李仁斌 林焱斌 熊圣仁 莊研 熊國勝 張怡元
·論著·
后側(cè)微創(chuàng)入路結(jié)合三角固定原則治療肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折
李仁斌 林焱斌 熊圣仁 莊研 熊國勝 張怡元
目的探討后側(cè)微創(chuàng)入路結(jié)合三角固定原則治療肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折的臨床療效。方法自2012年6月至2014年12月,廈門大學(xué)附屬福州第二醫(yī)院采用后側(cè)微創(chuàng)入路鋼板內(nèi)固定治療肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折患者23例,其中男16例,女7例,平均年齡37.58歲(19~62歲)。合并損傷主要包括:多發(fā)肋骨骨折9例,血?dú)庑睾停ɑ颍┓未靷?例,顱腦損傷5例,頸椎損傷2例,同側(cè)鎖骨骨折4例,骨盆骨折4例。采用臂、肩、手功能障礙(disabilities of the arm,shoulder and hand,DASH)評分對患者肩關(guān)節(jié)功能進(jìn)行評估。結(jié)果所有患者均獲得完整隨訪,平均隨訪時間17.7個月(9~36個月)。手術(shù)時間78.6min(58~121min),出血量68.3ml(50~100ml)。所有骨折均愈合,無感染、無肩關(guān)節(jié)創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎、無異位骨化、無神經(jīng)損傷等并發(fā)癥。DASH評分平均為7.8分(4~21分)。結(jié)論后側(cè)微創(chuàng)入路結(jié)合三角固定原則治療肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折具有切口小、出血少、對軟組織干擾小、手術(shù)時間短、手術(shù)效果好等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。
微創(chuàng);三角固定;肩胛骨;骨折;內(nèi)固定
臨床上肩胛骨骨折比較少見,約占全身骨折的0.5%~1.0%,98%的肩胛骨骨折可累及肩胛體及肩胛頸。一般認(rèn)為,盂極角小于22°,肩胛體骨折橫向移位和短縮移位超過3cm,骨折成角大于40°的肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折需要手術(shù),78.1%的肩胛骨骨折可通過后側(cè)入路進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療[1]。最經(jīng)典的后側(cè)入路是Judet切口,通過這個切口顯露肩胛骨,需要很大的皮膚切口,需要切斷岡下肌、小圓肌和三角肌后束;另一種是改良Judet入路,這一入路的皮膚切口和傳統(tǒng)的Judet切口一樣,只是顯露皮瓣后,經(jīng)過岡下肌和小圓肌間隙顯露肩胛骨。Judet入路可廣泛顯露,完全顯露肩胛骨后側(cè)部分,但是需要一個大的皮膚切口和廣泛的肌肉剝離。而且,大的肌瓣阻礙了對后側(cè)肩胛盂的顯露,可能對肩胛上神經(jīng)的牽拉而導(dǎo)致?lián)p傷。改良Judet入路最大的一個缺點(diǎn)就是很大的皮瓣術(shù)后產(chǎn)生血腫,它最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是相對于Judet入路有更小的肌肉剝離、更好的顯露和固定后側(cè)肩胛盂骨折避免了對肩胛上神經(jīng)的牽拉[2]。2011年美國學(xué)者Gauger等[3]利用后側(cè)微創(chuàng)入路治療7例肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折患者,并取得了良好的療效,但是并沒有對內(nèi)固定的原則進(jìn)行闡述。肩胛骨是一個類似三角形的扁骨,3個邊分別為肩胛岡與肩胛體連接部、內(nèi)側(cè)緣及外側(cè)緣;3個角分別是內(nèi)上角、下角及關(guān)節(jié)盂頸部。按肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折的手術(shù)適應(yīng)證,骨折往往累及了2個邊甚至3個邊。為了重建一個穩(wěn)定的三角形,提出了三角固定原則,即骨折所累及的每一個邊都需固定,肩胛骨上附著18塊肌肉。作者認(rèn)為,一個穩(wěn)定的肩胛骨有利于術(shù)后的早期功能鍛煉。按這樣的固定原則治療了一組病例,取得了良好的臨床療效。
一、一般資料
自2012年6月至2014年12月,本院采用后側(cè)微創(chuàng)入路鋼板內(nèi)固定治療肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折患者23例,其中男16例,女7例,平均年齡37.58歲(19~62歲)。合并損傷主要包括:多發(fā)肋骨骨折9例,血?dú)庑睾停ɑ颍┓未靷?例,顱腦損傷5例,頸椎損傷2例,同側(cè)鎖骨骨折4例,骨盆骨折4例。根據(jù)Hardegger的骨折分型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4],本組患者肩胛體骨折18例;肩胛頸骨折5例,其中外科頸骨折3例,經(jīng)肩胛岡骨折2例。受傷至手術(shù)的時間平均為7.8d(5~16d)。所有患者術(shù)前均接受肩關(guān)節(jié)創(chuàng)傷系列片投照及肩關(guān)節(jié)CT掃描三維重建。本組患者骨折的類型均適合通過后側(cè)入路及有切開復(fù)位鋼板內(nèi)固定的指征;均在傷后4周內(nèi)接受手術(shù)治療;均無前側(cè)肩胛盂骨折、喙突骨折、肩峰骨折;外側(cè)柱、肩胛岡、內(nèi)側(cè)緣均不存在多個骨折塊。
二、手術(shù)方法
