lymph node metastasis adenocarcinoma tissue; E, p53 overexpression in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue, and no expression in adjacent normal tissue and intestinal metaplasia tissue; F, p53 overexpression in gastric lymph node metastasis adenocarcinoma tissue; scale bar, 100μm
3 GDF-15和p53免疫反應性與胃癌臨床病理參數(shù)的關系
GDF-15的陽性表達率與患者年齡、浸潤深度、淋巴結轉移及pTNM分期呈正相關,即GDF-15陽性表達率在年齡>60歲、浸潤深度超過粘膜下層、有淋巴結轉移和pTNM分期(Ⅲ+Ⅳ)組高于年齡≤60歲、浸潤深度不超過粘膜下層、無淋巴結轉移和pTNM分期(Ⅰ+Ⅱ)組(P<0.05),而與其它臨床病理參數(shù)如性別、腫瘤大小、部位、分化程度、Lauren分型、神經(jīng)侵犯及脈管侵犯均無關(P>0.05)(表2)。p53過表達的陽性率與患者年齡、Lauren分型(腸型與彌漫型)及分化程度呈正相關(P<0.05),即p53過表達陽性率在年齡>60歲、腸型胃癌、高中分化胃癌組高于年齡≤60歲、彌漫型胃癌和低分化胃癌組(P<0.05),而與其它臨床病理參數(shù)如患者性別、腫瘤部位、腫瘤大小、神經(jīng)侵犯、脈管侵犯、浸潤深度、淋巴結轉移及TNM分期均無關(P>0.05)(表2)。
4 胃癌組織中GDF-15與p53免疫反應性呈正相關
91例胃腺癌組織中GDF-15與p53免疫反應共同陽性20例,共同陰性37例;44例GDF-15表達陽性中p53陰性24例,47例GDF-15表達陰性中p53過表達10例。經(jīng)Pearson相關分析顯示,GDF-15表達和p53過表達呈正相關(表3)。
表1 胃腺癌組織GDF-15和p53免疫性表達特征Tab. 1 Characteristics of GDF-15 expression and p53 overexpression in gastric adenocarcinoma
生長分化因子-15(GDF-15),又名M IC-1、PTGFB、NAG-1、PLAB、PDF,屬轉化生長因子β(transform ing grow th factor-beta, TGF-β)超家族成員之一[2],在大鼠神經(jīng)元發(fā)育和小腦顆粒細胞成熟[3]、食物的攝入和體重調節(jié)[4]、能量代謝調節(jié)以及延長哺乳動物壽命[5]等過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。此外,GDF-15在前列腺癌[6]、結直腸癌[7]、卵巢癌[8]、胰腺癌[9]、膠質瘤[10]和子宮內膜癌[11]等多種腫瘤組織及體液中均有表達,其在調節(jié)腫瘤細胞增殖、分化、凋亡、侵襲和轉移中起著雙重作用,究竟是抑癌還是促癌,目前仍有爭議。
GDF-15在胃癌中的研究報道較少,其作用尚有爭議。本研究結果與Park JY[12]相似,顯示GDF-15在正常胃組織中有表達,而在腸上皮化生腺體、胃癌及淋巴結轉移癌組織中表達逐漸下降,提示GDF-15在胃癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展的過程中抑癌作用逐漸減弱,導致胃癌的發(fā)生及進展。而隨著患者年齡、浸潤深度、淋巴結轉移及pTNM分期的進展,GDF-15陽性表達率又呈升高趨勢,提示GDF-15在進展期胃癌中促癌作用逐漸增強,導致老年患者胃癌的進一步侵襲和轉移。據(jù)此,GDF-15具有雙重作用,即在胃癌早期發(fā)揮抑癌作用,而在胃癌進展期發(fā)揮促癌作用,與Husaini 等[13]在前列腺癌研究中的結論類似。其可能機制為:①GDF-15啟動子甲基化水平在腫瘤發(fā)生早期較高,導致其蛋白表達下降,抑癌作用減弱,而腫瘤晚期啟動子甲基化水平下降,導致其蛋白表達升高,促癌作用增強[14]。②鈣結合蛋白calumenin 15與GDF-15啟動子區(qū)域結合導致后者轉錄增強,誘發(fā)細胞偽足形成,促進腫瘤細胞遷移[15]。③腫瘤微環(huán)境中腫瘤相關纖維母細胞源性的GDF-15表達升高,促進腫瘤的生長、侵襲和轉移[16]。④ GDF -15通過抑制樹突細胞的成熟及作用,抑制腫瘤特異性的免疫反應,導致腫瘤細胞發(fā)生免疫逃逸[17]。
表2 胃腺癌組織中GDF-15和p53表達與臨床病理參數(shù)之間的關系Tab. 2 The relationship of GDF-15 expression and p53 overexpression w ith clinicopathological characteristics in gastric adenocarcinoma
表3 胃腺癌組織中GDF-15與p53免疫反應性的相關性Tab. 3 Correlation between GDF-15 expression and p53 overexpression in gastric adenocarcinom a
野生型p53是細胞生長的負調節(jié)因子,能夠監(jiān)視細胞基因組的完整性、修復各種因素導致的DNA損傷以及清除各種有癌變傾向的細胞等,起抑癌作用。突變p53失去對細胞生長、凋亡、DNA修復等的調控作用,引起細胞的轉化和癌變。野生型p53的半衰期約15m in,且極不穩(wěn)定,常規(guī)免組織化學方法為不著色或僅為局灶細胞核淡黃色染色,突變型p53蛋白穩(wěn)定性增加,半衰期延長,常表現(xiàn)為彌漫的細胞核強陽性染色,故目前免疫組織化學檢測出的彌漫強陽性表達模式為p53蛋白過表達。本研究中p53在癌旁正常胃粘膜腺體和腸上皮化生腺體中均不顯色為陰性,只在胃腺癌和淋巴結轉移癌中呈強陽性表達。Kawata 等[18]的研究顯示,p53在胃良性腺瘤中無表達,而在早期胃癌中呈升高趨勢,且與胃癌粘膜下浸潤有關,提示正?;驙顟B(tài)即野生型p53作為抑癌基因有利于防止胃癌的發(fā)生,一旦p53突變而過表達則導致胃癌的發(fā)生及進展。p53過表達的陽性率與患者年齡、Lauren分型(腸型與彌漫型)及分化程度有關,提示p53過表達與老年患者、高中分化胃癌及腸型胃癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展有關。這與Waraya 等[19]的研究結論中p53突變過表達胃癌的臨床病理特征相似。
