董輝詳 黃長(zhǎng)明 范華強(qiáng) 李鴻達(dá)
·論著·
關(guān)節(jié)鏡下改良Endobutton結(jié)合錨釘雙重解剖重建技術(shù)在肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位治療中的臨床應(yīng)用
董輝詳 黃長(zhǎng)明 范華強(qiáng) 李鴻達(dá)
目的探討關(guān)節(jié)鏡下改良Endobutton結(jié)合錨釘雙重解剖重建技術(shù)在肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位治療中的臨床應(yīng)用。方法自2010年6月至2015年6月,廈門(mén)大學(xué)附屬成功醫(yī)院共收治了32例Ⅲ~Ⅴ型急性肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位患者,其中男22例,女10例;年齡21~60歲,平均28.4歲;其中22例累及主力肩。Rockwood分型Ⅲ型8例,Ⅳ型10例,Ⅴ型14例。所有患者均為急性損傷,即傷后時(shí)間≤3周。受傷原因:車(chē)禍傷13例,摔倒10例,運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷7例,高處墜落傷2例。全部患者均接受關(guān)節(jié)鏡下改良Endobutton結(jié)合錨釘雙重解剖技術(shù)重建喙鎖韌帶。術(shù)后頸腕吊帶保護(hù)6周,循序行康復(fù)鍛煉。術(shù)后采用美國(guó)肩肘外科協(xié)會(huì)評(píng)分(American shoulder and elbow surgeons'form,ASES),視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(visual analogue scale/score,VAS),Constant-Murley評(píng)分及肩關(guān)節(jié)簡(jiǎn)明測(cè)試(simple shouder test,SST),按評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)定優(yōu)、良、一般及差四個(gè)等級(jí)。結(jié)果本組患者術(shù)后X線及三維CT重建檢查均證實(shí)肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)達(dá)到解剖復(fù)位。所有患者均獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間12~72個(gè)月,平均時(shí)間24.6個(gè)月。ASES評(píng)分為97.4分;患者VAS評(píng)分<1分;Constant-Murley評(píng)分為95.2分;SST問(wèn)卷的肯定答案平均為11個(gè)。所有患者肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)基本恢復(fù)正常,平均上舉165°,外旋45°。按評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)定,優(yōu)20例,良10例,一般2例,總體優(yōu)良率達(dá)到了93.7%(30/32)。如對(duì)側(cè)急性肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,所有患者均愿意接受同樣的手術(shù)治療。所有患者均恢復(fù)術(shù)前的工作水平,29例(90.6%)恢復(fù)到術(shù)前運(yùn)動(dòng)水平。結(jié)論 采用關(guān)節(jié)鏡下改良Endobutton結(jié)合錨釘雙重解剖重建技術(shù)重建喙肩韌帶,治療肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,具有微創(chuàng)、固定牢固、康復(fù)快、美觀、滿意度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),同時(shí)可處理盂肱關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)合并傷,無(wú)需取出內(nèi)固定,臨床結(jié)果滿意,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,是一種治療急性肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的較好方法。
肩鎖關(guān)節(jié);脫位;肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡;Endobutton;錨釘
肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位是一種常見(jiàn)的肩關(guān)節(jié)損傷,約占肩部損傷的12%[1],占肩關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷的40%~50%[2-3],多見(jiàn)于青壯年,約70%為直接暴力損傷所致,如肩關(guān)節(jié)處于外展內(nèi)旋位時(shí),暴力沖擊于肩的頂部或跌倒時(shí)肩部著地,均可引起肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位。肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定主要依靠肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)的關(guān)節(jié)囊及肩鎖韌帶、喙鎖韌帶等靜力維持作用,還有三角肌和斜方肌的動(dòng)力穩(wěn)定作用。其傷后常導(dǎo)致鎖骨外側(cè)端翹起、肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)腫痛及壓痛、“琴鍵征”、肩關(guān)節(jié)主被動(dòng)活動(dòng)受限、力量減弱等癥狀。
目前臨床上肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位多采用Rockwood分型,Ⅰ型:肩鎖韌帶扭傷,喙鎖韌帶完整,肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)保持穩(wěn)定;Ⅱ型:肩鎖韌帶斷裂和喙鎖韌帶扭傷,常引起半脫位;Ⅲ型:肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)囊及喙鎖韌帶均完全斷裂,喙鎖間隙較正常增加25%~100%;Ⅳ型:Ⅲ型伴喙鎖韌帶從鎖骨撕脫,同時(shí)伴有鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端向后移位進(jìn)入或穿出斜方??;Ⅴ型:Ⅲ型伴鎖骨自肩胛骨喙鎖間隙垂直方向移位較正常增加100%~300%,鎖骨位于皮下;Ⅵ型:Ⅲ型伴鎖骨外側(cè)端向下脫位,位于喙突下[4]。目前文獻(xiàn)對(duì)于Rockwood分型Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ型肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)損傷的治療意見(jiàn)比較統(tǒng)一,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型一般采取非手術(shù)治療,早期被動(dòng)功能鍛煉;Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ型采取手術(shù)治療,強(qiáng)調(diào)喙鎖韌帶的重建和加強(qiáng)[5]。Ⅲ型損傷有較多爭(zhēng)議,有些學(xué)者推薦手術(shù)治療,大多數(shù)學(xué)者建議非手術(shù)治療,如果二期出現(xiàn)癥狀再行手術(shù)處理[6-10]。
