李曉晴 王力峰 畢齊 姜霽雯 王力 劉水平 鄭海亮
·論著·
老年非體外循環(huán)冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)后譫妄與ApoE基因多態(tài)性的關(guān)系
李曉晴 王力峰 畢齊 姜霽雯 王力 劉水平 鄭海亮
目的 探討老年非體外循環(huán)下冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植手術(shù)患者術(shù)后譫妄與ApoE基因多態(tài)性的關(guān)系以及術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率、相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。方法 將65歲以上、擇期非體外循環(huán)下冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植手術(shù)住院患者98例為研究對(duì)象,按照術(shù)后有無(wú)譫妄分為研究組和對(duì)照組。以譫妄分級(jí)量表-98修訂版作為診斷工具,分析術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率和危險(xiǎn)因素;每例患者術(shù)前留取全血標(biāo)本提取基因組DNA,采用基因測(cè)序法測(cè)定ApoE基因型。結(jié)果 術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率為9.2%(9/98),其中77.8%(7/9例)譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間<24 h,11.1%(1/9例)譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間2 d。組間單因素分析顯示既往腦梗死(P=0.009, OR:0.60, 95%可信區(qū)間:0.15~2.42)、既往腦出血(P=0.017, OR:1.06, 95%可信區(qū)間:0.30~3.68)、頸動(dòng)脈狹窄(P=0.008, OR:1.04, 95%可信區(qū)間:0.99~1.10)、手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間(P=0.030, OR:2.18, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.07~4.44)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(P=0.026, OR:1.78, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.07~2.96)、ICU病房時(shí)間(P=0.017, OR:1.48, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.07~2.04),與術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生相關(guān)(P<0.05);研究組中ApoE ε4/4基因攜帶者有1例,對(duì)照組中ApoE ε4/4基因攜帶者有2例,2組間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.042)。Logsistic多因素回歸分析顯示腦梗死(P=0.0263, OR:1.780, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.070~2.960)、ApoE ε4/4基因型(P=0.0029, OR:2.862, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.432~5.720)是術(shù)后譫妄的危險(xiǎn)因素。結(jié)論 對(duì)既往有腦梗死的高危患者進(jìn)行ApoE基因易感性檢測(cè),有助于評(píng)估術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)性。
冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù);術(shù)后譫妄;發(fā)生率;危險(xiǎn)因素;ApoE
非體外循環(huán)下冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OFF-CABG)已經(jīng)成為治療冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病最成熟有效的方法之一,隨著人口老齡化進(jìn)程,接受手術(shù)的老年人越來(lái)越多;盡管手術(shù)和麻醉技術(shù)日益成熟完善,但是神經(jīng)精神系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥會(huì)顯著降低術(shù)后生活質(zhì)量,因此日益受到重視;術(shù)后譫妄(postoperative delirium,POD)是其中最常見(jiàn)的急性神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥之一,是在手術(shù)、麻醉后出現(xiàn)的急性、波動(dòng)性的認(rèn)知、意識(shí)、注意力水平等改變[1]。國(guó)外研究顯示,術(shù)后譫妄不僅延長(zhǎng)住院時(shí)間,增加醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,影響術(shù)后功能恢復(fù),甚至增加術(shù)后死亡率,最新的研究更顯示,術(shù)后譫妄還與認(rèn)知功能持續(xù)下降密切相關(guān)[2]。目前國(guó)內(nèi)尚未見(jiàn)到針對(duì)老年患者OFF-CABG術(shù)后譫妄的相關(guān)研究。本研究旨在對(duì)OFF-CABG術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)病情況進(jìn)行調(diào)查,并對(duì)圍手術(shù)期的相關(guān)因素進(jìn)行分析,為減少其發(fā)生和有效預(yù)防提供線索。
