何海瓊 孫廣萍
·綜述·
Periostin在慢性腎臟病中作用的研究進(jìn)展
何海瓊 孫廣萍
細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)不斷蓄積最終導(dǎo)致腎小球硬化、間質(zhì)纖維化、腎小管萎縮及血管硬化,這些過程均參與慢性腎臟?。╟hronic kidney disease,CKD)進(jìn)展[12]。如果能夠早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并及時給予有效的干預(yù),可能會延緩腎臟病變進(jìn)展,因此探尋新的能夠早期發(fā)現(xiàn)CKD的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物及治療靶點是目前急待解決的問題。近年來,Satirapoj等[3]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)尿液Periostin可能作為早期腎小管損傷的標(biāo)志物,并且Guerrot等[4]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在高血壓腎病動物模型實驗中,Periostin參與腎臟損傷進(jìn)展過程并且可以反映其轉(zhuǎn)歸,因此本文就Periostin在CKD中的作用研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。
Periostin最初是在小鼠的成骨細(xì)胞系中被分離出的,被命名為成骨細(xì)胞特異性因子2。它是由二硫鍵連接的大小約為90 kD的分泌蛋白,其N末端區(qū)域包含有分泌的信號肽和能形成不同剪切體的甘氨酸富集區(qū),與之相鄰的是四個同源重復(fù)區(qū)[56],此外還包含一個羧基末端區(qū)域,C端通過結(jié)合細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)蛋白[如膠原蛋白Ⅰ/Ⅴ(CollagenⅠ/Ⅴ),纖連蛋白(Fibronectin),鍵生蛋白(tenascin C)]或酸性黏多糖(如肝素和Periostin本身)來調(diào)控細(xì)胞基質(zhì)間的組織和相互作用[7]。Periostin主要表達(dá)于骨膜、牙周韌帶及新生組織早期發(fā)育階段[6,89],在大部分正常成人組織中,Periostin表達(dá)水平很低,但在纖維化性疾病及腫瘤中,Periostin表達(dá)明顯升高。Periostin在機(jī)體一方面具有生理性的保護(hù)作用,如在機(jī)械應(yīng)力及損傷情況下,Periostin的表達(dá)有助于細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)的重塑及傷口修復(fù);但另一方面,Periostin也參與疾病活動,與多種細(xì)胞因子及炎性介質(zhì)相互作用,最終導(dǎo)致炎癥以及組織器官纖維化。
(一)Periostin在腎臟疾病中的作用機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
1.血管緊張素Ⅱ(angiotensinⅡ,AngⅡ)介導(dǎo)的纖維化途徑 目前已有研究表明,AngⅡ可分別通過Ras,P38絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38MAPK),cAMP反應(yīng)性結(jié)合蛋白(cAMP response element-binding protein,CREB),細(xì)胞外信號調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2(extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2),轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β1(transforming growth factor,TGF-β1)途徑,并且通過磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase,PI3K)信號通路誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞及血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中Periostin的表達(dá)[1011]。而Guerrot等[4]在小鼠高血壓腎病模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),Periostin在腎臟中的分布與組織纖維化部位一致,且經(jīng)過AngⅡ受體拮抗劑氯沙坦(losartan)處理,可阻斷AngⅡ作用,改善腎臟血流動力學(xué)、減少蛋白尿及腎組織中Periostin的表達(dá),提示Periostin可能參與AngⅡ致腎纖維化過程,具體是否通過上述機(jī)制發(fā)揮作用尚需進(jìn)一步研究。