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道過(guò)的肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的手術(shù)治療方法很多,大部分都取得比較好的臨床療效,各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)[1112],但目前還沒(méi)有一種手術(shù)技術(shù)被認(rèn)為是治療肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)治療主要采用切開(kāi)復(fù)位,固定肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)和(或)喙鎖關(guān)節(jié),或者鎖骨外側(cè)端切除結(jié)合喙鎖韌帶重建或喙肩韌帶轉(zhuǎn)移等。隨著關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展及對(duì)肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)重新認(rèn)識(shí),鏡下微創(chuàng)肩鎖韌帶重建成為治療肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的一種新趨勢(shì)。廈門(mén)大學(xué)附屬成功醫(yī)院自2010年6月至2015年6月共治療了32例Ⅲ~Ⅴ型急性肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位患者,采用關(guān)節(jié)鏡下改良Endobutton結(jié)合錨釘雙重解剖重建技術(shù)重建喙鎖韌帶,取得滿意的臨床效果,報(bào)道如下。
一、一般資料
自2010年6月至2015年6月,本院共收治了32例Ⅲ~Ⅴ型急性肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位患者,其中男22例,女10例;年齡21~60歲,平均28.4歲;其中22例累及主力肩。Rockwood分型Ⅲ型8例,Ⅳ型10例,Ⅴ型14例。所有患者均為急性損傷,即傷后時(shí)間≤3周。受傷原因:車(chē)禍傷13例,摔倒10例,運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷7例,高處墜落傷2例。術(shù)前均行X線及三維CT重建檢查(圖1~2)。均在傷后2周內(nèi)接受手術(shù)治療,且手術(shù)均由同一位高年資醫(yī)師完成。
圖1 術(shù)前X線片
圖2 術(shù)前三維CT重建
二、手術(shù)方法
采用全身麻醉,取側(cè)臥位,腋下墊軟墊,側(cè)臥擋板固定,患側(cè)上肢外展前屈牽引,頭部中立位固定,常規(guī)消毒及鋪巾。關(guān)節(jié)鏡主要使用4個(gè)入路:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后側(cè)入路,外側(cè)入路,靠近肩峰前角的前入路,前側(cè)入路(圖3)。關(guān)節(jié)鏡從后側(cè)入路進(jìn)入盂肱關(guān)節(jié),然后由外向內(nèi)技術(shù)制作位于肩袖間隙外側(cè)的前側(cè)入路,探鉤從前側(cè)入路插入,常規(guī)檢查盂肱關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)病變,如肩袖、關(guān)節(jié)盂、盂唇、肱骨頭、肱二頭肌長(zhǎng)頭腱等,尤其應(yīng)注意是否有合并上盂唇前后部(superior labral anterior and posterior,SLAP)損傷,根據(jù)其損傷情況行清創(chuàng)及修復(fù);從前側(cè)入路插入刨刀和等離子刀,向前上打開(kāi)肩袖間隙,顯露喙突,再制作靠近肩峰前角的前外側(cè)入路,將關(guān)節(jié)鏡鏡頭移至前外側(cè)入路,清理喙突表面的軟組織直至能完全顯露喙突的內(nèi)側(cè)面、下表面及內(nèi)側(cè)緣;增加肩關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)入路,將關(guān)節(jié)鏡鏡頭移入外側(cè)入路,通過(guò)后側(cè)入路清理肩峰下滑囊,再轉(zhuǎn)前外側(cè)入路清理喙突上表面(圖4),注意保護(hù)喙肩韌帶。在鎖骨中外1/3處(離肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)約40mm處)切1個(gè)25mm長(zhǎng)的皮膚切口,預(yù)先在鎖骨中外1/3處靠后側(cè)(鎖骨端錐狀韌帶止點(diǎn)上表面皮質(zhì))用直徑4mm鉆頭開(kāi)一側(cè)皮質(zhì)孔,將專用導(dǎo)向器的鉤端通過(guò)前側(cè)入路后置于喙突基底部下表面(導(dǎo)針入點(diǎn)位于喙突基底部靠?jī)?nèi)側(cè)),將導(dǎo)向器套筒口卡入孔內(nèi)并鎖緊,調(diào)整角度,沿著導(dǎo)向器從鎖骨表面經(jīng)鎖骨經(jīng)喙突鉆到喙突基底部下方,撤出導(dǎo)向器,彎鉗夾住克氏針喙突下方外露部分,防止移動(dòng)或退針,沿導(dǎo)針用直徑4.0mm空心鉆擴(kuò)孔,將空心鉆留著,拔除導(dǎo)針,沿著空心鉆將導(dǎo)引線從上向下沿空心鉆穿至喙突基底部下方,抓線器從前側(cè)入路伸入喙突底部將導(dǎo)引線拉出,退出空心鉆(圖5)。復(fù)位肩鎖關(guān)節(jié),測(cè)量喙突下方至鎖骨表面的長(zhǎng)度,選擇袢合適長(zhǎng)度的Endobutton鋼板(一般大于測(cè)量長(zhǎng)度2~5mm,湊成5mm整數(shù),常用長(zhǎng)30mm及35mm),利用導(dǎo)引線將Endobutton鋼板引入,使鋼板卡于喙突下方,袢穿喙突骨道再穿鎖骨骨道至鎖骨上表面,在鎖骨上表面選擇合適寬度的3~4孔微型鋼板(手足外科鋼板)穿入袢內(nèi),通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)鋼板縮短袢長(zhǎng)度使肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)完全復(fù)位,鋼板兩側(cè)鉆孔擰入微型螺釘固定。關(guān)節(jié)鏡鏡頭從外側(cè)入路插入監(jiān)視,從鎖骨上表面的皮膚切口,在鎖骨前方離外側(cè)端約20mm處,使用由外到內(nèi)技術(shù),將1枚錨釘擰入喙突基底部上表面(離喙突骨道中心約10mm,位于其前外側(cè),圖6)。錨釘尾部縫線繞鎖骨拉緊打結(jié)固定,線結(jié)位于鎖骨下方。形成改良Endobutton鋼板結(jié)合錨釘?shù)碾p重固定(圖7~9)。關(guān)節(jié)鏡徹底沖洗及止血后,吸凈積水,退出關(guān)節(jié)鏡,逐層縫合傷口,無(wú)菌敷料包扎。
圖3 關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù)入路
圖4 顯露喙突后的情況
圖5 空心鉆鉆入喙突下
圖6 在喙突上表面擰入錨釘
圖7 雙固定后喙突下表面
圖8 雙固定后喙突上表面
圖9 雙固定后的鎖骨上表面
三、術(shù)后康復(fù)及處理
術(shù)后穿頸腕吊帶保護(hù)6周,術(shù)后6周內(nèi)只行肩關(guān)節(jié)被動(dòng)活動(dòng):48h內(nèi)<30°的鐘擺活動(dòng),1周內(nèi)<60°,2周內(nèi)<90°,4周內(nèi)<120°,4周后行全范圍被動(dòng)上舉活動(dòng)。術(shù)后6周行主動(dòng)上舉活動(dòng),術(shù)后半年避免負(fù)重。術(shù)后常規(guī)復(fù)查X線及三維CT重建檢查,觀察骨道及錨釘、Endobutton位置、肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)復(fù)位情況(圖10~12),以后每3個(gè)月復(fù)查1次X線片。
圖10 術(shù)后X線片
圖11 術(shù)后三維CT骨透明重建
圖12 術(shù)后三維CT重建
四、療效評(píng)價(jià)
