黃堅(jiān)?黃曉華
[摘要] 目的 探討小劑量右美托咪定用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉對(duì)丙泊酚用量和蘇醒質(zhì)量的影響。方法 選擇我院擇期全麻行婦科腹腔鏡下全子宮切除手術(shù)患者80例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,每組40例,觀察組患者于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前微量泵輸注右美托咪定0.6μg/kg(用生理鹽水稀釋至20mL),設(shè)定時(shí)間 10min,右美托咪定輸注完畢后5min開始全麻誘導(dǎo),丙泊酚采用靶控輸注(TCI),初始效應(yīng)室靶濃度為1.0μg/mL,每次遞增0.2μg/mL,直至BIS保持在45~50之間,靜注順苯阿曲庫(kù)銨0.2mg/kg,瑞芬太尼( 血漿靶濃度 4~6ng/mL),行氣管插管機(jī)械控制呼吸,術(shù)中靶控輸注丙泊酚(1.0~3.0μg/mL)使BIS監(jiān)測(cè)值保持在50 ~ 55之間直至手術(shù)結(jié)束前10min,術(shù)中根據(jù)手術(shù)刺激強(qiáng)度調(diào)整瑞芬太尼的靶濃度在2~4ng/mL之間,縫皮時(shí)停用。對(duì)照組患者于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前微量泵輸注生理鹽水20mL,10min內(nèi)輸注完畢,5min開始全麻誘導(dǎo),其余誘導(dǎo)和維持用藥同實(shí)驗(yàn)組。記錄兩組丙泊酚麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)的效應(yīng)室靶濃度和用量以及術(shù)畢時(shí)的效應(yīng)室靶濃度和丙泊酚總用量,記錄兩組患者呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、及拔管時(shí)患者出現(xiàn)嗆咳、躁動(dòng)等全麻蘇醒期不良反應(yīng)的情況;詢問(wèn)并記錄患者有無(wú)術(shù)中知曉情況。結(jié)果 觀察組和對(duì)照組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)和術(shù)畢時(shí)丙泊酚的效應(yīng)室靶濃度分別是(2.62±0.38)μg/mL和(1.38±0.24)μg/mL、(3.81±0.13)μg/mL和(2.57±0.29)μg/mL,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);觀察組和對(duì)照組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)的丙泊酚用量和術(shù)畢總用量分別是[(82.4±16.3)mg和(112.6±24.8)mg、(498.5±105.2)mg和(610.6±135.4)mg],差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P< 0.05);觀察組和對(duì)照組患者的呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間分別為[(2.8±0.6)和(2.9±0.7)、(3.8±0.8)和(4.0±0.6)、(5.8±0.7)和(5.9±0.7)],兩組相比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);觀察組和對(duì)照組患者的嗆咳、躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率分別是[4例(10%)和15例(37.5%)],差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者均無(wú)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)和術(shù)中知曉情況。結(jié)論 小劑量右美托咪定用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉,能明顯減少麻醉誘導(dǎo)及麻醉維持的丙泊酚用量,麻醉復(fù)蘇質(zhì)量好且患者舒適,是腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉理想輔助用藥。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;腹腔鏡;丙泊酚;全麻
[中圖分類號(hào)] R614 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 2095-0616(2017)12-96-04
Effects of low-dose dexmedetomidine on the amount of propofol used in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery
HUANG Jian HUANG Xiaohua
Department of Anesthesiology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu 527300, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the effects of low-dose dexmedetomidine on the amount of propofol and recovery quality used in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. Methods 80 cases of total laparoscopic hysterectomy in our hospital under selective general anesthesia (ASAⅠ-Ⅱ) were selected and randomly divided into observation group and control group with 40 cases in each. Patients in observation group were treated with micro pump infusion of dexmedetomidine at 0.6g/kg (diluted to 20ml with saline) before anesthesia induction, Setting time 10min, after dexmedetomidine infusion, 5min with general anesthesia induction, target controlled infusion (TCI) was used for