全身麻醉,采取俯臥位,根據(jù)骨折類型選擇切口,見圖1。選擇切口的原則是:累及外側(cè)緣的骨折選擇A或B切口,累及內(nèi)側(cè)緣的骨折選擇C或D切口,累及上緣的骨折選擇E切口。選擇A或B切口切開皮膚后可沿岡下肌、小圓肌間隙顯露骨折端,選擇C或D切口時于肩胛骨內(nèi)側(cè)緣行縱形皮膚切口,于肩胛骨內(nèi)側(cè)緣顯露骨折端,對于上緣骨折可選擇E切口。切口大小在3~5cm,因此內(nèi)固定鋼板不宜選擇重建板,因?yàn)樘L的鋼板不可能通過這么小的切口放置。本組患者均選用2.7mm動力加壓鋼板或重建板鋼板,內(nèi)緣可選擇2.4mm的鎖定鋼板。選擇A切口,可不需要切斷三角肌后束,在牽拉岡下肌時應(yīng)特別注意,不要損傷肩胛上神經(jīng),還應(yīng)注意對旋肩胛動脈升支的處理,旋肩胛動脈位于肩胛骨外側(cè)緣與肩胛盂下緣5~6cm處[5]。在肩胛骨內(nèi)側(cè)角,大多數(shù)骨折端位于內(nèi)側(cè)角,分離筋膜和骨膜沿著肩胛骨脊柱緣。骨膜下剝離游離岡下肌,直到可看見骨折端及復(fù)位和固定。首先固定外側(cè)緣,因?yàn)橥鈧?cè)鋼板不要預(yù)彎,內(nèi)側(cè)鋼板往往需要預(yù)彎。此外,外側(cè)緣的固定方便內(nèi)側(cè)緣骨折復(fù)位和固定。上緣的骨折可沿著肩胛岡做切口,對岡下肌做鈍性分離,在肩胛切跡處要小心保護(hù)肩胛上神經(jīng)及動靜脈(圖2~7)。
圖1 根據(jù)骨折位置的不同,可分別選取切口
圖2 患者男性,43歲,術(shù)前三維CT提示肩胛體骨折,肩胛骨正位上提示骨折移位>25mm,盂極角20°
圖3 術(shù)前三維CT肩胛骨側(cè)位片提示骨折端成角超過40°
圖4 術(shù)中外側(cè)緣切口5cm
圖5 術(shù)中內(nèi)側(cè)緣切口3cm
三、術(shù)后處理
術(shù)后均不放置引流片,術(shù)后第2天開始鐘擺樣運(yùn)動以及被動前屈、外旋鍛煉。此后可逐漸增加被動內(nèi)旋、內(nèi)收及外展練習(xí)。隨訪期間依患者影像學(xué)檢查骨折愈合情況逐漸過度為主動活動鍛煉。12周后開始力量鍛煉并加強(qiáng)各方向的練習(xí)。
圖6 術(shù)后三維CT肩胛骨正位片提示鋼板位置正確,盂極角正常骨折復(fù)位良好
所有患者均獲完整隨訪,平均隨訪時間17.7個月(9~36 個月)。手術(shù) 時 間平均78.6min(58~121min),出血量平均68.3ml(50~100ml)。所有患者術(shù)中未發(fā)生并發(fā)癥,未見傷口感染、愈合不良,均達(dá)Ⅰ/甲愈合。骨折復(fù)位良好,術(shù)后未出現(xiàn)骨折再移位、骨折畸形愈合或不愈合,平均愈合時間為2.5個月(2~3個月)。所有病例隨訪期間均未見螺釘松動、退出及斷裂情況。術(shù)后患者上肢前舉平均162°(150~180°),外展平均110°(90~120°),體側(cè)外旋平均54°(45~60°),DASH 評分平均為7.8分(4~21分)。
圖7 術(shù)后三維CT肩胛骨側(cè)位片提示鋼板位置正確,骨折復(fù)位良好,成角糾正
四、術(shù)后隨訪及評價指標(biāo)
所有患者術(shù)后半年內(nèi)每個月門診復(fù)查1次,半年后每3個月門診復(fù)查1次,1年后每6個月門診復(fù)查1次。術(shù)后X線檢查包括前后位肩關(guān)節(jié)正位片、Y位片。所有患者都進(jìn)行問卷調(diào)查。2名醫(yī)師獨(dú)立評估所有術(shù)后放射片,決定是否發(fā)生骨不連或畸形愈合。骨折畸形愈合的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:正位片上、Y位片上移位超過0.5cm,Y位片上成角超過10°和對側(cè)相比盂極角相差10°以上。將每位患者末次隨訪的臂、肩、手功能障礙(disabilities of the arm,shoulder and hand,DASH)評分作為最后功能評價指標(biāo)。
一、微創(chuàng)入路的適應(yīng)證及其禁忌證
肩胛骨骨折通過影像學(xué)可精確判斷肩胛骨骨折類型,文獻(xiàn)報道62%~98%的肩胛骨骨折都累及到肩胛體或肩胛頸,后側(cè)入路是最常用的入路[6]。臨床常用的后側(cè)入路有Judet入路和改良Judet入路。這兩種入路均存在各自的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。Judet入路的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是可廣泛的顯露后側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu),對于復(fù)雜的肩胛骨骨折仍然是必選入路,但存在出血多、肩胛上神經(jīng)牽拉傷的風(fēng)險。改良Judet入路利用Judet入路的皮膚切口,通過小圓肌、岡下肌間隙進(jìn)行外側(cè)骨折復(fù)位和固定,通過內(nèi)側(cè)分離岡下肌對內(nèi)側(cè)骨折端的復(fù)位和固定。改良Judet入路存在切口大、對于復(fù)雜的肩胛骨骨折顯露不充分等缺點(diǎn),優(yōu)點(diǎn)是出血少、對肌肉的干擾小。但對于相對簡單的肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折,根據(jù)本研究結(jié)果,可通過微創(chuàng)入路來治療,且得到了良好的臨床效果。作者認(rèn)為后側(cè)的微創(chuàng)入路只適用于相對簡單的肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折,且不需要很長的鋼板就能固定骨折端,因?yàn)樘L的鋼板不可能通過小切口放置。如果同時伴有喙突骨折或前方、上方關(guān)節(jié)盂骨折就不適應(yīng)用該切口,如果外側(cè)柱、肩胛岡、內(nèi)側(cè)緣存在多個骨折塊也不適合該切口。骨折超過4周由于骨折端復(fù)位困難,可能需要廣泛顯露骨折端來復(fù)位,因此也不適合應(yīng)用該切口。
