連鴻凱謝攀攀馬長生朱智肖新廣夏玉禮張景義張濛
·論著·
MRI診斷孟氏骨折骨間膜損傷范圍的研究
連鴻凱1謝攀攀1馬長生2朱智1肖新廣1夏玉禮2張景義3張濛4
目的探討新鮮兒童孟氏骨折骨間膜損傷的MRI表現(xiàn)及損傷的范圍。方法2014年4月至2016年6月鄭州大學附屬鄭州中心醫(yī)院和深圳平樂骨傷科醫(yī)院急診收治新鮮孟氏骨折患兒36例,術前給予MRI檢查,其中男23例,女13例;年齡3~11歲,平均年齡為6.9歲;左側12例,右側24例。合并同側橈骨遠端骨骺骨折1例,合并橈神經(jīng)損傷6例,尺神經(jīng)損傷1例。BadoⅠ型17例,BadoⅡ型1例,BadoⅢ型18例,BadoⅣ型0例。采用肘關節(jié)表面柔順線圈,患者仰臥、上肢伸直前臂旋后位。分別掃描橫軸位、矢狀位、冠狀位、橫軸位獲得T1WI、T2WI、T2脂肪抑制圖像,掃描層厚為3~5mm,間距為1mm,掃描范圍為肘關節(jié)至腕關節(jié)前臂全長。對比正常兒童前臂骨間膜MRI圖像,觀察孟氏骨折患兒骨間膜損傷的MRI表現(xiàn),記錄不同程度損傷的距離。結果4例患兒因不能配合MRI檢查而未能獲得MRI圖像,最終獲得32例患兒的影像學資料。前臂骨間膜在軸位T1WI、T2WI均可顯示,T2脂肪抑制圖像顯示較為理想,矢狀位、冠狀位無法分辨骨間膜。以橈骨頭環(huán)狀軟骨面為起點,軸位骨間膜距環(huán)狀軟骨面以遠30~45mm開始顯示。32例患兒均伴有前臂骨間膜損傷,其中25例損傷且伴有斷裂,7例骨間膜損傷但無斷裂(BadoⅠ型1例,BadoⅢ型6例)。病理改變距離(損傷未斷裂+斷裂)12~80mm,平均(46.03±18.78)mm;損傷未斷裂距離12~56mm,平均(33.09±11.60)mm,斷裂距離4~35mm,平均(13.25±9.96)mm。結論MRI可以顯示前臂骨間膜損傷,判斷損傷程度(損傷未斷裂、斷裂);孟氏骨折均伴有骨間膜損傷,損傷的程度與上尺橈關節(jié)分離的程度具有一定的聯(lián)系,損傷由上尺橈關節(jié)向遠端延伸,遠端骨間膜可保持完整。
孟氏骨折;核磁共振成像;前臂骨間膜;損傷;上尺橈關節(jié)
孟氏骨折是一種特殊類型的骨折,即尺骨骨折或尺橈骨雙骨折合并橈骨頭脫位[1],臨床治療極具挑戰(zhàn)性。前臂作為一個整體功能單位,尺橈骨、上下尺橈關節(jié)、肌肉、韌帶、骨間膜共同維系著前臂復雜運動,治療上提倡重視前臂解剖結構特點,強調個體化治療,并依據(jù)骨折類型,軟組織損傷情況為治療方式選擇提供線索。前臂或肘關節(jié)損傷常伴隨骨間膜損傷,骨間膜損傷能夠一定程度上影響前臂縱向、橫向穩(wěn)定性[2],因此研究骨間膜損傷情況,能夠為前臂損傷診療提供新的思路。然而以往對孟氏骨折伴隨的骨間膜損傷重視不夠,認識不足,相關文獻報道較少。為研究前臂骨間膜解剖和孟氏骨折骨間膜損傷情況,本院收治的符合納入及排除標準的36例新鮮孟氏骨折患兒術前行前臂MRI檢查,觀察骨間膜病理改變,探討孟氏骨折前臂骨間膜損傷程度,現(xiàn)總結分析如下。
一、一般資料
本研究共納入患者36例,其中男23例,女13例;年齡3~11歲,平均年齡為6.9歲;左側12例,右側24例。合并同側橈骨遠端骨骺骨折1例,合并橈神經(jīng)損傷6例,尺神經(jīng)損傷1例。BadoⅠ型17例,BadoⅡ型1例,BadoⅢ型18例,BadoⅣ型0例。所有患兒均為閉合性損傷,均為1周內的新鮮損傷,受傷至入院治療的時間為1~168h,平均時間為23.6h?;颊咭话闱闆r見表1。
二、納入及排除標準
納入標準:①符合孟氏骨折診斷標準的患者;②年齡﹤14歲;③受傷時間﹤3周;④首診患者,未在其他醫(yī)院接受治療。
排除標準:①開放性骨折患者;②前臂骨筋膜室綜合征需急診手術者;③有MRI檢查禁忌證者;④合并有心腦血管、肝、腎和造血系統(tǒng)等嚴重原發(fā)疾病及精神病患者。
三、MRI設備和檢查方法
術前給予前臂MRI檢查,與患者家屬溝通并簽署MRI檢查安全知情同意書。采用1.5T超導型MRI掃描機,肘關節(jié)表面柔順線圈,檢查體位為患者仰臥、上肢伸直前臂旋后位。主要采取橫軸面掃描,獲得T1WI、T2WI、T2脂肪抑制像,掃描層厚為3~5mm,層間距為1mm,掃描范圍為肘關節(jié)至腕關節(jié)前臂全長。
四、觀察指標
依據(jù)正常骨間膜與不同損傷程度骨間膜MRI軸位圖像表現(xiàn),將骨間膜定義如下[3]:①骨間膜完整:連接尺橈骨間均勻、連續(xù)不間斷低信號帶,周圍不伴有水腫或出血高信號表現(xiàn)(圖1~2);②骨間膜損傷:尺橈骨間低信號帶連續(xù)性尚存,但迂曲且周圍伴有水腫、出血高信號表現(xiàn)(圖3~4);③骨間膜斷裂:尺橈骨間連續(xù)性低信號帶被水腫、出血高信號截斷,組織完整性喪失(圖5~6)。依據(jù)骨間膜損傷程度評價標準,記錄骨間膜損傷未斷裂和斷裂的范圍(軸位骨間膜病理改變層數(shù))。圖像分析由經(jīng)驗豐富的影像學中級職稱以上的2位醫(yī)師進行,有爭議的病灶由二人協(xié)商解決。
表1 36例患者的一般資料
圖1 骨間膜完整(T1WI圖像,為軸位掃描第17層),尺橈骨間連續(xù)不間斷低信號帶,周圍不伴有水腫或出血高信號表現(xiàn)(如箭頭所指)