2.轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)介導(dǎo)的纖維化途徑 上皮向間葉轉(zhuǎn)化促進(jìn)腎小管間質(zhì)纖維化及糖尿病腎臟疾病進(jìn)展[1213]。近年來有研究報道TGF-β促進(jìn)糖尿病腎臟疾病患者腎臟上皮組織向間葉轉(zhuǎn)化[1415],推測Periostin在腎損傷、腎組織重塑中的作用與其他組織損傷中所發(fā)揮的作用類似[1617],Periostin可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞去分化、細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)沉積及TGF-β的表達(dá),此外,TGF-β也可促進(jìn)Periostin表達(dá),進(jìn)一步促使腎小管上皮表型的喪失最終致纖維化[18],其具體機(jī)制可能為TGF-β通過細(xì)胞內(nèi)信號傳導(dǎo)蛋白Smad3介導(dǎo),調(diào)節(jié)一系列miRNA(miR)表達(dá)水平,通過下調(diào)miR-29及miR-200,上調(diào)miR-21及miR-192,最終導(dǎo)致腎纖維化[19],且有研究表明TGF-β與不同腎病綜合征患者腎臟Periostin mRNA之間呈正相關(guān)[20]。在實驗?zāi)I動物模型中,TGF-β1中和抗體可減弱腎間質(zhì)纖維化[19],提示Periostin可能作為CKD生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物及潛在的治療靶點。
3.Periostin與整合素(integrin)受體結(jié)合參與腎纖維化過程 Sorocos等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Periostin與整合素有共同αβ亞組的空間表達(dá),并且在腎動脈,腎內(nèi)動脈及絕大部分的腎盂、輸尿管的平滑肌細(xì)胞、腎小球系膜細(xì)胞中可以檢測出Periostinαβ整合素的表達(dá)。Periostin能通過與整合素α/β亞基結(jié)合,不僅激活RTK信號途徑,影響細(xì)胞的存活、增殖、分化及凋亡,還促進(jìn)膠原蛋白Ⅰ及膠原蛋白Ⅴ合成增多,參與伴隨蛋白尿的腎小球疾病的進(jìn)展[2225],且Wallace等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在多囊腎病中,Periostin通過與αβ整合素受體結(jié)合,激活整合素鏈激酶,通過自分泌方式誘導(dǎo)囊壁上皮細(xì)胞增殖,并通過促進(jìn)細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)大量沉積最終致腎臟間質(zhì)纖維化。
(二)Periostin在其他疾病中的作用機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
除上述信號通路外,Periostin在其他疾病中的作用機(jī)制研究證明,骨形成蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP-2)、BMP-4[2728],血小板源性生長因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF-BB),成纖維細(xì)胞生長因子(fibroblast growth factors,F(xiàn)GFs)[11],Twist轉(zhuǎn)錄因子[29],缺氧應(yīng)答生長因子[30],Wnt-3[31],白細(xì)胞介素4(interleukin,IL-4)、IL-13[17],血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF),腫瘤壞死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α),結(jié)締組織生長因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF),維生素K,IL-1β,IL-3,IL-6[28],c-fos,視黃酸,甲狀旁腺素[32]等均在特定細(xì)胞中被報道過誘導(dǎo)Periostin表達(dá),最終導(dǎo)致炎癥以及組織器官纖維化。其在腎臟疾病中是否受上述介質(zhì)調(diào)控,阻斷上述信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路是否能延緩甚至逆轉(zhuǎn)腎臟疾病進(jìn)展有待進(jìn)一步研究,為CKD等疾病的治療奠定理論基礎(chǔ)。
(一)Periostin可作為CKD診斷性及反映病情嚴(yán)重程度的標(biāo)志物
在腎發(fā)生發(fā)育過程中,Periostin在腎周間質(zhì)及輸尿管周圍間質(zhì)高度表達(dá),在完成發(fā)育后其表達(dá)明顯下降[21]。在正常成人腎臟組織中幾乎無Periostin表達(dá)。在CKD病理組織中,大多研究表明Periostin表達(dá)明顯升高,且與腎功能下降明顯相關(guān)。Satirapoj等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)Periostin mRNA及Periostin蛋白在多種動物模型[如5/6腎大部分切除(nephrectomy,Nx)模型、鏈脲霉素誘導(dǎo)的糖尿病腎臟疾病模型(streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy,SZ-DN)及梗阻性腎?。╱nilateral ureteral obstruction,UUO)中均升高,且主要表達(dá)于末端腎小管上皮細(xì)胞細(xì)胞質(zhì)中。