術(shù)后采用美國(guó)肩肘外科協(xié)會(huì)(American shoulder and elbow surgeons'form,ASES)評(píng)分,視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分 (visual analogue scale/score,VAS),Constant-Murley評(píng)分及肩關(guān)節(jié)簡(jiǎn)明測(cè)試 (simple shouder test,SST)進(jìn)行療效評(píng)價(jià)。ASES評(píng)分是一個(gè)需要換算的百分制系統(tǒng),基于患者的主觀評(píng)分,包括疼痛(50%)和生活功能(50%)兩部分,滿分100分。VAS是疼痛程度的評(píng)估方法,0~10分,0分:無(wú)痛;≤3分:有輕微的疼痛,患者能忍受;4~6分:患者疼痛并影響睡眠,尚能忍受;7~10分:患者有漸強(qiáng)烈的疼痛,疼痛難忍。Constant-Murley評(píng)分是以表格形式評(píng)估患者肩關(guān)節(jié)功能,分為4部分:疼痛(15分)、日常生活活動(dòng)(20分)、主動(dòng)活動(dòng)范圍(40分)、肌力(25分)。SST問(wèn)卷是以問(wèn)卷形式評(píng)估每個(gè)患者的肩關(guān)節(jié)功狀態(tài)和功能,共11個(gè)問(wèn)題,結(jié)果以肯定答案?jìng)€(gè)數(shù)表示。臨床結(jié)果評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn):優(yōu),肩關(guān)節(jié)沒(méi)有任何疼痛癥狀,患肢的應(yīng)用無(wú)任何限制,恢復(fù)了正常的運(yùn)動(dòng)范圍及肌力;良,患者對(duì)手術(shù)表示滿意,僅偶爾感到患肩疼痛但不影響活動(dòng)或不需要常規(guī)服用止疼藥物;一般,患肩疼痛影響患者的活動(dòng)或需要使用鎮(zhèn)痛藥物;差,患者有持續(xù)的肩關(guān)節(jié)疼痛并影響日常生活或復(fù)位完全喪失。肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)復(fù)位的維持情況通過(guò)臨床查體及X線片檢查,記錄患者的恢復(fù)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)及體力勞動(dòng)的能力。
本組患者術(shù)后X線及三維CT重建檢查均證實(shí)肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)達(dá)到解剖復(fù)位。所有患者均獲得隨訪,隨訪時(shí)間12~72個(gè)月,平均時(shí)間24.6個(gè)月。ASES評(píng)分為97.4分;患者 VAS評(píng)分<1 分;Constant-Murley評(píng)分為95.2分;SST問(wèn)卷的肯定答案平均為11個(gè)。所有患者肩關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)基本恢復(fù)正常,平均上舉165°,外旋45°。按評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[11]評(píng)定,優(yōu)20例,良10例,一般2例,總體優(yōu)良率達(dá)到了93.7%(表1)。結(jié)果一般的2例患者,其中1例疼痛點(diǎn)在肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)處,考慮是肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)軟骨面損傷所致,與沒(méi)有常規(guī)行肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)面清理有關(guān);另1例為早期患者,疼痛點(diǎn)可能與錨釘線結(jié)有關(guān),當(dāng)背有肩帶的包時(shí)疼痛較明顯,后期患者將線結(jié)放于鎖骨后下方就未再發(fā)現(xiàn)此類疼痛。在隨后的X線片檢查隨訪中,發(fā)現(xiàn)3例肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)小于3mm的復(fù)位丟失,復(fù)位丟失率約9.3%,其中1例有過(guò)外傷史,但3例都沒(méi)有明顯不適癥狀,其中優(yōu)2例,良1例,不影響最終的臨床結(jié)果。本組患者沒(méi)有感染,沒(méi)有血管神經(jīng)損傷,沒(méi)有并發(fā)鎖骨或者喙突骨折,沒(méi)有斷袢或絲線斷裂,沒(méi)有絲線或者鋼板所致骨溶解等并發(fā)癥。所有患者在被問(wèn)及“如果相同的情況發(fā)生在您的對(duì)側(cè)肩關(guān)節(jié)上,您是否愿意接受相同的手術(shù)?”時(shí),其回答均為肯定。所有患者均恢復(fù)術(shù)前的工作水平,29例(90.6%)恢復(fù)到術(shù)前運(yùn)動(dòng)水平。
一、肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的手術(shù)技術(shù)及特點(diǎn)
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道過(guò)的肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的固定方式有80多種[12-17],大致可以分為以下4類:第1類為肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)的直接固定或外固定,直接固定常使用克氏針、螺釘、絲線、鋼絲等,具有簡(jiǎn)單、經(jīng)濟(jì)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),取得一定的臨床療效[18-20]。鎖骨鉤鋼板是肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)經(jīng)典外固定之一,臨床上使用較為廣泛。其并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為10%~12%,主要包括復(fù)位丟失、創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎、肩峰下撞擊綜合征和肩峰下骨溶解等[21-24]。其在合并喙突骨折的患者具有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)。第2類為喙鎖關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)固定或替代同時(shí)伴有(或沒(méi)有)肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)韌帶修補(bǔ)或重建,固定物有:空心釘、鋼絲、鋼纜、筋膜、聯(lián)合建[11]、半腱?。?5]、絲線、袢鋼板[26]、錨釘[27-28]或鎖扣帶袢雙鈦板緊縮系統(tǒng)。第3類為鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端切除同時(shí)伴有(或沒(méi)有)肩鎖韌帶筋膜或絲線修補(bǔ),或者喙肩韌帶轉(zhuǎn)位,主要用于慢性肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)[29-34]。第4類為肌腱動(dòng)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)位伴有(或沒(méi)有)鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端切除,如喙突尖移位重建喙鎖韌帶法[12],屬于動(dòng)力性重建,這種操作損傷大,局部解剖破壞大,容易造成肌皮神經(jīng)損傷,康復(fù)期間不能提供動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定,難以維持解剖復(fù)位,增大肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)處的活動(dòng),造成關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定和關(guān)節(jié)炎,臨床上應(yīng)用較少。
隨著肩關(guān)節(jié)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展,肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的鏡下治療成為一種趨勢(shì)。鏡下治療肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,除了具有微創(chuàng)、恢復(fù)快、美觀、滿意度高等傳統(tǒng)關(guān)節(jié)鏡優(yōu)點(diǎn),還能有效診治盂肱關(guān)節(jié)伴隨損傷,同時(shí)無(wú)需取出內(nèi)固定等優(yōu)勢(shì)。Jensen等[23]在2004年至2009年,比較了56例使用關(guān)節(jié)鏡下雙束緊縮系統(tǒng)與切開(kāi)鎖骨鉤鋼板內(nèi)固定治療急性高分度(Rockwood分型Ⅲ~Ⅳ型)的肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,認(rèn)為兩者臨床結(jié)果相似,雖然都可觀察部分復(fù)發(fā)的垂直不穩(wěn)定,但關(guān)節(jié)鏡滿意度更高,患者更接受關(guān)節(jié)鏡手術(shù),其優(yōu)勢(shì)是能有效診治盂肱關(guān)節(jié)伴隨損傷,無(wú)需取出內(nèi)固定。
