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姜黃素對N-甲基亞硝基脲誘發(fā)膀胱癌大鼠化學(xué)干預(yù)作用及機(jī)制分析

2017-11-01 16:31吳金生王清明鄭傳秋紀(jì)萌孫立江
關(guān)鍵詞:姜黃膀胱癌膀胱

吳金生,王清明,鄭傳秋,紀(jì)萌,孫立江*

(1. 青島大學(xué), 山東青島市 266071; 2. 濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院,山東濰坊市 261053)

研究報(bào)告

姜黃素對N-甲基亞硝基脲誘發(fā)膀胱癌大鼠化學(xué)干預(yù)作用及機(jī)制分析

吳金生1,王清明2,鄭傳秋2,紀(jì)萌2,孫立江1*

(1. 青島大學(xué), 山東青島市 266071; 2. 濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院,山東濰坊市 261053)

目的分析姜黃素對N-甲基亞硝基脲(MNU)誘導(dǎo)的膀胱癌大鼠模型的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用及作用機(jī)制。方法將100只SD大鼠隨機(jī)分為四組,對照組(10只)、模型組(10只)、干預(yù)組(40只)和治療組(40只),對照組等時(shí)等量的膀胱灌注生理鹽水,其他三組均對大鼠進(jìn)行膀胱灌注MNU,誘發(fā)SD大鼠形成膀胱癌模型(將濃度為1 mg/mL的 MNU溶液灌注入膀胱內(nèi),MNU灌注時(shí)間為第2、4、6和8 周,每次2 mg,每2周1次,共4次),模型組在誘發(fā)大鼠膀胱癌時(shí)膀胱灌注蒸餾水,干預(yù)組在膀胱灌注MNU時(shí)灌注姜黃素溶液(400 μmol/L),即第1、3、5、7和9周膀胱灌注,第10周安樂死大鼠;治療組在誘發(fā)大鼠膀胱癌模型后膀胱灌注姜黃素溶液(400 μmol/L),即在第10、12、14、16、18周時(shí)間內(nèi)持續(xù)膀胱灌注,在第19周時(shí)處死大鼠,獲得的膀胱組織依次通過蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色,觀察病理變化;TUNEL末端標(biāo)記法測定腫瘤組織中細(xì)胞凋亡情況;Western blot檢測凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)。結(jié)果模型組在第10周時(shí)膀胱癌的發(fā)生率為90% (9/10),干預(yù)組在第10周時(shí)大鼠膀胱癌的發(fā)生率為12.5%(5/40),治療組第10周時(shí)膀胱癌的發(fā)生率為92.5% (37/40),比較干預(yù)組與模型組大鼠膀胱癌的發(fā)生率差異有顯著性(P<0.05),說明姜黃素對MUN誘發(fā)膀胱癌大鼠有明顯的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用;在治療組膀胱癌形成后給予姜黃素治療,第19周膀胱癌發(fā)生率為78.4%(30/37),與治療前的第10周比較說明姜黃素對膀胱癌有治療作用,可以延緩膀胱癌的惡化。TUNEL實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)姜黃素顯著促進(jìn)膀胱癌細(xì)胞的凋亡,抑制膀胱癌細(xì)胞的增殖。Western blot結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),姜黃素抑制NF-κB的激活,有效下調(diào)NF-κB調(diào)節(jié)的基因產(chǎn)物的表達(dá)。結(jié)論姜黃素對MNU誘導(dǎo)的膀胱癌大鼠模型有明顯的的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用,且作用機(jī)制可能是通過抑制NF-κB的激活并且有效下調(diào)NF-κB調(diào)節(jié)的基因產(chǎn)物,來調(diào)節(jié)膀胱癌中相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)機(jī)制,即抑制增殖,誘導(dǎo)凋亡,進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮抗癌的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用以及預(yù)防膀胱癌的復(fù)發(fā)。