在5/6Nx小鼠及CKD患者尿液中,Periostin水平明顯升高;在糖尿病腎臟疾病患者腎組織中,Periostin主要表達(dá)在萎縮和尚未萎縮的小管上皮細(xì)胞內(nèi)以及硬化腎小球球旁系膜區(qū),糖尿病腎臟疾病早期尿蛋白尚未升高時,尿Periostin含量即已明顯升高,且與蛋白尿、估算腎小球濾過率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)等相關(guān),提示其可能是早期且敏感的腎損傷標(biāo)志物[3];Periostin在移植腎相關(guān)性腎病患者尿液中顯著升高,其與尿蛋白肌酐比值、血肌酐呈正相關(guān),與eGFR呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示Periostin可作為潛在的反映CKD病情嚴(yán)重程度的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物[34](表1)。以上說明尿液Periostin的檢測可作為輔助早期診斷及評估CKD病情進(jìn)展的重要標(biāo)志物,其具有非侵入性、快速、敏感、可重復(fù)性的特點。CKD患者中尿液Periostin具體升高機(jī)制目前尚不明確,根據(jù)目前已有研究[33],尿液Periostin大多來源于腎小管,推測可能為腎小管上皮細(xì)胞殘留分泌能力或直接由脫落細(xì)胞釋放所致,但并未排除其是否部分來源于腎小球濾過。正常腎小球濾過膜允許相對分子質(zhì)量40 000以下的蛋白質(zhì)順利通過[35],但當(dāng)腎小球濾過膜分子屏障受損時,血清Periostin可能會通過腎小球濾過膜進(jìn)入尿液,我們可以進(jìn)一步對血清Periostin作以標(biāo)記計算其濾過情況。
Periostin在CKD患者尿液及病理組織中高表達(dá),其血清Periostin是否具有上述生物學(xué)效應(yīng),目前尚無相關(guān)研究。Izuhara等[36]研究顯示,與其他血清蛋白相比,在健康成人血清中Periostin含量較低,一般小于50μg/L,其產(chǎn)生增多會較容易檢測出。血清Periostin在多種炎癥、動脈硬化、纖維化及腫瘤性疾病中均有明顯升高,Kanemitsu等[37]發(fā)現(xiàn)過敏性哮喘患者血清Periostin明顯升高;Ling等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn)急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者血清高水平Periostin提示預(yù)后不良;楊汆等[39]發(fā)現(xiàn)冠心病患者血清Periostin較健康成人明顯升高;Jia等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在哮喘患者血清Periostin可以作為一種新的生物標(biāo)志物并可能作為治療哮喘的新靶點;Yamaguchi等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn)血清Periostin與系統(tǒng)性硬化患者皮膚纖維化嚴(yán)重程度相關(guān);Lv等[42]發(fā)現(xiàn)肝癌患者術(shù)前血清Periostin可作為反映預(yù)后的獨立的生物標(biāo)志物。而炎癥、動脈硬化、纖維化過程在CKD的進(jìn)展中同樣起到重要的作用,因此我們可以進(jìn)一步研究CKD患者血清Periostin的表達(dá)情況。
(二)Periostin對CKD預(yù)后的評估
近年來多個臨床研究表明,Periostin能反映多種疾病預(yù)后。Ling等[38]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)血清高水平Periostin的AMI患者短期預(yù)后較差,且血清Periostin水平與心肌梗死killip分級呈正相關(guān),與左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)及左房直徑呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示血清Periostin水平可作為AMI患者短期不良預(yù)后的預(yù)測指標(biāo);研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)Periostin與多種腫瘤(如乳癌[43]、肝癌[42]、結(jié)腸癌[44]、非小細(xì)胞肺癌[45],前列腺癌[46]等)患者的預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。在反映腎臟疾病預(yù)后方面,Guerrot等[4]僅在小鼠高血壓腎病模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)有效治療后達(dá)到臨床緩解的腎組織中Periostin mRNA水平明顯下降,并且與血肌酐、尿蛋白水平呈正相關(guān),與腎血流量呈負(fù)相關(guān),這提示Periostin可能具有潛在的反映腎臟疾病轉(zhuǎn)歸、預(yù)后及療效預(yù)判作用。但這方面尚無相關(guān)臨床研究,需進(jìn)一步研究血清及尿液Periostin的表達(dá)情況以預(yù)判其能否反映疾病的進(jìn)展及腎病患者治療應(yīng)該控制的水平。
表1 Periostin作為生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物在CKD中的研究情況