文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了多種鏡下肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位手術(shù)技術(shù),主要包括以下幾種:(1)鏡下鎖骨遠(yuǎn)端切除喙肩韌帶轉(zhuǎn)位至新的鎖骨外側(cè)端;(2)鏡下喙突基底部植入帶線錨釘重建喙肩韌帶法;(3)鏡下絲線繞過(guò)喙突重建喙鎖韌帶法;(4)鏡下利用緊縮系統(tǒng)復(fù)位肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)重建喙鎖韌帶法。第1類方法最大缺點(diǎn)是破壞喙肩弓及移位后喙肩韌帶強(qiáng)度不足[27,30-33]。第2類錨釘法主要依靠植入喙突帶線錨釘重建代替喙鎖韌帶。因手術(shù)操作或術(shù)后功能鍛煉不當(dāng)?shù)仍虺?赡軙?huì)發(fā)生錨釘固定失敗,如錨釘脫出、縫線斷裂、錨釘受損等。而絲線在錨釘孔處的斷裂、錨釘孔的毀損及絲線的強(qiáng)度差是公認(rèn)的弱點(diǎn)[27,32]。第3類絲線法,絲線滑動(dòng)會(huì)造成鎖骨端前移,導(dǎo)致肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)不配合,造成疼痛或活動(dòng)障礙、無(wú)力等;絲線微動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致雨刷效應(yīng),導(dǎo)致喙突及鎖骨骨質(zhì)的磨損,甚至引起疼痛。單純絲線固定強(qiáng)度也令人擔(dān)憂。第4類鏡下利用緊縮系統(tǒng)或Endubotton鋼板復(fù)位肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)重建喙鎖韌帶法是目前的熱點(diǎn)。主要采用單束和雙束的緊縮系統(tǒng)或Endubotton重建喙鎖韌帶,認(rèn)為其強(qiáng)度超過(guò)正常肩鎖韌帶,取得滿意的臨床療效。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)的彈性解剖固定。在保持復(fù)位的同時(shí)允許鎖骨的正常旋轉(zhuǎn)。其并發(fā)癥有鎖骨骨折、喙突骨折、袢斷裂、復(fù)位丟失等。Endobutton鋼板固定和縫合錨固定允許關(guān)節(jié)微動(dòng),符合肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)的解剖特點(diǎn)和生物力學(xué),也符合目前國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者傾向于重建喙鎖韌帶系統(tǒng)這一共識(shí)。Endobutton鋼板是鈦合金材料,生物相容性好,無(wú)需二次取出,其環(huán)形袢的強(qiáng)度和剛度超過(guò)天然韌帶。Beitzel等[26]采用Endobutton重建喙鎖韌帶,認(rèn)為其強(qiáng)度超過(guò)喙肩韌帶約40%。縫合錨也是鈦合金材料,錨釘完全埋入骨組織內(nèi),不會(huì)對(duì)軟組織造成刺激,生物相容性好,無(wú)需二次取出。Harris等[27]和Liu等[28]認(rèn)為縫合錨固定重建喙鎖韌帶的強(qiáng)度與完整的喙鎖韌帶相近。本組患者利用Endobutton和錨釘?shù)碾p重固定治療肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,解剖重建喙肩韌帶,固定可靠,臨床效果滿意。
表1 32例急性肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位患者術(shù)后評(píng)分結(jié)果
二、關(guān)節(jié)鏡下改良Endobutton結(jié)合錨釘雙重解剖重建技術(shù)
2010年始,作者采用鏡下改良Endobutton結(jié)合錨釘雙重解剖重建技術(shù)治療肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,重建后肩鎖韌帶強(qiáng)度更高、張力分散均勻、微動(dòng)小及不易切割,臨床效果滿意,術(shù)后無(wú)鎖骨骨折、喙突骨折、袢斷裂及明顯的復(fù)位丟失等并發(fā)癥。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的鏡下并發(fā)癥主要包括:喙突及鎖骨骨折、復(fù)位丟失、固定失效和感染等,且并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率不低。2012年Milewski等[35]報(bào)道了一組27例鏡下喙鎖韌帶解剖韌帶重建,其中喙突隧道組(10例)有并發(fā)癥8例(80%):喙突骨折 2 例 (20%),復(fù)位丟失 5 例(50%),喙突Endobutton固定失效1例(10%);喙突基底繞線法組(17例)有并發(fā)癥6例(35%):喙突骨折3例(17%),復(fù)位丟失1例(6%),復(fù)位丟失合并感染1例(6%),術(shù)后粘連性關(guān)節(jié)炎1例(6%)。2012年至2013年,Clavert等[36]分析了116例關(guān)節(jié)鏡下Endobutton固定重建喙鎖韌帶治療肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位病例,無(wú)術(shù)中并發(fā)癥,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥25例:11例因內(nèi)固定失效導(dǎo)致復(fù)位丟失,1例喙突骨折,7例粘連性關(guān)節(jié)炎,2例局部感染,5例內(nèi)固定物疼痛,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為22.4%,影響運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù),無(wú)并發(fā)癥的患者術(shù)后效果良好。2016年Spencer等[37]比較了急性肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的解剖重建和非解剖重建術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,X線復(fù)位失敗及再手術(shù)率分成4組:(1)改良的Weaver Dunn法;(2)經(jīng)喙突及鎖骨隧道固定法;(3)環(huán)繞喙突鎖骨固定法;(4)環(huán)繞喙突鎖骨法和經(jīng)骨道Endobutton固定的復(fù)合方法。術(shù)后X線失敗率21.4%(33/154),一半發(fā)生在術(shù)后6周,其中第4組發(fā)生率最低,約4.8%(2/42);再手術(shù)率9.7%,第4組再手術(shù)率最低。Tang等[38]比較了雙Endobutton帶袢鋼板與帶線錨釘結(jié)合Endobutton鋼板兩種喙鎖韌帶重建技術(shù)治療TossyⅢ型肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的臨床療效,認(rèn)為兩者療效相當(dāng),但后者無(wú)復(fù)位丟失及異位骨化病例,操作更簡(jiǎn)便,手術(shù)時(shí)間更短,并發(fā)癥更少。本組病例也沒(méi)有明顯并發(fā)癥。從上述文獻(xiàn)說(shuō)明采用兩種固定方式的組合,能規(guī)避或減少上述治療方法的并發(fā)癥。