圖2 骨間膜完整(T2脂肪抑制圖像,為軸位掃描第20層),尺橈骨間連續(xù)不間斷低信號帶,周圍不伴有水腫或出血高信號表現(xiàn)(如箭頭所指)
4例患者因不能配合MRI檢查而未能獲得MRI圖像,其中BadoⅠ型1例,BadoⅢ型3例,共獲得32例患者的影像學資料。MRI矢狀位、冠狀位無法分辨骨間膜,軸位能夠顯示骨間膜。正常骨間膜圖像,距離環(huán)狀軟骨面以遠30~45mm開始顯示,為尺橈骨間連續(xù)線狀低密度影,周圍不伴出血、水腫高信號,脂肪抑制序列可消除脂肪信號干擾更為清晰顯示。給予健康人前臂MRI檢查,觀察正常骨間膜軸位MRI圖像(掃描體位:上肢伸直前臂旋后位,掃描層厚為5mm,掃描層數(shù)25層)。如圖1所示為T1WI圖像,為軸位掃描第17層。如圖2所示為T2脂肪抑制圖像,為軸位掃描第20層。均為完整骨間膜,表現(xiàn)為連接尺橈骨間均勻、連續(xù)不間斷低信號帶,周圍不伴有水腫或出血高信號表現(xiàn)。32例患兒均伴有前臂骨間膜損傷,骨間膜損傷表現(xiàn)為尺橈骨間線狀低密度帶迂曲但連續(xù)性尚存,骨間膜周圍伴有出血、水腫高信號,此為外力載荷引起骨間膜部分纖維撕裂但尚未斷裂,完整性尚存,損傷距離12~56mm,平均(33.09±11.60)mm。給予1例傷后24h內入院的患兒X線檢查(圖7~8),診斷為孟氏骨折(BadoⅠ型),同時行前臂MRI檢查(掃描體位:上肢伸直前臂旋后位,軸位掃描層厚為5mm,掃描層數(shù)24層)。32例患者中25例損傷且伴有斷裂,骨間膜斷裂表現(xiàn)為尺橈骨間連續(xù)性低信號帶被高信號截斷,連續(xù)性中斷,骨間膜彈彈性回縮,斷裂距離4~35mm,平均(13.25±9.96)mm,32例患者中7例骨間膜有損傷但無斷裂(BadoⅠ型1例,BadoⅢ型6例)。病理改變距離(損傷+斷裂)12~80mm,平均(46.03±18.78)mm。骨間膜損傷或斷裂是由于上尺橈關節(jié)分離和尺骨力線改變超過了骨間膜力學強度。
圖3 骨間膜損傷(患兒軸位掃描第13層),尺橈骨間低信號帶連續(xù)性尚存,但迂曲且周圍伴有水腫、出血高信號(如箭頭所指)
圖4 骨間膜損傷(患兒軸位掃描第14層),尺橈骨間低信號帶連續(xù)性尚存,但迂曲且周圍伴有水腫、出血高信號(如箭頭所指)
圖5 骨間膜斷裂(患兒軸位掃描第17層),尺橈骨間連續(xù)性低信號帶被高信號截斷,連續(xù)性中斷,骨間膜彈性回縮(如箭頭所指)
基于兒童骨骼生理特點和孟氏骨折損傷特點,目前臨床上孟氏骨折診療重點放在以下兩個方面:一是恢復尺骨生物力線,尺骨力線的恢復有助于橈骨小頭的回納,同時減少橈骨小頭再脫位的可能;二是理解孟氏骨折環(huán)狀韌帶和肘關節(jié)周圍韌帶損傷情況及其在橈骨小頭復位時的影響。作者認為在重視以上兩個方面的同時,應該考慮到骨間膜在整個前臂運動中的功能,理解骨間膜在保持前臂穩(wěn)定中的作用,把握骨間膜損傷在影響治療方式選擇中的作用。只有對孟氏骨折伴隨的骨間膜損傷情況有所了解,才能對不同損傷類型有深入認識,治療中有的放矢,制定出個體化治療方案。本次研究在國內外首次利用MRI影像學技術,觀察了新鮮兒童孟氏骨折伴隨的骨間膜損傷情況,揭示了新鮮兒童孟氏骨折骨間膜病理改變。
圖6 骨間膜斷裂(患兒軸位掃描第18層),尺橈骨間連續(xù)性低信號帶被高信號截斷,連續(xù)性中斷,骨間膜彈性回縮(如箭頭所指)
圖7 患兒傷后X線正位片,右孟氏骨折(BadoⅠ型)
圖8 患兒傷后X線側位片,右孟氏骨折(BadoⅠ型)
一、骨間膜解剖和生物力學特性
骨間膜為尺橈骨之間斜向走行的膜性結構,一般認為由3部分組成:中央腱性部分、兩端的膜性部分以及背側斜索。膜性部分薄且柔軟,腱性部分及背側斜索厚且堅韌,可以稱之為骨間韌帶。骨間膜隨前臂旋轉而形態(tài)變化,緊張或松馳程度不同,中立位時伸展緊張,旋前時向背側彎曲,旋后時向掌側彎曲[4],更好地使前臂應力均勻地分布在尺橈骨之間,減少肱橈關節(jié)應力,保護肱橈關節(jié)[5]。研究表明正常情況下,橈骨頭在維持前臂穩(wěn)定和承擔軸向載荷中起到基礎作用,骨間膜和三角纖維軟骨起到次要作用,當橈骨頭脫位或切除后,骨間膜和三角纖維軟骨則起到主要作用[6]。Anderson等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在橫向位移載荷下,骨間膜中央腱部、兩端膜部、環(huán)狀韌帶對穩(wěn)定橈骨同樣重要,但是在前臂旋轉過程中,中央腱部能夠更好保持橈骨小頭的穩(wěn)定。Trousdale等[8]認為骨間膜損傷的情況一定程度上可反應上尺橈關節(jié)損傷的情況。作者認為前臂有大體相互平行的尺橈骨組成基本構架,兩端有相互約束的上下尺橈關節(jié),中間有骨間膜維系,這是一個相對穩(wěn)定的功能體系,前臂旋轉功能的正常,需要尺橈骨與肘腕關節(jié)維持正常解剖對位,維持力線,也需要骨間膜、上下尺橈關節(jié)周圍韌帶維持。
二、骨間膜損傷MRI表現(xiàn)