姜黃素;N-甲基亞硝基脲;膀胱癌;化學(xué)干預(yù);作用機(jī)制;大鼠

膀胱癌是現(xiàn)今人類泌尿系的高發(fā)性腫瘤疾病,雖經(jīng)膀胱灌注的治療方法取得一定的治療效果,但復(fù)發(fā)是該病治療的難題[1,2],為患者及社會(huì)帶來巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力。近年來研究發(fā)現(xiàn),從姜黃科植物中提取得到的成分-姜黃素,主要存在姜黃、莪術(shù)等藥用植物的根或莖中,能抑制淋巴癌、卵巢癌等諸多癌癥細(xì)胞的生長,是廣譜的抗癌化合物,且毒副作用小[3]。但對姜黃素對MNU誘導(dǎo)的膀胱癌大鼠的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用及作用機(jī)制的分析的報(bào)道相對較少,數(shù)據(jù)不完全,是臨床膀胱癌治療研究的缺口。筆者通過研究姜黃素對MNU誘導(dǎo)的膀胱癌大鼠的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用及作用機(jī)制的分析,以期為人類膀胱癌的研究提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù),為臨床膀胱癌的治療提供思路。

1 材料與方法

1.1材料

1.1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物

選取SPF級SD大鼠100只,雌雄不限,體重均在210~230 g,甴濟(jì)南朋悅實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物繁育有限公司提供【SCXK(魯)2014-0007】。隨機(jī)分為對照組(10只)、模型組(10只)、干預(yù)組(40只)和治療組(40只);實(shí)驗(yàn)所用MNU在實(shí)驗(yàn)前一天放置于冰箱過夜,兩組SD大鼠的基本資料對比差異無顯著性,有可比性。

1.1.2 試劑

N-甲基亞硝基脲及姜黃素溶液均購自美國Sigma公司。

1.2方法

SD大鼠進(jìn)行1周的適應(yīng)性喂養(yǎng),對照組僅等時(shí)等量膀胱灌注生理鹽水,其他三組均對大鼠進(jìn)行膀胱灌注MNU,誘發(fā)形成膀胱癌模型(即,將濃度為1 mg/mL的 MNU溶液灌注入膀胱內(nèi),MNU灌注時(shí)間為第2、4、6和8周,每次2 mg,每2周1次),模型組在誘發(fā)大鼠膀胱癌時(shí)膀胱灌注生理鹽水,干預(yù)組膀胱灌注姜黃素溶液400 μmol/L,即第1、3、5、7和9周膀胱灌注,干預(yù)組第10周處死大鼠;治療組在誘發(fā)大鼠膀胱癌模型后膀胱灌注姜黃素溶液(400 μmol/L),即第10周開始持續(xù)膀胱灌注8周后(灌注時(shí)間第10、12、14、16、18周)安樂死大鼠;對照組、模型組及干預(yù)組第10周處死大鼠,治療組在第 19 周時(shí)處死大鼠,各臟器放氮?dú)鈨?chǔ)存,取膀胱組織依次通過蘇木精-伊紅(HE) 染色,置顯微鏡下觀察病理變化;TUNEL末端標(biāo)記法[4]測定腫瘤組織中細(xì)胞凋亡情況;Western blot檢測凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)。

1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

2 結(jié)果

2.1各組SD大鼠的膀胱癌大鼠發(fā)病率情況

模型組在第10周時(shí)膀胱癌的發(fā)生率為90% (9/10),干預(yù)組在第10周時(shí)大鼠膀胱癌的發(fā)生率為12.5% (1/8),治療組第10周時(shí)膀胱癌的發(fā)生率為 92.5% (37/40),比較干預(yù)組與模型組大鼠膀胱癌的發(fā)生率差異有顯著性(P<0.05),說明姜黃素對MUN誘發(fā)膀胱癌大鼠有明顯的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用;在治療組膀胱癌形成后給予姜黃素治療,第19周膀胱癌發(fā)生率為78.4%(30/37),與治療前的第10周比較說明姜黃素對膀胱癌有治療作用,可以延緩膀胱癌的復(fù)發(fā)。詳見表1。

2.2姜黃素對細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)的影響

在第10周,檢測細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)治療組明顯增加,治療組較模型組對比差異無顯著性(P>0.05),干預(yù)組較對照組或治療組明顯降低,差異有顯著性(P<0.05);第19周,治療組19周較治療組10周亦有降低,差異有顯著性(P<0.05),顯示姜黃素可有效抑制細(xì)胞的增殖能力,詳見表2。

2.3姜黃素對細(xì)胞凋亡的影響

第10周,干預(yù)組細(xì)胞凋亡較模型組增加明顯,兩組對比差異有顯著性(P<0.05),治療組較模型組凋亡細(xì)胞無明顯變化,治療組第19周較治療組10周差異有顯著性(P<0.05),說明姜黃素對膀胱癌細(xì)胞有促進(jìn)凋亡的作用,詳見表2、圖1。