雙Endobutton帶袢鋼板技術(shù),帶袢鋼板規(guī)格有限(長(zhǎng)15~45mm),而喙鎖間距存在個(gè)體差異,在手術(shù)過(guò)程中有時(shí)已將肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)解剖復(fù)位,卻無(wú)法找到與之長(zhǎng)度完全匹配的材料。本組鎖骨端不使用Endobutton鋼板,改為微型鋼板,將可選寬度的微型鋼板穿入袢內(nèi),再利用旋轉(zhuǎn)鋼板調(diào)整袢長(zhǎng)度,可以有效、精確控制袢長(zhǎng)度,同時(shí)不影響袢強(qiáng)度,避免Endobutton鋼板袢長(zhǎng)度固定規(guī)格的缺陷,可以有效恢復(fù)肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)對(duì)位。緊縮系統(tǒng)材料能調(diào)整長(zhǎng)度,但只有4~6組絲線組成,而袢是有縱多的纖維絲線組織,更符合韌帶的結(jié)構(gòu),同時(shí)強(qiáng)度也略高于緊縮系統(tǒng)。復(fù)位丟失是并發(fā)癥焦點(diǎn)。Singh等[39]報(bào)道了9例使用緊縮系統(tǒng)治療肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位患者,有7例在平均3.1個(gè)月(1~7個(gè)月)有漸進(jìn)的肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)復(fù)位丟失,其中3例患者再次手術(shù),考慮可能原因是一種雨刷效應(yīng)。提醒選擇這種手術(shù)方式需注意復(fù)位丟失這種高發(fā)生率并發(fā)癥。鎖骨上微型鋼板兩端用螺釘固定,能完全避免袢脫出,減少袢隧道內(nèi)微動(dòng),減少雨刷效果,減少斷袢可能。微型鋼板穿Endobutton上的袢形成環(huán)形結(jié)構(gòu)重建錐狀韌帶,錨釘重建斜方韌帶,雙重規(guī)定,提供了足夠的強(qiáng)度,張力分散均勻,固定方式更牢靠,相比絲線結(jié)不易出現(xiàn)滑移、松動(dòng)等,能保證術(shù)后肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性,無(wú)復(fù)位丟失的擔(dān)憂。一些文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[40]術(shù)后并發(fā)異位骨化。本組只使用一組骨隧道,可減少術(shù)后異位骨化。并發(fā)喙突鎖骨骨折的影響因素有隧道大小、數(shù)量、分布等。Spiegl等[41]比較直徑2.4mm和6mm兩種鎖骨隧道的肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位喙鎖韌帶重建方式,顯示隧道擴(kuò)大與強(qiáng)度減弱呈正相關(guān),更大的鎖骨骨隧道更容易導(dǎo)致術(shù)后鎖骨骨折。喙突骨折也與骨隧道分布及數(shù)量明顯相關(guān)。本組病例鎖骨上只鉆取直徑4mm的骨道,鎖骨端袢內(nèi)采用微型鋼板固定,它比Endobutton鋼板寬大,兩端使用螺釘固定,可分散應(yīng)力,強(qiáng)化薄弱點(diǎn)(骨道),能有效避免鎖骨端骨折。本組喙突端采用1組骨隧道及1組錨釘,能有效避免喙突骨折。其原因:(1)通過(guò)肩峰下間隙顯露喙突上表面后,可直視下監(jiān)控錨釘植入位置,調(diào)整入點(diǎn)與骨隧道的最小距離;(2)錨釘更容易調(diào)整植入方向,模仿斜方韌帶的張力方向,避免應(yīng)力疊加;(3)錨釘斜行植入喙突,減少喙突內(nèi)側(cè)緣骨折的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);(4)錨釘直徑3.5mm,小于骨隧道的最小直徑4mm。Salzmann等[42]研究了喙鎖韌帶的止點(diǎn),測(cè)量喙突基底部的寬度為(14.1±2.9)mm,斜方韌帶中心點(diǎn)距離外側(cè)緣距離為(4.4±2.8)mm,錐狀韌帶中心點(diǎn)距離內(nèi)側(cè)緣(1.7±0.7)mm,它們中點(diǎn)距離為(10.1±4.2)mm。在相距約10mm兩點(diǎn)鉆2個(gè)直徑4.5mm的骨隧道,兩孔邊緣只剩下5.5mm;斜方韌帶骨道邊緣距離喙突外側(cè)緣最小距離為(2.8±2.1)mm,錐狀韌帶骨道邊緣距離喙突內(nèi)側(cè)緣的最小距離為(0.7±0.5)mm。從上述數(shù)據(jù)表明在狹小的喙突行雙隧道重建技術(shù)要求高,鉆取直徑4.5mm雙骨隧道將明顯降低骨質(zhì)強(qiáng)度,操作不當(dāng)容易造成骨折。采用直徑3.5mm的錨釘取代一組骨隧道,具有上述優(yōu)勢(shì),操作上簡(jiǎn)單方便,可準(zhǔn)確定位,不易影響喙突強(qiáng)度,避免并發(fā)喙突骨折。
三、手術(shù)治療要點(diǎn)及注意事項(xiàng)
(1)合并喙突骨折病例不適合行單純喙鎖韌帶重建,術(shù)前需常規(guī)行三維CT檢查排除喙突骨折;(2)采用全身麻醉及低壓麻醉,減少出血及保證視野清楚;(3)本組病例均采用側(cè)臥位,術(shù)中需注意頭部應(yīng)放于患側(cè)上肢牽引后的中立位,并適當(dāng)固定,防止臂叢神經(jīng)牽拉傷;(4)準(zhǔn)確建立關(guān)節(jié)鏡入路能事半功倍,推薦四入路技術(shù);(5)術(shù)中注意保護(hù)臂叢神經(jīng)及鎖骨下動(dòng)靜脈等結(jié)構(gòu),超過(guò)喙突內(nèi)側(cè)緣的操作需小心謹(jǐn)慎,刨刀方向應(yīng)始終朝外;(6)肩峰下顯露喙突時(shí),喙肩韌帶是標(biāo)志,可沿其走行尋找,同時(shí)需注意保護(hù)喙肩韌帶;(7)清楚掌握斜方和錐狀韌帶止點(diǎn)及行走,術(shù)中清楚顯露喙突邊緣,防止鉆爆;(8)放松牽引,上舉肩關(guān)節(jié),能更輕松復(fù)位肩鎖關(guān)節(jié);(9)定位器導(dǎo)向時(shí),可先在鎖骨錐狀韌帶鎖骨止點(diǎn)上表面鉆一側(cè)皮質(zhì)孔,將導(dǎo)向器套筒卡入孔內(nèi),防止鉆導(dǎo)針時(shí)滑動(dòng),便于操作及準(zhǔn)確定位;(10)當(dāng)用空心鉆沿導(dǎo)針經(jīng)鎖骨經(jīng)喙突鉆到喙突下表面后,不退出空心鉆,解開(kāi)電鉆,拔除導(dǎo)針,沿空心鉆送入到導(dǎo)引線,這樣可簡(jiǎn)化穿導(dǎo)引線程序;(11)測(cè)量袢長(zhǎng)度時(shí)注意肩關(guān)節(jié)是否完全復(fù)位,否則容易造成袢過(guò)長(zhǎng),一般選擇3.0mm或3.5mm,術(shù)中利用鋼板的寬度及旋轉(zhuǎn)鋼板調(diào)整喙鎖間隙,以達(dá)到肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)的最佳復(fù)位;(12)考慮既往有較多復(fù)位丟失病例,復(fù)位肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)時(shí)應(yīng)過(guò)度復(fù)位1~2mm,為復(fù)位丟失預(yù)留緩沖空間;(13)一般選擇3.5mm金屬錨釘,無(wú)需預(yù)鉆,簡(jiǎn)單方便,錨釘尾線打結(jié)打在鎖骨下方,防止術(shù)后線結(jié)較大引起疼痛,可利用鋼板孔及螺釘固定鎖骨端錨釘尾線的位置。
總之,采用關(guān)節(jié)鏡下改良Endobutton結(jié)合錨釘雙重解剖重建技術(shù)重建喙肩韌帶,治療肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位,具有微創(chuàng)、固定牢固、康復(fù)快、美觀、滿意度高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),同時(shí)可處理盂肱關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)合并傷,無(wú)需取出內(nèi)固定,臨床結(jié)果滿意,并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低,是一種治療急性肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位的較好方法。但目前缺乏這種方法的生物力學(xué)測(cè)試,與其他喙鎖韌帶重建方式的生物力學(xué)比較有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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Clinical application of arthroscopic Endobutton improvement combined with anchors double anatomy reconstruction in treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation
Dong Huixiang,Huang Changming,F(xiàn)an Huaqiang,Li Hongda.Department of Orthopedics,Successful Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University,Xiamen 361000,China
Huang Changming,Email:huangchm123@163.com