1.1 一般資料 以2014年1月至2014年12月年齡>65歲、擇期行OFF-CABG手術(shù)的北京安貞醫(yī)院心臟外科住院患者98例為研究對(duì)象。
1.2 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①擇期OFF-CABG手術(shù),年齡≥65歲;②性別、文化程度不限;③術(shù)前無(wú)認(rèn)知功能障礙,蒙特利爾認(rèn)知評(píng)估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)評(píng)分≥26分;④術(shù)前改良Rankin量表評(píng)分(Modified Rankin Scale,mRS)≤2分;⑤日常生活能力(activities of daily life,ADL)量表的Barthel指數(shù)≥60分; ⑥術(shù)前神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)查體美國(guó)國(guó)立衛(wèi)生研究院卒中量 表(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)評(píng)分≤4分;⑦術(shù)前3個(gè)月內(nèi)顱內(nèi)無(wú)新發(fā)梗死、出血、腫瘤、炎癥等;⑧符合術(shù)后譫妄的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);⑨同意參加試驗(yàn)并簽署知情同意書(shū)。
1.2.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)后發(fā)生腦卒中,包括缺血性及出血性腦卒中;②術(shù)后嚴(yán)重意識(shí)障礙者;③既往患有嚴(yán)重神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病或者精神系統(tǒng)疾病,如帕金森綜合癥等;④酒精或者藥物濫用;⑤嚴(yán)重的視聽(tīng)障礙無(wú)法溝通。
1.3 譫妄診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 采用美國(guó)《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)-第五版》(《Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V,DSM-V》)的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[3],其核心特征包括:(1)注意力障礙(注意力集中、維持、轉(zhuǎn)換障礙)和意識(shí)水平降低(定向力障礙);(2)急性起病(數(shù)小時(shí)或者數(shù)天內(nèi)發(fā)病)、基本注意力和意識(shí)水平改變、臨床表現(xiàn)的嚴(yán)重程度可在1 d內(nèi)出現(xiàn)波動(dòng);(3)其他認(rèn)知障礙(如失憶、定向障礙、視空間或者感知障礙);(4)上述臨床表現(xiàn)不能由基礎(chǔ)神經(jīng)精神疾病解釋;(5)既往病史、體格檢查或者實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢驗(yàn)等證據(jù)顯示上述臨床表現(xiàn)繼發(fā)于其他病理情況例如中毒、藥物濫用或者多種病因所致。以譫妄分級(jí)量表-98修訂版(Delirium rating scale-revised-98,DRS-R-98)作為譫妄診斷和鑒別診斷工具,該量表是目前國(guó)外廣泛應(yīng)用的臨床譫妄評(píng)估工具之一,具有較高的特異性、敏感性和可重復(fù)性。量表分為兩部分:(1)3個(gè)診斷項(xiàng)目,包括“癥狀發(fā)生時(shí)間”、“癥狀波動(dòng)性”和“軀體疾病”,鑒別診斷譫妄和其他精神障礙包括癡呆、精神分裂癥等。(2)13個(gè)嚴(yán)重程度項(xiàng)目,包括“睡眠覺(jué)醒周期紊亂”、“感知障礙”、“妄想”、“情感易變性”、“言語(yǔ)”、“思維過(guò)程”、“精神運(yùn)動(dòng)性激越”、“精神運(yùn)動(dòng)性遲滯”、“定向障礙”、“注意力”、“短時(shí)記憶”、“長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶”和“視空間能力”。每個(gè)項(xiàng)目根據(jù)不同程度分為0~3分,累計(jì)積分。該量表總分為46分,嚴(yán)重程度最高39分,以總分≥18或者嚴(yán)重程度分≥15分即診斷譫妄。