propofol, and the initial target chamber concentration was 1 g/ml, increments 0.2g/mL per time until BIS remains between 45-50, the intravenous injection of CIS atracurium 0.2mg/kg benzene, remifentanil (target plasma concentration of 4-6ng/mL), endotracheal intubation; mechanical control of breathing, intraoperative target infusion of propofol (1 to 3g/mL) kept the BIS monitoring between 50 and 55 until the end of surgery, 10min, the target concentration of remifentanil was adjusted between 2 and 4ng/mL according to the intensity of operation, and the suture was stopped. For patients in control group, before anesthesia induction, micro pump infusion of physiological saline 20mL, 10min infusion finished, 5min began general anesthesia induction, the rest of the induction and maintenance drugs were the same as the experimental group. The target chamber target concentration and dosage of propofol induced anesthesia, the target chamber target concentration at the end of surgery and the total amount of propofol of the two groups was recorded. The respiratory recovery time, recovery time, extubation time, and the emergence of cough, restlessness and other adverse reactions during the general anesthesia recovery period of the two groups were recorded. The patient's intraoperative awareness were asked and recorded. Results The target concentration of propofol effect site in the observation group and the control group of patients during induction of anesthesia and postoperative were (2.62±0.38)μg/mL and (1.38±0.24)μg/mL (3.81±0.13)μg/mL and (2.57±0.29)μg/mL respectively, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The induction dose of propofol and the total amount of postoperative anesthesia in the observation group and the control group were [(82.4±16.3)mg and (112.6±24.8)mg, (498.5±105.2) mg and (610.6±135.4)mg] respectively, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The respiratory recovery time, extubation time and recovery time in the observation group and the control group were [(2.8±0.6) and (2.9±0.7), (3.8±0.8) and (4.0±0.6), (5.8±0.7) and (5.9±0.7)], the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The incidence of cough and restlessness in the observation group and the control group were [4 cases (10%) and 15 cases (37.5%)], respectively, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). There were no severe adverse reactions and intraoperative awareness in the two groups. Conclusion Low dose dexmedetomidine for anesthesia in gynecologic laparoscopic surgery can obviously reduce the amount of propofol used in anesthesia induction and anesthesia maintenance. The quality of anesthesia recovery is good and the patient is comfortable. It is an ideal assistant for laparoscopic operation anesthesia.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Laparoscopy; Propofol; General anesthesia