前臂骨間膜損傷常伴隨前臂骨折而出現(xiàn),以往對前臂骨間膜的解剖和生物力學功能,損傷后的診斷和治療認識不足,后期患者多出現(xiàn)腕關節(jié)疼痛、前臂旋轉受限及肘關節(jié)活動障礙等并發(fā)癥。近年來隨著對前臂骨間膜生理、病理解剖研究的深入,超聲、MRI技術的應用,提高了對骨間膜的認識。目前評估和診斷前臂骨間膜損傷的方法主要有橈骨拉伸試驗[9],超聲檢查以及MRI檢查。相較于橈骨拉伸試驗局限于術中,超聲檢查受困于醫(yī)師的經(jīng)驗,MRI技術是觀察骨間膜結構最有效的非創(chuàng)傷性方法,對骨間膜損傷的陽性預測值為100%,陰性預測值為89%,敏 感 性 為 87.5%,特 異 性 為 100%[10]。Rodriguez-Martin等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)軸向 T1和 T2加權圖像能夠清晰顯示健康志愿者的前臂骨間膜,脂肪抑制技術更清楚地確定水腫和出血區(qū)域。骨間膜由于其線性附著和平面結構,矢狀位、冠狀位無法顯示骨間膜結構,軸位可以較好顯示。骨間膜軸位MRI圖像以橈骨頭環(huán)狀軟骨面為起點,距離環(huán)狀軟骨面以遠30~45mm開始顯示,骨間膜很薄且周圍有肌間脂肪、血管信號的干擾,因此一般脂肪抑制圖像能夠更好的顯示骨間膜結構和病理改變,但要注意肌肉軟組織損傷信號改變給骨間膜損傷信號改變帶來的干擾。通過研究前臂骨間膜病理改變有兩種形式:損傷和斷裂。損傷為骨間膜部分纖維斷裂,但仍具有連續(xù)性斷裂為低信號線狀影被高信號影截斷,連續(xù)性中斷。孟氏骨折一般均伴有骨間膜損傷,但不都伴有斷裂,有時損傷和斷裂并存。與本研究結果是一致的,32例患兒均伴有前臂骨間膜損傷,其中25例損傷且伴有斷裂,7例骨間膜損傷但無斷裂(BadoⅠ型1例,BadoⅢ型6例)。病理改變距離(損傷未斷裂+斷裂)12~80mm,平均(46.03±18.78)mm;損傷未斷裂距離12~56mm,平均(33.09±11.60)mm,斷裂距離4~35mm,平均(13.25±9.96)mm。
三、骨間膜與上尺橈關節(jié)分離程度的關系
上尺橈關節(jié)為車軸關節(jié),由肘關節(jié)囊、環(huán)狀韌帶和骨間膜3個因素共同維持[12]。骨間膜一定程度上能夠限制橈骨外移,防止肱橈關節(jié)脫位。通過MRI檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)骨間膜損傷層面由上尺橈關節(jié)向遠端延伸,遠端骨間膜可保持完整,同時有這樣一種趨勢:上尺橈關節(jié)分離距離較小者,前臂骨間膜多為小范圍病理改變,損傷未斷裂或斷裂層面較少。隨著上尺橈關節(jié)分離距離的增加,前臂骨間膜多出現(xiàn)大范圍病理改變,損傷或斷裂層數(shù)增多,但由于上尺橈關節(jié)分離尚缺乏明確的測量標準,兩者是否存在線性相關,尚未明確。作者認為基于前臂骨間膜解剖應力特點,在前臂穩(wěn)定和維持前臂旋轉功能中的重要作用,上尺橈關節(jié)分離程度與骨間膜損傷程度反映了暴力大小,都是由外來暴力大小決定的,作為損傷的結果并存。結構決定功能,功能強化結構,上尺橈關節(jié)分離程度一定程度上反映了骨間膜損傷的程度,若兩者存在的線性關系,是否考慮借鑒上尺橈關節(jié)分離程度對骨間膜損傷程度做出診斷,進而指導臨床治療值得思考。
孟氏骨折均伴有前臂骨間膜損傷,MRI檢查能夠很好的觀察骨間膜結構,顯示骨間膜損傷造成的出血、水腫,判斷骨間膜病理改變的類型:損傷或斷裂,是診斷骨間膜損傷非常有效的非創(chuàng)傷性方法。明確骨間膜損傷及損傷程度的診斷,能夠更好的了解前臂損傷的機制,為治療和預后提供理論依據(jù),但不同類型的骨間膜損傷及其損傷程度在影響治療方式選擇中起到何種作用,仍需要繼續(xù)深入的研究。
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Study on MRI diagnosis of interosseous membrane damage range of Monteggia fractures
Lian Hongkai1,Xie Panpan1,Ma Changsheng2,Zhu Zhi1,Xiao Xinguang1,Xia Yuli2,Zhang Jingyi3,Zhang Meng4.1Department of Orthopedics,Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affliated to Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450007,China;2Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic,Shenzheng Pingle Orthopedics Hospital,Shenzheng 518010,China;3Department of Orthopedics,Zhengzhou Orthopedics Hospital,Zhengzhou 450052,China;4Department of Orthopedics,the Medical Group of Zhengzhou First People′s Hospital,Zhengzhou 450004,China