1.4 研究方法 術(shù)前3 d訪視,簽署知情同意書(shū),了解病史,填寫(xiě)調(diào)查表,完成各項(xiàng)術(shù)前評(píng)估;術(shù)后1、2、3、7 d密切隨訪,對(duì)術(shù)后恢復(fù)、神經(jīng)、精神狀態(tài)等追蹤觀察,根據(jù)是否發(fā)生譫妄將研究對(duì)象分為研究組(譫妄組)和對(duì)照組(非譫妄組),記錄譫妄表現(xiàn)以及持續(xù)時(shí)間。研究因素包括一般情況、術(shù)前因素、術(shù)中因素、術(shù)后因素。一般情況:包括年齡、性別、體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)。術(shù)前因素:包括吸煙、飲酒、高血壓、冠心病、糖尿病、左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、心房顫動(dòng)(arterial fibrillation,AF)、既往腦血管病史(腦梗死、腦出血)、頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄(internal carotid artery stenosis,ICAS)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)。手術(shù)前各項(xiàng)信息主要來(lái)自病歷記錄和術(shù)前檢查。術(shù)中因素:包括手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間、液體入量、術(shù)中平均動(dòng)脈壓(mean srterial pressure,MAP)、術(shù)中輸血情況。各項(xiàng)信息均來(lái)自手術(shù)記錄和麻醉記錄。術(shù)后因素包括重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房(intensive care unit,ICU)持續(xù)時(shí)間,機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間(controlled mechanical ventilation,CMV),平均動(dòng)脈壓,血氧飽和度(arterial oxygen saturation,SaO2),體溫,心率,血紅蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb),白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),血小板計(jì)數(shù),鈉離子,鉀離子,肌酐,白蛋白,術(shù)后疼痛(視覺(jué)模擬疼痛評(píng)分法,visual analogue scale,VAS)。采用基因測(cè)序法確定研究對(duì)象的ApoE基因型。抽取抗凝全血,裂解并提取DNA,然后進(jìn)行ApoE基因PCR擴(kuò)增。設(shè)計(jì)引物,上游:5’agggtgctgatggacgagac 3’;下游5’gctcacggatggtggtgagg 3’。ApoE 20 μl PCR擴(kuò)增反應(yīng)體系包括:Taq master mix 10 μl+上游引物(10 μmol/L)0.6 μl+下游引物(10 μmol/L)0.6 μl+DNA(300 ng/μl)1 μl +ddH2O 7.8 μl=20 μl。循環(huán)條件:95℃ 15 min,(94℃ 50 s,63~58℃ 1 min,72℃ 1 min)共10個(gè)循環(huán);(94℃ 50 s,57℃ 1 min,72℃ 1 min)共30個(gè)循環(huán);最后72℃ 10 min,純化PCR產(chǎn)物。按照BigDyeTerminator v3.1試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行測(cè)序反應(yīng)并純化產(chǎn)物。將純化產(chǎn)物上樣至3100-AVANT遺傳分析儀,Data collection軟件自動(dòng)收集數(shù)據(jù),采用DNA sequencing analysis5.1、DNA star seqman軟件分析基因多態(tài)性。
2.1 POD的發(fā)生率 納入98例研究對(duì)象,術(shù)后譫妄患者9例,歸為研究組;無(wú)譫妄患者89例歸為對(duì)照組。譫妄的發(fā)生率為9.2%。男69例,女29例;平均年齡(69.5±3.7)歲。吸煙30例,飲酒11例,糖尿病20例,心房顫動(dòng)9例,慢性阻塞性肺疾病22例,高血壓77例,左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)<30%12例,既往腦梗死43例,腦出血10例,頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈狹窄45例。見(jiàn)表1。
表1 2組患者一般資料比較
注:BMI:體重指數(shù);COPD:慢性阻塞性肺疾病;ICA:頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈
2.2 POD的主要臨床特點(diǎn) 發(fā)生POD的9例患者中7例(77.8%)譫妄持續(xù)<24 h;1例(11.1%)譫妄持續(xù)2 d;1例(11.1%)持續(xù)3~5 d。POD最常見(jiàn)的臨床表現(xiàn)是精神運(yùn)動(dòng)性激越(66.7%),患者躁動(dòng),不配合治療和護(hù)理;其次是睡眠-覺(jué)醒周期紊亂(55.5%),日夜顛倒、持續(xù)不睡;其他常見(jiàn)表現(xiàn)有定向力障礙,多表現(xiàn)為地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間定向障礙,人物定向基本保留;言語(yǔ)過(guò)多,思維不連貫。多數(shù)患者(55.6%)癥狀波動(dòng),夜間譫妄加重。