BackgroundAcromioclavicular(AC)dislocation is a very common shoulder injury that occupies approximately 12%of the shoulder injury and 40%-50%of the shoulder athletic injury.The injury happens mostly in young adults with about 70%caused by the direct damage.For instance,the violence impacted on the top of the shoulder or falling down with the shoulder to the ground can cause the acromioclavicular dislocation when the shoulder joint is in the abduction and rotation.The stability of the acromioclavicular joint relies mainly on the action of static maintenance of acromioclavicular joint capsule,acromioclavicular ligament and beak lock ligament and the dynamic stability of the deltoid muscle and trapezius muscle.The acromioclavicular joint injury often leads tolateral displacement of clavicle,acromioclavicular swelling and tenderness,"Piano Keys Sign",limited shoulder joint movement,weakened strength and other symptoms.Previous literatures have reported many methods for the surgical treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation,but the golden standard for the treatment has not been found.While the traditional treatment mainly uses the incision operation,the reconstruction of the acromioclavicular joint under the microscope becomes a new trend of treatment with the development of the arthroscopic technique and the new understanding of the acromioclavicular joint.In this study,32cases of patients with typeⅢ-Ⅴacute acromioclavicular joint dislocation from June 2010to June 2015in Chenggong hospital of Xiamen university were observed and analyzed for the discussion of the clinical application of arthroscopic Endobutton improvement combined with anchors double anatomy reconstruction in the treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation.Methods(1)General data.32patients diagnosed with acute AC dislocation were treated in our department from June 2010to June 2015,which have a mean age of 28.4years (ranging from 21 to 60years).The group includes 22cases of male and 10cases of female,and 22cases involve the main shoulder.There are 8cases of typeⅢ,10cases of typeⅣand 14cases of typeⅤ with radiological evidence of isolated Rockwood type.All of the patients suffered from acute injuries with the time of less than 3weeks after injury.The causes include 13cases of traffic accident,10cases of fall,7cases of sports accident and 2cases of fall from high place.All of the patients had the X-ray and the three-dimensional CT reconstruction before the operation.They
the surgical treatment within 2weeks after injury,and the operations were performed by the same senior doctor.(2)Operative method.The treatment uses the general anesthesia,and patients take the lateral position with cushion pad under otter and the lateral side baffle fixed.The affected upper limb is kept with abduction flexion traction,and the head is fixed with the neutral position.Regular disinfection and paving is used during the surgery.Arthroscopy mainly uses 4approaches:the standard posterior approach,the lateral approach,the anterolateral approach near the anterior horn of the acromion and the anterior approach.Arthroscopic enters into the glenohumeral joint from the posterior approach and subsequentially makes the anterior approach at the lateral margin of the rotator cuff using the outsidein technique.The hook is inserted from the anterior approach to exam the glenohumeral joint lesions such as rotator cuff,glenoid cavity,glenoid labrum,humeral head,biceps brachia tendon and so on.Special attention is required for the occurrence of the combination with the anterior and posterior labrum superior labral anterior and posterior(SLAP)injury,and the corresponding debridement and repair are needed based on the damage condition.The cutter and plasma cutter are inserted from the anterior approach,and the coronoid process is revealed by forwardly opening the shoulder sleeve clearance.Later,the arthroscopy lens is moved to the anterolateral approach made near the anterior horn of acromion,to clean soft tissue on the surface of the coracoid until the medial aspect of the inner side,the lower surface