二、微創(chuàng)入路治療肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折的優(yōu)點(diǎn)及注意事項(xiàng)
微創(chuàng)入路有以下幾個優(yōu)點(diǎn):第一,這些有限的切口減少了皮瓣和后側(cè)肩胛骨肌肉的剝離,術(shù)中有效結(jié)扎旋肩胛動脈后,有效保護(hù)肩胛上動靜脈,可明顯減少術(shù)中的出血量,有利于術(shù)后的康復(fù);第二,微創(chuàng)入路允許充分的直視下復(fù)位骨折端,不需要顯露位于肩胛體的多數(shù)骨折線,多個微創(chuàng)入路的組合使用,可重建肩胛骨的3個邊,使肩胛骨達(dá)到穩(wěn)定,有利于術(shù)后早期功能鍛煉,不需要廣泛顯露肩胛體的其他骨折線;第三,切口小,更加美觀。但是使用該入路時必需嚴(yán)格遵循適應(yīng)證,在術(shù)中應(yīng)充分了解旋肩胛動脈的走行及肩胛上動靜脈的解剖特點(diǎn),以免術(shù)中損傷這些組織。Wijdicks等[7]通過解剖學(xué)的研究提出了4-7-8三角的危險區(qū),即肩胛切跡到旋肩胛動脈的距離約為7cm,到肩胛上神經(jīng)最內(nèi)分支的距離約為4cm,其圍成的一個三角區(qū)域?yàn)閾p傷上述組織的危險區(qū)域。一個簡單實(shí)用判斷旋肩胛動脈的方法是,術(shù)中明確三角肌后束與岡下肌外緣相交處,旋肩胛動脈往往就在此處貼著肩胛骨走行。術(shù)中顯露旋肩胛動脈后,可對其進(jìn)行結(jié)扎,結(jié)扎后并不會破壞肩胛骨的血供。在骨膜下分離肩胛骨,連同岡下肌一起拉向內(nèi)側(cè),一般可以很好的顯露肩胛盂的后側(cè)而不會損傷肩胛上神經(jīng)及動靜脈,如果只是處理外側(cè)緣的骨折,三角肌后束是沒必要切斷的。術(shù)中對難復(fù)性外側(cè)緣骨折的復(fù)位可通過單鉤來協(xié)助完成。一般來說對外側(cè)緣及上緣骨折的固定不需要預(yù)彎鋼板,因此往往先固定外側(cè)緣,然后是上緣,最后再固定內(nèi)側(cè)緣,因?yàn)閮?nèi)側(cè)緣骨折大多位于內(nèi)上角,需要預(yù)彎鋼板,外側(cè)緣或上緣固定好后有利于對內(nèi)側(cè)緣的固定。由于肋骨的阻擋,術(shù)中透視并不能看清肩胛骨的全貌,往往只能看清肩胛骨的外側(cè)部分,因此術(shù)中評判骨折復(fù)位情況可通過盂極角,在肩胛骨正位片上,正常成人的盂極角正常值為30~40°[8]。通過擺放球管拍攝Y位片,可判斷骨折端成角情況。
三、三角固定原則的理論依據(jù)與臨床結(jié)果
肩胛骨是薄片狀,呈不規(guī)則的三角狀,主要作用是提供肌肉的附著區(qū)。肩胛骨的上角、下角和外緣增厚,給更有力的肌肉提供附著區(qū)。有斜方肌止于肩胛岡和肩峰,其可用于外側(cè)角的抬升。大小菱形肌止于肩胛骨的內(nèi)側(cè)緣,主要作用為內(nèi)收肩胛骨。肩胛提肌止于肩胛骨上角,主要作用為上提上角;前鋸肌止于肩胛骨胸廓面的內(nèi)側(cè)緣從上角一直到下角,肩胛提肌和前鋸肌一起使肩胛骨產(chǎn)生向上旋轉(zhuǎn)力,岡上窩是岡上肌的起點(diǎn),岡下窩是岡下肌的起點(diǎn),肩胛骨前側(cè)窩是肩胛下肌的起點(diǎn),小圓肌起至肩胛骨外側(cè)緣中下部,大圓肌起自于肩胛骨后表面肩胛骨下部分的外側(cè)邊緣,喙突是肱二頭肌短頭和喙肱肌的起點(diǎn),也是胸小肌的止點(diǎn)。肩胛岡、肩峰是三角肌的起點(diǎn),肩胛盂上下極各有一個骨性結(jié)節(jié),盂上結(jié)節(jié)是肱二頭肌長頭腱的起點(diǎn),盂下結(jié)節(jié)是肱三頭肌長頭腱的起點(diǎn)。由此看出,除了肩胛下肌、岡上肌、岡下肌起點(diǎn)占據(jù)肩胛骨的大部分位置,其他肌肉的止點(diǎn)均位于邊或角上。這些肌肉組織相互配合,既有協(xié)同肌,又有拮抗肌,共同完成肩胛骨的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動、前后傾運(yùn)動。肩胛骨的運(yùn)動并非是直線運(yùn)動,而是旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動,因此當(dāng)骨的連續(xù)性中斷,必然會導(dǎo)致肌肉群的作用發(fā)生紊亂,從而導(dǎo)致骨折的畸形愈合,嚴(yán)重畸形愈合必然導(dǎo)致功能上的缺失[9]。根據(jù)三角形力學(xué)穩(wěn)定的原理,至少固定其中的兩邊,才能恢復(fù)和維持該三角形結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性[10],因此提出三角固定原則來治療肩胛體或肩胛頸骨折,就是重建三角形的穩(wěn)定性,恢復(fù)肌肉群相互協(xié)同、相互拮抗,從而避免骨折的畸形愈合或內(nèi)固定無失敗。從本組病例的臨床結(jié)果來看,無畸形愈合、無內(nèi)固定失敗,且功能恢復(fù)滿意。因此作者認(rèn)為,后側(cè)微創(chuàng)入路結(jié)合三角固定原則治療肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折具有切口小、出血少、對軟組織干擾小、手術(shù)時間短、手術(shù)效果好等臨床優(yōu)點(diǎn),值得臨床推廣。
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Clinical results of using minimally invasive approach in combination with triangle principle for internal fixation of displaced scapula neck and body fractures