2.3 組間單因素分析 術(shù)前危險(xiǎn)因素包括既往腦梗死(P=0.009, OR:0.60, 95%可信區(qū)間:0.15~2.42)、既往腦出血(P=0.017, OR:1.06, 95%可信區(qū)間:0.30~3.68)、頸動(dòng)脈狹窄(P=0.008, OR:1.04, 95%可信區(qū)間:0.99~1.10),2組間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。術(shù)中危險(xiǎn)因素包括手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間(P=0.030, OR:2.18, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.07~4.44)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(P=0.026, OR:1.78, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.07~2.96),2組之間有差異顯著。術(shù)后危險(xiǎn)因素包括ICU病房時(shí)間(P=0.017, OR:1.48, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.07~2.04),上述因素的影響有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2、3。
危險(xiǎn)因素研究組(n=98)對(duì)照組(n=89)χ2值P值OR(95%CI)手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間(min)192±11189±154.6850.0302.18(1.07~4.44)液體入量(ml)1922±1591896±1701.5890.2071.23(1.05~1.45)輸血比例[例(%)]1(11.1)6(6.74)0.1020.7491.17(1.02~1.34)平均動(dòng)脈壓(mmHg)61.1±10.664.5±9.54.9330.0261.78(1.07~2.96)
2.4 基因型檢測(cè)結(jié)果 ApoE具有3個(gè)主要等位基因,分別為ε2、ε3、ε4,研究組中ε2、ε3、ε4的基因頻率分別為0.167、0.611、0.222;對(duì)照組中ε2、ε3、ε4的基因頻率分別為0.202、0.674、0.124;ε4的基因頻率兩組間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.001)。ApoE有6種表型即ε2/2、ε2/3、ε2/4、ε3/3、ε3/4、ε4/4;研究組ApoE各表型的例數(shù)分別為0、2、1、4、1、1例;對(duì)照組各基因表型的例數(shù)分別為0、23、13、46、5、2例;2組間ApoE ε4/4的差異顯著(P=0.042)。見(jiàn)表4、5。
2.5 多因素回歸分析 多因素Logistic逐步回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,與POD發(fā)生相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素包括腦梗死(P=0.0263, OR:1.780, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.070~2.960);ApoE ε4/4基因型(P=0.0029, OR:2.862, 95%可信區(qū)間:1.432~5.720)。見(jiàn)表6。
危險(xiǎn)因素研究組(n=98)對(duì)照組(n=89)χ2值P值OR(95%CI)ICU病房時(shí)間(h)25.9±2.523.3±2.45.6100.0171.48(1.07~2.04)機(jī)械通氣時(shí)間(h)17.3±8.516.4±6.40.0030.9522.69(0.99~7.31)平均動(dòng)脈壓(mmHg)63.8±11.464.3±9.82.3920.1213.00(0.93~9.71)心率(次/min)95.1±14.396.7±10.20.8990.3420.99(0.99~1.00)血氧飽和度(%)93.2±4.395.1±2.60.0650.7980.83(0.70~1.12)體溫(℃)37.2±2.136.8±1.50.1060.7440.85(0.72~1.02)發(fā)熱例數(shù)[例(%)]3(33.3)22(24.7)1.5040.2201.88(0.95~3.73)白細(xì)胞(109/L)11.1±3.210.8±3.31.5890.2071.07(0.99~1.16)血紅蛋白(g/L)134.6±12.2136.0±11.60.0560.8121.15(0.99~1.33)血小板(109/L)167.5±47.3171.3±38.50.8990.3421.82(0.75~2.63)鈉離子(mmol/L)139.5±2.4139.3±2.30.1020.7490.59(0.95~3.72)鉀離子(mmol/L)4.6±0.34.7±0.40.0570.8102.53(0.76~2.41)肌酐(μmol/L)84.8±19.885.9±19.62.0850.1480.78(0.72~1.16)白蛋白(g/L)42.3±3.343.3±3.95.7150.3261.23(1.05~1.45)術(shù)后疼痛評(píng)分(分)3.6±2.33.3±2.65.7560.0561.17(1.02~1.34)
表4 ApoE基因頻率的檢測(cè)結(jié)果
表5 ApoE基因型的檢測(cè)結(jié)果 例
表6 POD的Logsistic多因素回歸分析結(jié)果
譫妄是老齡患者常見(jiàn)的并發(fā)癥之一,隨著手術(shù)方式的完善和人口老齡化的進(jìn)程,老齡患者心臟手術(shù)的可能性日益增加,因此術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率亦增加,嚴(yán)重影響預(yù)后。術(shù)后譫妄的病理機(jī)制仍不清楚,國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于心臟手術(shù)后譫妄的流行病學(xué)資料十分匱乏,沒(méi)有有效的預(yù)防和干預(yù)措施,本研究旨在了解我國(guó)老齡患者OFF-CABG術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)病情況,探討可能的危險(xiǎn)因素。