Xie Panpan,Email:shangqiuxiepan@126.com
BackgroundMonteggia fracture is a special type of fractures,namely,the ulnar fracture or the radial and ulnar fractures associated with radial head dislocation,and the treatment is extremely challenging in the clinical practice.As a whole functional unit,the complex movement of forearm is maintained by radius and ulna,proximal and distal radioulnar joints,muscles,tendons and interosseous membrane(IOM).Therapeutically,the anatomic characteristics of forearm were valued and the individual treatment of was emphasized.The treatment options were based on the fracture classification and the soft tissue damage degree.IOM damage is often combined in forearm or elbow joint injuries,which can affect the vertical and transverse instability to some extent.Therefore,theresearch of IOM damage provides new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of forearm injuries.Formerly,with few reported literatures we did not attach importance to the damage and lack the recognition.To study the anatomy of forearm IOM and its damage after Monteggia fracture,36 children of Monteggia fractures were hospitalized to undergo the MRI examinations according to the inclusive and exclusive criteria,observe the pathologic changes and explore the MRI appearance and damage degrees.Methods(1)General information:This study was made up of 36children,including 23males and 13females.The ages ranged from 3to 11years with 6.9years on average.12cases were left side and 24cases were right side.1case was combined with ipsilateral distal radial epiphyseal fracture,6cases were combined with radial nerve injuries and 1case was combined with ulnar nerve injuries.17cases were type BadoⅠ,1case was type BadoⅡ,18cases were type BadoⅢand no cases were type BadoⅣ.All the children had fresh closed injuries within one week and the time from injury to hospitalization ranged from 1to 168hours with 23.6hours on average.(2)Inclusive and exclusive criteria.Inclusive criteria:①Children who fitted for the diagnostic criteria of Monteggia fracture;②Age <14years;③Time after injury <3weeks;④First-visit outpatients without receiving treatment in other hospitals.Exclusive criteria:①Open fracture;②Patients who had forearm osteofascial compartment syndrome and needed emergency surgery;③Contraindications of MRI examination;④Children combined with cardiovascular,cerebrovascular, hepatic,renal or hematopoietic system primary diseases or psychotic patients.