Periostin是否能作為腎臟疾病的治療靶點,目前尚無相關(guān)臨床研究及靶向藥物。但Mouna等[18]通過UUO模型敲除Periostin基因從而減輕損傷導(dǎo)致的間質(zhì)纖維化、炎癥及防止組織重塑。具體的機(jī)制為敲除Periostin基因后TGF-β及腎小管上皮細(xì)胞p-Smad3表達(dá)下降,且波形蛋白(vimentin)下降,E-鈣黏素(E-cadherin)表達(dá)升高。同時在其他動物模型[如N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(NG-nitro-L-argininemethylester,L-NAME)]誘導(dǎo)的腎損傷中,應(yīng)用反義寡核苷酸(antisense oligonucleotide,ASODN)直接抗Periostin mRNA,能減弱腎組織Periostin的表達(dá),從而減輕L-NAME誘導(dǎo)的腎損傷。Wallace等[47]用pcy/pcy小鼠模型敲除Periostin的表達(dá)從而減少囊上皮細(xì)胞增生的數(shù)量、囊的大小、腎間質(zhì)纖維化,與Periostin(+/+)鼠相比,Periostin敲除鼠腎功能明顯改善,并且生存期明顯延長。以上結(jié)果表明,Periostin及其相關(guān)的信號通路可能是CKD可行的治療靶點,有待進(jìn)一步動物實驗及臨床研究加以證實。
Periostin在多個疾病中尤其是腎臟疾病方面具體的致病機(jī)制目前尚未明確,有待研究者進(jìn)一步探索其具體的信號通路,以助于尋求新的治療靶點。根據(jù)目前已有研究表明,Periostin可以作為早期發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病及用于臨床診斷的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物,還可能是潛在的多種疾病的治療靶點及預(yù)后指標(biāo)。近年來有關(guān)于其在腎病方面的研究,同樣有上述效應(yīng),但大多為動物實驗,尤其在反映CKD預(yù)后方面,目前國內(nèi)外尚無相關(guān)臨床研究,需要更多的臨床研究觀察其在患者的血清及尿液中的變化,明確其在CKD轉(zhuǎn)歸及預(yù)后中的作用。
[1]Dussaule J C,Guerrot D,Huby A C,et al.The role of cell plasticity in progression and reversal of renal fibrosis[J].Int J Exp Pathol,2011,92(3):151-157.
[2]Chatziantoniou C,Dussaule JC.Is kidney injury a reversible process?[J].Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens,2008,17(1):76-81.
[3]Satirapoj B,Tassanasorn S,Charoenpitakchai M,et al.Periostin as a tissue and urinary biomarker of renal injury in type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].PLoS One,2015,10(4):e124055.
[4]Guerrot D,Dussaule JC,Mael-Ainin M,et al.Identification of Periostin as a critical marker of progression/reversal of hypertensive nephropathy[J].PLoS One,2012,7(3):e31974.
[5]Takeshita S,Kikuno R,Tezuka K,et al.Osteoblast-specific factor 2:cloning of a putative bone adhesion protein with homology with the insect protein fasciclin I[J].Biochem J,1993,294(Pt 1):271-278.
[6]Horiuchi K,Amizuka N,Takeshita S,et al.Identification and characterization of a novel protein,Periostin,with restricted expression to periosteum and periodontal ligament and increased expression by transforming growth factor beta[J].J Bone Miner Res,1999,14(7):1239-1249.
[7]Norris R A,Damon B,Mironov V,et al.Periostin regulates collagen fibrillogenesis and the biomechanical properties of connective tissues[J].J Cell Biochem,2007,101(3):695-711.
[8]Kruzynska-Frejtag A,Machnicki M,Rogers R,et al.Periostin(an osteoblast-specific factor)is expressed within the embryonic mouse heart during valve formation[J].Mech Dev,2001,103(1-2):183-188.
[9]Norris RA,Kern CB,Wessels A,et al.Identification and detection of the Periostin gene in cardiac development[J].Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol,2004,281(2):1227-1233.