Li Renbin,Lin Yanbin,Xiong Shengren,Zhuang Yan,Xiong Guosheng,Zhang Yiyuan.Department of Orthopaedic,Xiamen University Affiliated Fuzhou Second Hospital,F(xiàn)uzhou 350007,China
Li Renbin,Email:lirenbin1009@m(xù)edmail.com.cn
BackgroundThe scapular fracture is rarein clinic,accounting for about 0.5%-1%of fractures in the whole body.The scapular body and neck can be involved in 98%of scapular fractures.Generally,thesurgical treatment is required forscapular body fractures with glenopolar angle of less than 22°,lateral and shortening displacement of more than 3cm and angulation displacement of more than 40°.78.1%of the scapular fractures can be treated through posterior approach.The scapula is a triangle-like flat bone:the 3sides include the connection between mesoscapula and scapular body,the medial margin and the lateral margin;the 3corners include the inner upper corner,the lower angle corner and the glenoid neck.According to the surgical indications of scapular neck and body fractures,two or three margins are often involved.To build a stable triangle,the author came up with the triangle theory of fixing every margin affected by fractures.In this study,agroup of patients with scapular body and neck fractures was treated with minimally invasive approachin combination with triangle principle to evaluate the corresponding clinical efficacy.Methods(1)General data.From June 2012to December 2014,23patients(16males and 7females)with an average age of 37.58years(19-62years)were treated for the scapular body and neck fractures with plate fixation via posterior minimally invasive approach in our hospital.The associated injuries included 9cases of multiple rib fractures,6cases of hemopneumothorax and (or)pulmonary contusion,5cases of craniocerebralinjury,2cases of cervical spine injury,4cases of ipsilateral clavicle fractures and 4cases of pelvic fractures.According to the Hardegger classification,18cases of scapular body fractures and 5cases of scapular neck fractures were in this group,including 3cases of surgical neck fractures and 2cases of fractures of spina scapulae.The average time from injury to operation was 7.8days(5-16days).All patients
preoperative shoulder fluoroscopic examinations of traumatic series and CT scan with 3Dreconstruction.The types of fractures for all patients in the group fitted for the indications of limited open reduction and the plate internal fixation through posterior minimally invasive approach.Moreover,all patients received surgical procedures within 4weeks of the injury.There were no anterior glenoid fractures,coracoid fracturesand acromial fractures.Also,multiple fracture fragments were not found in lateral column,mesoscapula and medial margin.