(3)MRI equipment and examination method.After communication with the children′s family members,the informed consents were signed to permit the conduction of preoperative MRI examinations.The superconduct magnetic resonance imaging system of 1.5Twas applied with soft coil on the surface of elbow joint.The children were in supine position with upper extremities extension and forearms supination.The axial scans were applied to obtain the images of T1WI,T2WI and T2WI/SPIR.The slice thickness of scanning was 3-5mm with 1mm of interlayer spacing,and the scanning range was forearm of full length from elbow to wrist.(4)Observed indicators.According to the MRI axial images of normal IOM and IOM of different damage degrees,the definitions were as follows:①IOM integrity:The homogeneous and continuous hypointense bands connected radius and ulna without;②IOM damage:The continuous hypointense bands between radius and ulna still exited but had high signals of edema and hemorrhage;③IOM rupture:The hypointense bands were ruptured by high signals of edema or hemorrhage with tissue integrity loss.According to the evaluation standards of IOM damage degree,the range of non-ruptured and ruptured IOM (axial layers of IOM pathological changes).The image analysis was conducted by two radiologists of intermediate grade or above,and the controversial focuses were negotiated and settled cooperatively between them.ResultsFour patients could not cooperate with MRI examinations and thus failed to get the MRI images,including 1case of type BadoⅠ,3cases of type BadoⅢ,and the imaging data of 32cases were obtained in total.The IOM could be distinguished in the axil images instead of sagittal or coronal images.In the images of normal IOM,the continuous linear hypointense signals between radius and ulna started 30-45mm distal to cricoidcartilage surface without hyperintense signals hemorrhage or edema around.The lipoma signal interference was eliminated by STIR for clearer display.Healthy people were taken as control and conducted forearm MRI to observe the normal MRI axial