and the inner margin are fully revealed.The lateral approach of the shoulder joint is increased,and the arthroscopy lens are firstly put into the posterior approach to clean up the subacromial bursa and secondly used to clean up the surface of the coracoid from the anterolateral approach.The protection of the coracoacromial ligament is required for special attention during the previous step.A skin incision of about 25mm long is made on the collarbone with a distance of 1/3of the total length toward the far end(about 40mm inside the acromioclavicular joints),and a cortex holes is opened on the back of the collarbone where the skin cut is made(the surface cortex of the conoid ligament of the clavicle)using the drill with the diameter of 4mm.Then,the hook of the special guide is put onto the lower surface of the coracoid through the anterolateral approach(the point located on the inside of the coronoid basal part).The guide sleeve is subsequentially clamped into the hole and locked tightly.With the angle adjustment,a drill is made from the surface of the clavicle to the bottom of the coracoid basal part along the guide.Afterward,the guide is pulled out.The curved pliers are used to clamp the exposed bottom part of Kirschner wire to prevent movement or withdrawal.Then,the hole is expanded along the guide pin using hollow drill with a diameter of 4.0 mm.The guide pin was later pulled out with the hollow drill left inside,and the guide wire was madethrough the hollow drill to the bottom of the coracoid basal part.The hollow drill is not moved out until the pliers reaches to the coracoid basal part from the anterolateral approach and pulls the guide wire out.After the acromioclavicular joint is restored,the length of the clavicle to the coracoid is measured for the selection of the Endobutton steel plate of proper length(generally longer than the measured length by 2-5mm,and the value is round up to multiples of 5mm.The common length includes 30mm and 35mm).The guide wire is used to direct the Endobutton plate through the coronoid bone tunnel and clavicle bone to the supraclavicular surface with the plate locked under the coracoid.Later,a 3-4whole miniature steel plate of appropriate width is selected to penetrate through the loop under the supraclavicular surface (foot surgery plate).The acromioclavicular joint is completely reset by rotating the plate to reduce the length of the loop,and the plate is fixed with both ends drilled and applied with screw.With the monitor of arthroscopy lens inserted from the lateral approach,an incision is made on the surface of the collarbone.Then,an anchor nail is screwed into the coronoid basal part on the front of the clavicle(approximately 20mm from the lateral segment and 10 mm from the bone center of the coracoid,located at the anterior lateral side)using the outside-in technique.The anchor rope on the tail of the anchor nail is fixed around the clavicle,and the knot is below the clavicle.In this way,a double fixation of modified Endobutton plate combined with anchors is formed.After the washing of arthroscope and hemostasis,the accumulated water is cleaned up.The arthroscope is subsequentially pulled out,and the wound is sutured layer by layer and covered with the sterilized dressing.(3)Postoperative recovery and processing.After the operation,the patients wear wrist strap and neck protection and participate in only the following shoulder joint passive activity for 6weeks:<30°pendulum activity within 48hours;<60°within 1week;<90°within 2weeks;<120°within 4weeks;full range passive lifting activities after 4weeks;initiative lifting activity after 6 weeks;avoiding weight within half a year.Regular reviews of X-ray and three-dimensional CT reconstruction are required to track the positions of bone,anchors,and the Endobutton and the rest of the acromioclavicular joint.The review of X-ray should be done every 3months.