(2)Surgical methods.The patient was put with the prone positionafter successful general anesthesia,and the incisions were made based on the type of fractures.The principles of choosing incisions:the incision A or B for the fractures involving lateral margin;the incision C or D for the fractures involving medial margin;the incision E for the fractures involving superior margin.The fracture ends could be exposed along the intermuscular space between infraspinatus muscle and teres minor muscle via the incision A or B.If the incision C or D was chosen,the skin above the medial margin of scapula wascut open longitudinally to expose the fracture ends.The incision E could be used for the upper margin fractures of scapula.During the operation,the reconstruction plate was not used dueto difficult placement of long plates into the 3-5cm incision being made.The 2.7mm dynamic compression plates or reconstruction plates were used for allpatients of this group,and the 2.4mm locking plates could be used for the medial margin.The incision A does not require the cutof the posterior deltoid muscle.During the traction of infraspinatus muscle,special attention should be paid to avoid the damage of the nervi suprascapularis and to deal with the ascending branch of circumflex scapular artery which locates 5-6cm below the lateral margin of scapula and the lower margin of glenoid.Most of the fracture ends locate in the inner corner of scapula.After fascia and periosteum were separated along the margo vertebralis scapulae,the infraspinatus muscle was disassociated until the fracture ends were detected,restored and fixed.First of all,the lateral margin was fixed because the medial plate instead of the lateral plate often requires pre-bending.Besides,the fixation of lateral margin facilitated the restoration and the fixation of themedial margin fracture.The upper margin fracturewas treated by the incision made along the mesoscapula and the blunt dissociation of infraspinatus muscle.The nervi suprascapularis and superior scapular artery and vein should be carefully protected at the site of scapular notch.(3)Postoperative management.The drainage was not placed postoperatively,and the pendulumlike movement,passive flexion and external rotation exercise began on the second day after the surgery.Afterward,the passive internal rotation,adduction and abduction exercises couldbe gradually introduced.According to the fracture healing shown by fluoroscopy,agradual transition to active exercises was conducted during the follow-up period.Strength training was initiated 12weeks later,and activities in all directions were reinforced at the same time.