[10]Li L,F(xiàn)an D,Wang C,et al.Angiotensin II increases Periostin expression via Ras/p38 MAPK/CREB and ERK1/2/TGF-beta1 pathways in cardiac fibroblasts[J].Cardiovasc Res,2011,91(1):80-89.
[11]Li G,Oparil S,Sanders JM,et al.Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling mediates vascular smooth muscle cell expression of Periostin in vivo and in vitro[J].Atherosclerosis,2006,188(2):292-300.
[12]Reidy K,Susztak K.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and podocyte loss in diabetic kidney disease[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2009,54(4):590-593.
[13]Ziyadeh FN.Mediators of diabetic renal disease:the case for tgf-Beta as the major mediator[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2004,15 Suppl 1:S55-S57.
[14]Bitzer M,Sterzel RB,Bottinger EP.Transforming growth factor-beta in renal disease[J].Kidney Blood Press Res,1998,21(1):1-12.
[15]Hills CE,Squires PE.TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and therapeutic intervention in diabetic nephropathy[J].Am J Nephrol,2010,31(1):68-74.
[16]Oku E,Kanaji T,Takata Y,et al.Periostin and bone marrow fibrosis[J].Int J Hematol,2008,88(1):57-63.
[17]Takayama G,Arima K,Kanaji T,et al.Periostin:a novel component of subepithelial fibrosis of bronchial asthma downstream of IL-4 and IL-13 signals[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2006,118(1):98-104.
[18]Mael-Ainin M,Abed A,Conway SJ,et al.Inhibition of Periostin expression protects against the development of renal inflammation and fibrosis[J].J Am Soc Nephrol,2014,25(8):1724-1736.
[19]Meng XM,Tang PM,Li J,et al.TGF-beta/Smad signaling in renal fibrosis[J].Front Physiol,2015,6:82.
[20]Sen K,Lindenmeyer MT,Gaspert A,et al.Periostin is induced in glomerular injury and expressed de novo in interstitial renal fibrosis[J].Am J Pathol,2011,179(4):1756-1767.
[21]Sorocos K,Kostoulias X,Cullen-McEwen L,et al.Expression patterns and roles of Periostin during kidney and ureter development[J].J Urol,2011,186(4):1537-1544.
[22]Hakuno D,Kimura N,Yoshioka M,et al.Periostin advancesatherosclerotic and rheumatic cardiac valve degeneration by inducing angiogenesis and MMP production in humans and rodents[J].J Clin Invest,2010,120(7):2292-2306.
[23]Kretzler M,Teixeira VP,Unschuld PG,et al.Integrin-linked kinase as a candidate downstream effector in proteinuria[J].FASEB J,2001,15(10):1843-1845.
[24]Kang YS,Li Y,Dai C,et al.Inhibition of integrin-linked kinase blocks podocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition and ameliorates proteinuria[J].Kidney Int,2010,78(4):363-373.
[25]Wei C,Moller CC,Altintas MM,et al.Modification of kidney barrier function by the urokinase receptor[J].Nat Med,2008,14(1):55-63.
[26]Wallace DP,Quante MT,Reif GA,et al.Periostin induces proliferation of human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney cells through alphaV-integrin receptor[J].Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,2008,295(5):F1463-F1471.
[27]Inai K,Norris RA,Hoffman S,et al.BMP-2induces cell migration and Periostin expression during atrioventricular valvulogenesis[J].Dev Biol,2008,315(2):383-396.
[28]Norris RA,Moreno-Rodriguez R,Hoffman S,et al.The many facets of the matricelluar protein Periostin during cardiac development,remodeling,and pathophysiology[J].J Cell Commun Signal,2009,3(3-4):275-286.
[29]Oshima A,Tanabe H,Yan T,et al.A novel mechanism for the regulation of osteoblast differentiation:transcription of Periostin,a member of the fasciclin I family,is regulated by the bHLH transcription factor,twist[J].J Cell Biochem,2002,86(4):792-804.