images of IOM (scanning position:upper extremity extension with forearm supination;5mm of scanning slice thickness and 25scanning layers).32children were combined with forearm IOM damage and the manifestations were presented as circuitous but continuous linear hypointense signals between radius and ulna with hyperintense signals of hemorrhage and edema around.This was partial IOM fiber laceration instead of rupture with remaining integrity,which resulted from external force loads.The damage distance was 12-56mm with (33.09±11.60)mm on average.25children were combined with IOM ruptures and the manifestations were presented as hypointense signals interception by hyperintense signals between radius and ulna,continuity interruption and IOM elastic retraction.The rupture distance was 4-35mm with (13.25±9.96)mm on average.7cases had damaged but not ruptured IOM (1case of type BadoⅠand 6cases of type BadoⅢ).The distance of pathologic change(damage and rupture)was 12-80mm with(46.03±18.78)mm on average.The strength produced by the separation of proximal radioulnar joint and the change of force lines was larger than the mechanical strength of IOM,which led to damages or ruptures.Conclusions The forearm IOM injuries are combined in all the Monteggia fractures.MRI are applied to well observe the structures of IOM,reveal hemorrhage and edema caused by the injury and determine whether the type of pathological changes is damage or rupture,which is a very effective noninvasive method in the treatment of IOM injuries.To clarify diagnosis and damage degree is to better understand the mechanism of forearm injury and provide theoretical basis for treatment and prognosis.However,the role of different injuries and damage degrees in the treatment options of IOM requires further research.
Monteggia fracture;Magnetic resonance imaging;Interosseous membrane of forearm;Injury;Upper ulnar joint
2016-09-28)
(本文編輯:胡桂英;英文編輯:陳建海、張曉萌、張立佳)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2017.01.004
河南省科技攻關計劃項目(102102310430)
450007 鄭州大學附屬鄭州中心醫(yī)院骨科1;518010 深圳平樂骨傷科醫(yī)院小兒骨科2;450052 鄭州市骨科醫(yī)院骨病科3;450004 鄭州市第一人民醫(yī)院骨科4
謝攀攀,Email:shangqiuxiepan@126.com
連鴻凱,謝攀攀,馬長生,等.MRI診斷孟氏骨折骨間膜損傷范圍的研究 [J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2017,5(1):15-21.