丙泊酚與瑞芬太尼被證明廣泛使用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉,但由于腹腔鏡手術(shù)需要使用CO2氣腹以提供清晰的視野,持續(xù)有壓力的CO2作用在患者身上一方面導(dǎo)致腹腔壓力增大,另一方面會(huì)引起患者出現(xiàn)高碳酸血癥從而誘發(fā)患者全身強(qiáng)烈的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),增加麻醉處理的難度。右美托咪定是近幾年應(yīng)用在臨床的一種新型的、有高選擇性的α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,臨床上具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、抑制應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、無(wú)呼吸抑制、易喚醒等優(yōu)點(diǎn),復(fù)合使用可以減少全身麻醉藥的用量,患者麻醉舒適度大大提高且不良反應(yīng)少,臨床麻醉中使用日益廣泛[1]。右美托咪定具有抑制高碳酸血癥導(dǎo)致的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的作用并減少丙泊酚的用量,究竟使用小劑量的右美托咪定會(huì)減少丙泊酚多少用量、是否會(huì)對(duì)蘇醒質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生影響、是否會(huì)因鎮(zhèn)靜不夠而導(dǎo)致術(shù)中知曉,本文旨在采用腦電雙頻指數(shù)(BIS)監(jiān)測(cè)下觀察小劑量右美托咪定用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉誘導(dǎo)和維持的丙泊酚用量變化和蘇醒質(zhì)量的影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇我院2012年1月~2017年2月?lián)衿谛袐D科腹腔鏡下全子宮切除手術(shù)患者80例,年齡43~58 歲,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級(jí),體重46~72kg,身高在148~162cm,氣腹時(shí)間在106~141min,手術(shù)時(shí)間在115~148min,所有患者既往體健,無(wú)重要器官功能異常、無(wú)藥物過(guò)敏史、無(wú)腹腔鏡手術(shù)禁忌證,排除心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯病、長(zhǎng)期服用鎮(zhèn)靜或鎮(zhèn)痛藥者和精神疾病史,隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,本研究經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),并獲得患者或家屬的知情和簽署同意書。兩組患者年齡、體重、氣腹時(shí)間、手術(shù)時(shí)間等差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)
1.2 麻醉方法
患者入室前常規(guī)肌注阿托品0.5mg用為術(shù)前藥,入室后于左上肢建立靜脈輸液通道并輸入乳酸林格液8mL/kg(30min內(nèi)),常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)心電圖(ECG)、心率(HR)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)、BIS和ETCO2(麻醉后)。觀察組患者于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前微量泵輸注右美托咪定(江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司,H20090248)0.6μg/kg(用生理鹽水稀釋至20mL),設(shè)定時(shí)間 10min,右美托咪定輸注完畢后5min開始全麻誘導(dǎo),丙泊酚(北京費(fèi)森尤斯卡比醫(yī)藥有限公司,J20080023)采用靶控輸注(TCI),初始效應(yīng)室靶濃度為1.0μg/mL,每次遞增0.2μg/mL,當(dāng)BIS下降至70時(shí)靜注順苯阿曲庫(kù)銨0.2mg/kg,靶控輸注瑞芬太尼(血漿靶濃度 4~6ng/mL), BIS降至50左右行氣管插管機(jī)械控制呼吸,術(shù)中靶控輸注丙泊酚(1.0~3.0μg/mL)使BIS監(jiān)測(cè)值保持在50 ~ 55之間直至手術(shù)結(jié)束前10min,間斷靜注順式阿曲庫(kù)銨保持肌松,術(shù)中根據(jù)手術(shù)刺激強(qiáng)度調(diào)整瑞芬太尼的靶濃度在2~4ng/mL之間,縫皮時(shí)停用,為防止停用瑞芬太尼后引起的急性疼痛,手術(shù)結(jié)束前20min靜注地佐辛辛0.2mg/kg。對(duì)照組患者于麻醉誘導(dǎo)前微量泵輸注生理鹽水20mL,10min內(nèi)輸注完畢,5min開始全麻誘導(dǎo),其余誘導(dǎo)和維持用藥同實(shí)驗(yàn)組。當(dāng)患者HR<50次/min,給予阿托品0.3~0.5mg,平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)較基礎(chǔ)值下降20%或收縮壓絕對(duì)值低于80mm Hg給予靜注多巴胺2mg。術(shù)畢患者自主呼吸恢復(fù)良好、呼之睜眼、循環(huán)穩(wěn)定予以拔除氣管導(dǎo)管并送麻醉恢復(fù)室觀察至少60min。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
記錄兩組丙泊酚麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)的效應(yīng)室靶濃度和丙泊酚用量以及術(shù)畢時(shí)的效應(yīng)室靶濃度和丙泊酚總用量,記錄兩組患者呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間(停藥至自主呼吸恢復(fù)的時(shí)間)、蘇醒時(shí)間(停藥至呼喚其姓名有睜眼動(dòng)作)、拔管時(shí)間(停藥至拔除氣管導(dǎo)管的時(shí)間)、及拔管時(shí)患者出現(xiàn)嗆咳(輕度嗆咳,1或2 次;中度嗆咳,3或4次;重度嗆咳,5或5次以上)、躁動(dòng)( 0級(jí),安靜合作;1級(jí),輕度煩躁,吸痰等強(qiáng)刺激下發(fā)生躁動(dòng),一旦刺激停止,躁動(dòng)即停止;2 級(jí),無(wú)刺激情況下即發(fā)生躁動(dòng),但無(wú)需制動(dòng);3 級(jí),需藥物和物理方法制動(dòng)的不自主運(yùn)動(dòng))等全麻蘇醒期不良反應(yīng)的情況;詢問(wèn)并記錄患者有無(wú)術(shù)中知曉情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析采用SPSS 17.0 統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,計(jì)量資料以()表示。采用t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)丙泊酚的效應(yīng)室靶濃度和丙泊酚用量以及術(shù)畢時(shí)的效應(yīng)室靶濃度和丙泊酚總用量變化比較