本研究中老齡患者OFF-CABG術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)病率為9.2%。國(guó)外研究報(bào)道,非心臟手術(shù)術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率為10%~46%,心臟手術(shù)術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率在8%~53%[1-4],老齡患者心臟手術(shù)術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率為15.3%~54.9%[5,6]。不同研究得出的發(fā)生率不同,與研究對(duì)象、手術(shù)方式、樣本規(guī)模、診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、評(píng)估工具等多種因素有關(guān)。與國(guó)外研究相比,本文的發(fā)病率偏低,可能存在多方面的原因。首先,我們以65歲以上的老年人為研究對(duì)象,既往無(wú)認(rèn)知功能減退、手術(shù)方式僅包含OFF-CABG;而國(guó)外研究包含了不同的“老齡”患者(70歲以上[5]或者60歲以上[7])、術(shù)前患有焦慮抑郁以及認(rèn)知衰退[7-9]、生活不能自理及執(zhí)行功能下降[10]、合并多重手術(shù)方式[8](單純CABG手術(shù)或者CABG與瓣膜置換修補(bǔ)的聯(lián)合手術(shù))等,故國(guó)外研究的譫妄發(fā)病率偏高。其次,譫妄的診斷量表不同;重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室意識(shí)錯(cuò)亂評(píng)估方法(confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit, CAM-ICU)[11]、譫妄分級(jí)量表(delirium rating scale,DRS)[7]、重癥監(jiān)護(hù)譫妄篩查量表(intensive care delirium screening checklist,ICDSC)[12]、器質(zhì)性腦綜合征量表(organic brain syndrome,Scale)[5]等均可作為譫妄的評(píng)估量表。本研究采用譫妄診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即DSM-V,以國(guó)際通用的規(guī)范化量表DRS-R-98作為評(píng)估工具。DRS-R-98篩查和診斷譫妄的敏感性為91%~100%,特異性為96.8%[13,14],可以全面評(píng)估譫妄的嚴(yán)重程度以及動(dòng)態(tài)變化,能夠更快速、準(zhǔn)確、有效的鑒別譫妄和其他精神疾病包括癡呆、抑郁和精神分裂癥,因此本研究中譫妄的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)更為嚴(yán)格。本研究樣本規(guī)模較??;另外,本院相關(guān)手術(shù)、麻醉、監(jiān)護(hù)技術(shù)已經(jīng)十分成熟,故發(fā)病率與國(guó)外不同。綜上所述,國(guó)內(nèi)老年患者OFF-CABG術(shù)后譫妄的準(zhǔn)確發(fā)病率需要更大規(guī)模、多單位合作的深入研究。
本研究中,單因素分析顯示腦梗死、腦出血、ICA狹窄與譫妄發(fā)生相關(guān),多因素分析最終確認(rèn)腦梗死是術(shù)后譫妄的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。腦血管病與術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生密切相關(guān)。既往腦出血、腦梗死[7]、腦小血管病[15,16],均導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)細(xì)胞數(shù)目減少、腦組織體積萎縮,突觸減少,腦的易損性增加;系統(tǒng)性動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,腦灌注不足,腦組織缺血缺氧,代謝降低,功能儲(chǔ)備減少,代償能力不足,認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)生的閾值降低,在此基礎(chǔ)上,CABG手術(shù)打擊和術(shù)后應(yīng)激均可誘發(fā)系統(tǒng)性炎性反應(yīng),血腦屏障通透性增加,促炎因子例如IL-1、IL-2、TNF[17-21]等進(jìn)一步誘發(fā)腦組織損傷,抑制海馬釋放乙酰膽堿,增強(qiáng)乙酰膽堿酯酶活性,促進(jìn)乙酰膽堿神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的水解,導(dǎo)致乙酰膽堿驟減,五羥色胺以及褪黑素等神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)失衡、誘發(fā)譫妄[20]。術(shù)前“認(rèn)知正常(cognitively healthy)”的老齡患者,頭部核磁檢查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)腦白質(zhì)疏松(white matter hyperintensity or leukoaraiosis)、腦微出血(cerebral microbleeds)、腔隙性梗死(lacunar infarction)等多種腦小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,SVD)[22]。