GDF-15的啟動子區(qū)有兩個p53的結合位點,包括RE1和RE2,其中RE2最為主要且與p53激活GDF-15最為相關[20]。p53對于GDF-15屬于一過性的、短暫的轉錄調控,有利于在生理及特定條件下的轉錄調節(jié)[21]。 GDF-15表達與p53過表達呈正相關,提示GDF15與野生型p53共同發(fā)揮抑癌作用,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)受損基因,促使S期停滯[22],防止胃癌的發(fā)生進展。而當胃癌進展后,尤其在老年患者,p53過表達與GDF-15共同促進了胃癌的進一步侵襲和轉移。其機制之一可能與GDF-15通過介導p53泛素化抑制p53功能,導致腫瘤血管生成有關[23]。
綜上所述,GDF-15可作為胃癌胃壁浸潤能力、淋巴結轉移能力及臨床病理分期的重要評價指標,而p53過表達可能與Lauren分型腸型胃癌有關。尤其在老年患者[24-25]中,GDF-15表達和p53過表達在胃癌的發(fā)生、進展中扮演重要角色,并起協(xié)同作用。而GDF-15在胃腺上皮不同程度上皮內瘤變中的表達特征,其在不同腸上皮化生類型中的表達差異及與相應胃癌的關系和作用機制,其和非p53依賴的信號通路及與胃癌的關系有待進一步研究。
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The characteristics and clinical signif cance of GDF-15 expression and p53 overexpression in gastric cancer
Wang Wenjun*, He Lei, Zhang Fan, Li Jiajia, Xu Guoxiang, Xu Wuqin
(Department of Pathology,Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College,Wuhu 241000,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics and clinical signif cance of the expression of grow th dif erentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and the overexpression of p53 in gastric adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal tissue.M ethodsThe expression of GDF-15 and p53 were detected by Polink-1 two-step immunohistochem ical method in 91 samples from gastric adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal tissue, also in 64 samples w ith intestinal metaplasia and 36 lymph node tissue w ith metastasis adenocarcinoma. The relationship between the expression of these proteins and clinicopathologic features was analyzed.ResultsThe positive rate of GDF-15 expression was obviously lower in intestinal metaplasia tissue, gastric adenocarcinoma tissue and lymph node metastasis adenocarcinoma tissue than that in normal gastric tissue. GDF-15 expression was positively correlated w ith age, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and pTNM staging, while not related to other clinicopathologic features. There was no p53 expression in normal gastric tissue and intestinal metaplasia tissue. The positive rate of p53 overexpression was signif cantly higher in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue and lymph node metastasis adenocarcinoma tissue than that in normal gastric tissue and intestinal metaplasia tissue. P53 overexpression was positively correlated w ith age, Lauren’s type ( intestinal pattern and dif used pattern) and dif erentiation degree, while not related to other clinicopathologic features. GDF-15 expression and p53 overexpression were positively correlated in gastric cancer tissue.ConclusionGDF-15 is a potential index for assessing the ability of gastric wall invasion, lymph node metastasis and pTNM staging of gastric adenocarcinoma. P53 overexpression may be related to the intestinal pattern of Lauren’s type of gastric adenocarcinoma. GDF-15 expression and p53 overexpression cooperatively play an important role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer, especially among elder patients.
Gastric adenocarcinoma; GDF-15; p53
R735.2; R365
ADOI:10.16705/ j. cnki. 1004-1850.2017.03.010
2017-02-09
2017-06-05
安徽省高校自然科學研究項目(KJ2011Z394)
王文軍,男(1976年),漢族,副主任醫(yī)師,副教授
*通訊作者(To whom correspondence should be addressed):dyww j5@163.com