兩組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)和術(shù)畢時(shí)丙泊酚的效應(yīng)室靶濃度分別是(2.62±0.38)、(1.38±0.24)μg/mL和 (3.81±0.13)、(2.57±0.29)μg/mL,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)時(shí)的丙泊酚用量和術(shù)畢總用量分別是(82.4±16.3)、(112.6±24.8)mg和(498.5±105.2)、(610.6±135.4)mg,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.2 兩組患者呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間比較
兩組患者的呼吸恢復(fù)時(shí)間、拔管時(shí)間、蘇醒時(shí)間分別為(2.8±0.6)和(2.9±0.7)分、(3.8±0.8)和(4.0±0.6)分、(5.8±0.7)和(5.9±0.7)分,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)
2.3 兩組患者全麻蘇醒期不良反應(yīng)(嗆咳、躁動(dòng)等)和術(shù)中知曉情況比較
兩組患者的嗆咳、躁動(dòng)發(fā)生率分別是4例(10%)和15例(37.5%),差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組患者均未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重不良反應(yīng)和術(shù)中知曉情況。
3 討論
婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)由于具有創(chuàng)傷小、恢復(fù)快和痛苦小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)已成為女性患者的首選手術(shù)方式[1-2],而丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼由于具有起效快,持續(xù)時(shí)間短、蘇醒迅速且平穩(wěn)、不良反應(yīng)少而廣泛使用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉[3-5],雷慧瓊等[6]研究認(rèn)為腹腔壓力增高和高碳酸血癥可引起患者體內(nèi)兒茶酚胺分泌增加,另一方面氣腹可引起左心室和右心室后負(fù)荷增加,使SBP升高,HR增快,而全麻僅能抑制大腦高級(jí)中樞,不能阻斷手術(shù)區(qū)域傷害性刺激向交感神經(jīng)低級(jí)中樞的傳導(dǎo),從而導(dǎo)致交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生興奮反應(yīng),大量釋放腎上腺素和去甲腎上腺素有關(guān)。馬岳等[7]認(rèn)為隨著氣腹時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),CO2的吸收與潴留增加,興奮交感神經(jīng),兒茶酚胺釋放增加,心率增快及血壓升高,心排量升高,同時(shí)外周血管阻力在氣腹后持續(xù)升高,使心臟后負(fù)荷明顯增加。右美托咪定是近幾年應(yīng)用在臨床的一種新型的、有高選擇性的α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑,臨床上具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、抑制應(yīng)激反應(yīng)、無(wú)呼吸抑制、易喚醒等優(yōu)點(diǎn),復(fù)合使用可以減少全身麻醉藥的用量,患者麻醉舒適度大大提高且不良反應(yīng)少,臨床麻醉中使用日益廣泛[8]。近年婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉輔助使用右美托咪定也有不少研究,羅小秀研究認(rèn)為小劑量右美托咪啶可以作為婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉的輔助用藥,是安全有效的[9]。徐興國(guó)[10]研究后發(fā)現(xiàn)全麻期間持續(xù)應(yīng)用右美托咪定可以有效緩解血糖、血漿皮質(zhì)醇濃度的升高,并抑制機(jī)體的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)使用右美托咪定具有血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定、有效和安全的[11-16],右美托咪定的半衰期約為2h左右,單次小劑量使用對(duì)麻醉恢復(fù)時(shí)間無(wú)影響 [17],而本研究是為了保證在婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉中使用丙泊酚復(fù)合小劑量右美托咪定既要適當(dāng)抑制腹腔壓力增高和高碳酸血癥引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng),又要防止患者因鎮(zhèn)靜不夠而導(dǎo)致術(shù)中知曉發(fā)生,從而探討其對(duì)丙泊酚用量的影響,研究結(jié)果認(rèn)為相同麻醉深度下觀察組患者麻醉誘導(dǎo)和術(shù)畢時(shí)丙泊酚的效應(yīng)室靶濃度和總丙泊酚用量都明顯較對(duì)照組少,其減少幅度大約在20%左右,由于所用右美托咪定的劑量不同其減少幅度與Dutta等[18]報(bào)道的40%有差距。在本研究中患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間在2h左右,而右美托咪定的半衰期也是2h,因而小劑量單次使用右美托咪定患者的麻醉蘇醒時(shí)間和拔管時(shí)間不受影響,相反由于右美托咪定可以緩解瑞芬太尼引起的痛覺(jué)過(guò)敏[19],患者蘇醒時(shí)出現(xiàn)煩躁的機(jī)率較少。觀察組患者采用BIS監(jiān)測(cè)下保證了丙泊酚用量的減少不會(huì)導(dǎo)致患者術(shù)中知曉的發(fā)生,但要注意臨床中為了確?;颊卟话l(fā)生術(shù)中知曉必須保證患者有足夠的鎮(zhèn)痛。
綜上所述,小劑量(0.6μg/kg)右美托咪定用于婦科腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉,能明顯減少麻醉誘導(dǎo)及麻醉維持的丙泊酚用量,麻醉復(fù)蘇質(zhì)量好且有一定鎮(zhèn)痛作用,是腹腔鏡手術(shù)麻醉理想輔助用藥。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-02)