(4)Therapeutic evaluation.The postoperative therapeutic efficiency is evaluated by the American shoulder and elbow surgeons′form (ASES),the visual analogue scale/score(VAS),the Constant-Murley score and the simple shoulder test(SST).The evaluation criteria of the clinical result:Optimal,the shoulder joint does not have any pain symptoms,and the limb activity does not have any restrictions.The limb returns to the normal range of movement and muscle strength;Good,the patients were satisfied with surgery and only occasionally feel pain.The pain does not affect the activity of shoulder or require regular pain medications;Normal,the pain of patients affects the daily activity or requires the use of analgesic drugs;Poor,patients have persistent shoulder pain that affects daily life,or the reset is completely lost.ResultsThe postoperative X-ray and CT reconstruction confirmed the anatomical repositioning of acromioclavicular joints for the treated group of patients.All patients were followed up for 12-72months with the average time of 24.6months.ASES score is 97.4points;VAS score<1;Constant-Murley score is 95.2points;Average positive answers to SST questionnaire are 11.The shoulder joint activity of all patients basically recovered to normal with the lift of 165°and the rotation of 45°on average.According to evaluation criteria:20cases are optimal;10cases are good;2cases are normal.Overall,the general fine rate reached 93.7%.For the 2patients with normal clinical outcome,one of them has a pain points at the acromioclavicular joints.The damaged cartilage surface of acromioclavicular joint is considered as the reason,which is associated with the failing of regular cleaning up of the acromioclavicular joint surface;another case was an early patient,and the corresponding pain point might be associate with ground anchor line knot.When the patient has a shoulder bag,the pain become more obvious.It is found that the pain disappears as the knot is put below the collarbone for the later patients.During the X-ray follow-up,3cases of acromioclavicular joint reset loss of less than 3mm were found(1case with history of trauma),and the rate of loss of reduction was about 9.3%.However,all cases including 1optimal and 2good have no obvioussymptoms,and the losses of reduction don′t affect the clinical outcome.This group of patients have no infection,no blood vessels injury,no nerve damage,no concurrent clavicle or coracoid process fracture,no broken loops or thread breakage and no complications such as bone dissolution caused by silk or steel.When all patients were asked"if the same happens on another of your shoulders,are you willing to accept the same surgery?"the answers were all positive.All the patients recovered to preoperative working level,and 29patients (90.6%)recovered to preoperative athletic level.ConclusionsThe treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation by reconstructing coracoacromial ligament using the Arthroscopic Endobutton improvement combined with anchors double anatomy reconstruction technique has many advantage including minimally invasive,stable fixation,quick recovery,beautiful appearance,high satisfaction and so on.This strategy can treat the injury of glenohumeral joint without the necessity of taking out the internal fixation.The clinical results were satisfactory,and the complication rate is low.Hence,it is a good method to treat the acute acromioclavicular joint dislocation.However,the biomechanical testing of this method and the biomechanical comparison with other methods of the coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction are insufficient and required in the future.
Acromioclavicular joint; Dislocation;Shoulder arthroscopy; Endobutton;Anchor
2016-09-22)
(本文編輯:胡桂英;英文編輯:陳建海、張曉萌、張立佳)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2017.01.007
361000 廈門(mén)大學(xué)附屬成功醫(yī)院暨解放軍廈門(mén)第174醫(yī)院骨二區(qū)
黃長(zhǎng)明:Email:huangchm123@163.com
董輝詳,黃長(zhǎng)明,范華強(qiáng),等.關(guān)節(jié)鏡下改良Endobutton結(jié)合錨釘雙重解剖重建技術(shù)在肩鎖關(guān)節(jié)脫位治療中的臨床應(yīng)用[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2017,5(1):36-46.