表1 各組SD大鼠的膀胱癌發(fā)病率對比情況Tab.1 Comparison of incidence rates of bladder cancer between the SD rats in each group

表2 姜黃素對細(xì)胞增殖指數(shù)及細(xì)胞凋亡的影響Tab.2 Effects of curcumin on cell proliferation index and apoptosis index in the rats

注:A. 模型組; B.干預(yù)組; C.治療組第10周; D. 治療組第19周。圖1 TUNEL末端標(biāo)記法測定腫瘤組織中細(xì)胞凋亡情況(bar=50 μm)Note.A. Model group. B. Intervention group. C. Treatment group at 10th week. D. Treatment group at 19th week.Fig.1 Apoptosis in the tumor tissues detected by TUNEL staining assay

2.4各組病理切片分析

對照組、模型組及干預(yù)組第10周處死大鼠,治療組在第19周時(shí)處死大鼠,各臟器放液氮儲(chǔ)存,取膀胱組織依次通過蘇木精-伊紅(HE)染色,置顯微鏡下觀察病理變化,詳見圖2。除對照組外,其他三組均有不同程度的癌變,圖中可見被覆的移行上皮增厚,細(xì)胞層次較多,細(xì)胞核大小不一。模型組與干預(yù)組的病理變化對比,干預(yù)組的細(xì)胞層次減少,說明在MNU誘發(fā)大鼠膀胱癌階段,姜黃素有抑制細(xì)胞癌變的作用;在治療組第19周,可見細(xì)胞形態(tài)較規(guī)則,呈不典型增生,說明姜黃素能減緩膀胱癌癥惡化。詳見圖2。

圖2 各組病理切片情況Fig.2 Pathological changes in the bladder tissues of the rats(HE staing)

2.5Westernblot檢測凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)結(jié)果

有圖3結(jié)果推測,姜黃素對Bcl-2和Bax在mRNA表達(dá)水平的影響是姜黃素能調(diào)節(jié)T24細(xì)胞Bcl-2和Bax mRNA的表達(dá)水平(以GAPDH為內(nèi)參),不斷提高姜黃素濃度,使得Bcl-2的表達(dá)水平下降,Bax的表達(dá)水平有所上調(diào)。

注:內(nèi)參選用GAPDH基因的表達(dá)水平。三次重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn)的數(shù)值表示為均數(shù)士標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差。*P<0.05, **P<0.01對照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。圖3 姜黃素作用于T24細(xì)胞持續(xù)48 h, 提取蛋白分析姜黃素對Bcl-2、Bcl-xl和Bax、Bak mRNA的表達(dá)水平的影響Note. The expression levels of gene GAPDH are as the internal reference. The results of three repeated tests are expressed as ±s. The differences of the control and experimental groups are statistically significant (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively).Fig.3 T24 cells are treated with curcumin for 48 hours. The effects on the expression level of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax and Bak mRNA are analyzed by protein extraction

3 討論

膀胱癌是現(xiàn)在人類泌尿系的高發(fā)腫瘤疾病,膀胱癌的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚不明確,現(xiàn)在臨床治療膀胱癌大多采取切除膀胱以及膀胱灌注卡介苗[5],但是膀胱癌的復(fù)發(fā)以及膀胱灌注后的不良反應(yīng)是該治療方法的限制[6-8],為了解決該難題,近年來向中醫(yī)藥方向探索尋求低毒高效的藥物,姜黃科植物中的姜黃素類化合物,調(diào)查研究發(fā)現(xiàn),其是毒副作用小的廣譜類抗癌化合物能廣泛抑制淋巴癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌等諸多癌癥細(xì)胞的生長[9-11]。本文通過研究姜黃素對MNU誘導(dǎo)的膀胱癌大鼠的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用及作用機(jī)制的分析,為人類膀胱癌的治愈提供實(shí)驗(yàn)依據(jù),開發(fā)有效的治療手段,為臨床膀胱癌治療研究找到突破口[12,13]。