Hatano等[15,16]的研究表明,磁共振彌散張量成像異常所反映的腦白質(zhì)疏松是心臟手術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的最重要危險(xiǎn)因素之一;多發(fā)腔隙性梗死和升主動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化斑塊亦是CABG術(shù)后譫妄的高危因素[7];腦淀粉樣血管病變(cerebral amyloid angiopaphy,CAA)是腦小血管病的重要病理基礎(chǔ),腦脊液中淀粉樣蛋白(β-amyloid)與tau蛋白的比例失常與術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生相關(guān)[23,24]。因此腦血管病是譫妄發(fā)生機(jī)制中重要的環(huán)節(jié)之一。
盡管單因素分析結(jié)果顯示手術(shù)持續(xù)時(shí)間、平均動(dòng)脈壓、ICU病房時(shí)間是術(shù)后譫妄的危險(xiǎn)因素,但logistic分析未確認(rèn)上述因素有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,我們的研究結(jié)果提示譫妄可能與手術(shù)過(guò)程以及術(shù)后因素?zé)o關(guān)。Miyazaki等[18,19]認(rèn)為,手術(shù)時(shí)間以及ICU時(shí)間均不是譫妄的危險(xiǎn)因素;但Norkien等[12]的研究結(jié)果顯示手術(shù)時(shí)間、ICU時(shí)間是術(shù)后譫妄的獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)因子;術(shù)中維持生理水平的平均動(dòng)脈壓能夠減少術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生[19]。關(guān)于上述因素與譫妄的相關(guān)性,不同研究得出不同的結(jié)論,重要的原因之一是這些因素并非單一因素,常與多種因素混雜,例如手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),可能與血管條件差、術(shù)前合并多種基礎(chǔ)疾病有關(guān);手術(shù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、創(chuàng)傷大、對(duì)腦等重要器官和內(nèi)環(huán)境的影響亦增加;ICU時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)可能與手術(shù)過(guò)程不順利、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、麻醉意外等有關(guān)[25],故需要擴(kuò)大樣本規(guī)模、剔除混雜因素來(lái)明確其相關(guān)性。
本研究首創(chuàng)性的觀察了ApoE基因多態(tài)性與老年患者Off-CABG術(shù)后譫妄的關(guān)系,ApoE ε4攜帶者發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高。目前國(guó)內(nèi)尚未見(jiàn)到CABG術(shù)后譫妄與ApoE基因的相關(guān)性研究。ApoE基因位于染色體19q13.2,編碼產(chǎn)生3種重要的異構(gòu)體ApoE ε2、ApoE ε3和ApoE ε4,其差別在于第112位和第158位氨基酸殘基不同。ApoE是血脂代謝中的重要環(huán)節(jié),促進(jìn)系統(tǒng)性動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生和發(fā)展;ApoE還參與了中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)多種生理病理過(guò)程[26]。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為ApoE是譫妄的易感基因[6]。國(guó)外資料顯示ApoE ε4攜帶者發(fā)生譫妄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更大、譫妄持續(xù)時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)、腦損害更重[26,27]。推測(cè)其可能的機(jī)制包括兩方面,(1)Apo E通過(guò)影響脂質(zhì)代謝、促進(jìn)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、導(dǎo)致腦血流減少、灌注不足、微栓子清除能力降低[28];(2)ApoEε4誘發(fā)炎性反應(yīng)、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞因子釋放、降低膽堿遞質(zhì)活性[20,26],增加了譫妄發(fā)生的可能性。
基因易感性和生物標(biāo)志物已成為譫妄研究的新熱點(diǎn)。對(duì)術(shù)前合并腦梗死的老齡患者,進(jìn)行ApoE基因篩查,有助于評(píng)估譫妄發(fā)生的可能性,對(duì)制定有效的防治措施,提高手術(shù)管理水平具有一定的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
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Clinical study on postoperative delirium in senile patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and its correlation with apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism
LIXiaoqing,WANGLifeng,BIQi,etal.
DepartmentofNeurology,BeijingAnzhenHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100029,China
Objective To investigate the postoperative delirium in senile patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OFF-CABG), and to explore the correlation between postoperative delirium and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism.Methods Ninety-eight patients (>65 years) after coronary artery bypass grafting were enrolled in the sudy. According to the patients with postoperative delirium or without postoperative delirium,these patients were divided into observation group and control group.Taking delirium rating scale-revised-98 (DRS-R-98) as diagnosis criteria to analyze the incidence rate and risk factors of postoperative delirium.Moreover the genome DNA was extracted from whole blood samples of patients before surgery and ApoE genetypes were detected by gene sequencing.Results The incidence rate of postoperative delirium was 9.2% (9/98),in which,the delirium duration <24h accounted for 77.8% (7/9), delirium duration >2d accounted for 11.1% (1/9). The univariate Logistic regression analysis results showed that the occurrence of postoperative delirium was correlated to previous cerebral infarction (P<0.01), previous cerebral heamorrhage (P<0.05),carotid artery stenosis (P<0.01), surgery duration (P<0.05),mean artery pressure (P<0.05),the time staying in intensive care unit (P<0.05).In observation group, one patient had ApoE ε4/4 allele,however in control group two patients had ApoE ε4/4 allele,there was a significant difference in ApoE ε4/4 allele between two groups (P<0.05).Conclusion The susceptivity detection of ApoE gene for the patients with previous cerebral infarction may be helpful to evaluate the risk of occurrence of postoperative delirium.
coronary artery bypass grafting; postoperative delirium; incidence rate; risk factors; apolipoprotein E
10.3969/j.issn.1002-7386.2017.16.001
項(xiàng)目來(lái)源: 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):30800350);北京市自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):1152003);首都醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展科研基金資助項(xiàng)目(編號(hào):2009-2075)
100029 北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科(李曉晴、王力峰、畢齊、姜霽雯、王力、劉水平);首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院(鄭海亮)
畢齊,100029 北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京安貞醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科;
E-mail:anzhonneurologist@126.com
R 541.4
A
1002-7386(2017)16-2405-06
2017-05-09)