(4)Postoperative follow-ups and evaluation indexes.All patients were followed up postoperatively once per month within half a year,once per 3months half a year later and once per 6months one year later.The postoperative X-ray examinations of shoulder joint included anterior view,posterior view and Y view.All patients were investigated by questionnaire,and all of the postoperative fluoroscopies were evaluated by 2physicians independently to decidethe presence of nonunion or malunion.The diagnostic standards of malunion:more than 0.5cm of separate displacement in anterior view,posterior view and Y view;more than 10°of angular displacement in Y view.During the lastfollow-up,the disabilities of the arm,shoulder and hand(DASH)score of each patient was used as the final functional evaluation index.Results The mean operation time was 78.6 min(58-121min),and the average amount of bleeding was 68.3ml(50-100ml).No complications occurred in patients.The mean follow-up time was 17.7months(9-36months).None of the patients had wound infection or poor healing,and allwounds reached level I healing.All fractures were well restored,and there was no fracture displacement,malunion or nonunion.The average healing time was2.5months(2-3months).During the follow up of all cases,no case was found with screw loosening,withdraw or breakage.The postoperative index of shoulder joint functions for patients:the mean range of forward elevation was 162°(150-180°);the mean range of abduction was 110°(90-120°);the mean range of lateral rotation was 54°(45-60°).The average DASH score was 7.8points (4-21points).Conclusions Minimally invasive posterior approach combined with triangle fixation principle for treating scapular body and neck fractures reduces the stripping of flaps and posterior scapular muscles through limited incision.Intraoperative ligation of the circumflex scapular artery effectively protects suprascapular artery and vein,which significantly reduces the amount of bleeding.This method allows fracture reduction under direct vision without exposure of multiple fracture lineson the scapular body.Through multiple minimally invasive approaches,three edges of the scapula are reconstructed to achieve stability with less operation time and good outcomes,which is beneficial for early functional rehabilitation.Having the advantages of small incision and better-looking appearance,this surgical strategy is worth of promotion.
Minimally invasive;Triangular fixation;Scapula;Fracture;Internal fixation
2016-9-27)
(本文編輯:胡桂英;英文編輯:陳建海、張曉萌、張立佳)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2017.01.006
福州市科技局社會發(fā)展項(xiàng)目(2016-S-123-16)
350007 廈門大學(xué)附屬福州第二醫(yī)院骨科
李仁斌,Email:lirenbin1009@m(xù)edmail.com.cn
李仁斌,林焱斌,熊圣仁,等.后側(cè)微創(chuàng)入路結(jié)合三角固定原則治療肩胛體及肩胛頸骨折[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2017,5(1):29-35.