本文研究發(fā)現(xiàn),模型組在第10周時(shí)膀胱癌的發(fā)生率為90% (9/10),干預(yù)組在第10周時(shí)大鼠膀胱癌的發(fā)生率為12.5% (5/40),治療組第10周時(shí)膀胱癌的發(fā)生率為 92.5% (37/40),比較干預(yù)組與模型組大鼠膀胱癌的發(fā)生率差異有顯著性(P<0.05),說明姜黃素對MUN誘發(fā)膀胱癌大鼠有明顯的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用;在治療組膀胱癌形成后給予姜黃素治療,第19周膀胱癌發(fā)生率為78.4%(30/37),與治療前的第10周比較說明姜黃素對膀胱癌有治療作用,可以延緩膀胱癌的復(fù)發(fā)。TUNEL實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)姜黃素顯著促進(jìn)膀胱癌細(xì)胞的凋亡,能有效抑制膀胱癌細(xì)胞的生成和增加膀胱癌細(xì)胞的凋亡,達(dá)到膀胱癌的治療作用以及降低膀胱癌的復(fù)發(fā)。Western blot 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),姜黃素抑制NF-κB的激活,有效下調(diào)NF-κB調(diào)節(jié)的基因產(chǎn)物的表達(dá)。本文研究顯示,MUN誘發(fā)膀胱癌大鼠經(jīng)過姜黃素治療后膀胱癌的發(fā)病率有下降,說明姜黃素對MNU誘導(dǎo)膀胱癌大鼠的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用明顯,有治療作用。

綜上所述,姜黃素對MNU誘導(dǎo)膀胱癌大鼠有明顯的化學(xué)干預(yù)作用,其作用機(jī)制是增加膀胱癌細(xì)胞的凋亡,抑制膀胱癌細(xì)胞的生成,抑制NF-κB的激活并且有效下調(diào)NF-κB和Bcl-2的表達(dá)調(diào)節(jié)的基因產(chǎn)物,來調(diào)節(jié)膀胱癌中相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá)機(jī)制,進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮抗癌的干預(yù)作用,降低復(fù)發(fā)率。

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EffectofcurcuminonchemicalinterventionandmechanismofMNU-inducedbladdercancerinrats

WU Jin-sheng1, WANG Qing-ming2, ZHENG Chuan-qiu2, JI Meng2, SUN Li-jiang1*

(1. Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; 2. Weifang Medical College, Weifang 261053)

ObjectiveTo study the effect of curcumin on rat model of N-methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced bladder cancer and its mechanism.MethodsOne hundred SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (n=10), model group (n=10), intervention group (n=40) and treatment group (n=40). Rats in the control group

intravesical infusion of distilled water. Rats in the other three groups were given MNU (1 mg/mL) in 2 mL saline at 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks to induce bladder cancer. In the model group, the rats were injected with distilled water in the bladder. The rats in the intervention group received 2 mL curcumin solution (400 μmol/L) at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th weeks, and were sacrificed at the 11th week. In the model group, the rats were injected with distilled water in the bladder. In the treatment group, the rats had intravesical instillation of curcumin in the bladder (400 μmol/L, 2 mL) at 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 weeks, and sacrificed at the 19th week. Bladder tissue samples were taken for pathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. TUNEL staining assay was used to detect the apoptosis in tumor tissue. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot.ResultsThe incidence of bladder cancer was 90% (9/10) in the model group, 12.5% (5/40) in the intervention group and 92.5% (37/40) in the treatment group at the 10th week, showing a significant difference between the intervention group and model group (P<0.05), indicating an obvious interventional effect of curcumin on the bladder cancer. The incidence rate of bladder cancer in the treatment group was 78.4% (30/37) at the 19th week, and compared with the 10th week before treatment, showing that curcumin can delay the recurrence of bladder cancer. TUNEL staining assay confirmed that curcumin significantly promoted the apoptosis in bladder cancer cells and inhibited their proliferation. The Western blot analysis showed that curcumin inhibited the activation of NF-κB and effectively down-regulated the expression of NF-κB-regulated gene product.ConclusionsCurcumin has a significant interventional effect on MNU-induced bladder cancer in the rat models. The mechanism may be through inhibition of NF-κB activation and effective down-regulated NF-κB regulation of the gene products, and to regulate the expression of related proteins in bladder cancer, i.e., inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and further play a role of anti-cancer intervention and prevention of bladder cancer recurrence.

Curcumin; N-methylnitrosourea; Bladder cancer; Chemical intervention; Mechanism of action; Rats

SUN Li-jiang,E-mail: sywang@ahmu.edu.cn

Q95-33

A

1005-4847(2017) 05-0567-05

10.3969/j.issn.1005-4847.2017.05.018

2017-02-15

吳金生(1975年-),男,副教授,青島大學(xué)在讀博士生,研究方向:泌尿外科。 Email:wjswfmc@163.com

孫立江(1963年-),男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。

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