[30]Li P,Oparil S,F(xiàn)eng W,et al.Hypoxia-responsive growth factors upregulate Periostin and osteopontin expression via distinct signaling pathways in rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells[J].J Appl Physiol(1985),2004,97(4):1550-1558,1549.
[31]Haertel-Wiesmann M,Liang Y,F(xiàn)antl WJ,et al.Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and Periostin by Wnt-3in mouse mammary epithelial cells[J].J Biol Chem,2000,275(41):32046-32051.
[32]Fortunati D,Reppe S,F(xiàn)jeldheim A K,et al.Periostin is a collagen associated bone matrix protein regulated by parathyroid hormone[J].Matrix Biol,2010,29(7):594-601.
[33]Satirapoj B,Wang Y,Chamberlin M P,et al.Periostin:novel tissue and urinary biomarker of progressive renal injury induces a coordinated mesenchymal phenotype in tubular cells[J].Nephrol Dial Transplant,2012,27(7):2702-2711.
[34]Satirapoj B,Witoon R,Ruangkanchanasetr P,et al.Urine Periostin as a biomarker of renal injury in chronic allograft nephropathy[J].Transplant Proc,2014,46(1):135-140.
[35]Jefferson JA,Shankland SJ,Pichler RH.Proteinuria in diabetic kidney disease:a mechanistic viewpoint[J].Kidney Int, 2008,74(1):22-36.
[36]Izuhara K,Arima K,Ohta S,et al.Periostin in allergic inflammation[J].Allergol Int,2014,63(2):143-151.
[37]Kanemitsu Y,Matsumoto H,Izuhara K,et al.Increased Periostin associates with greater airflow limitation in patients receiving inhaled corticosteroids[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2013,132(2):305-312.
[38]Ling L,Cheng Y,Ding L,et al.Association of serum Periostin with cardiac function and short-term prognosis in acute myocardial infarction patients[J].PLoS One,2014,9(2):e88755.
[39]楊汆,丁志堅,朱傲霜,等.冠心病患者血漿Periostin蛋白與血管內(nèi)皮生長因子的相關(guān)性[J].中國動脈硬化雜志,2011(02):135-138.
[40]Jia G,Erickson RW,Choy DF,et al.Periostin is a systemic biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthmatic patients[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2012,130(3):647-654.
[41]Yamashita O,Yoshimura K,Nagasawa A,et al.Periostin links mechanical strain to inflammation in abdominal aortic aneurysm[J].PLoS One,2013,8(11):e79753.
[42]Lv Y,Wang W,Jia WD,et al.High preoparative levels of serum Periostin are associated with poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2013,39(10):1129-1135.
[43]Nuzzo PV,Rubagotti A,Zinoli L,et al.The prognostic value of stromal and epithelial Periostin expression in human breast cancer:correlation with clinical pathological features and mortality outcome[J].BMC Cancer,2016,16:95.
[44]Xu X,Chang W,Yuan J,et al.Periostin expression in intratumoral stromal cells is prognostic and predictive for colorectal carcinoma via creating a cancer-supportive niche[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(1):798-813.
[45]Sasaki H,Dai M,Auclair D,et al.Serum level of the Periostin,a homologue of an insect cell adhesion molecule,as a prognostic marker in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas[J].Cancer,2001,92(4):843-848.
[46]Nuzzo PV,Rubagotti A,Zinoli L,et al.Prognostic value of stromal and epithelial Periostin expression in human prostate cancer:correlation with clinical pathological features and the risk of biochemical relapse or death[J].BMC Cancer,2012,12:625.
[47]Bible E.Polycystic kidney disease:Periostin is involved in cell proliferation and interstitial fibrosis in polycystic kidney disease[J].Nat Rev Nephrol,2014,10(2):66.
[48]Wantanasiri P,Satirapoj B,Charoenpitakchai M,et al.Periostin:a novel tissue biomarker correlates with chronicity index and renal function in lupus nephritis patients[J].Lupus,2015,24(8):835-845.
2016-11-25
2017-06-05)
10.3969/j.issn.1671-2390.2017.06.014
遼寧省科技廳博士啟動課題(No.20101143)
110004 沈陽,中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院腎臟內(nèi)科
孫廣萍,E-mail:13898878638@163.com