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不同體位下PELD治療老年患者腰椎間盤突出癥的效果對(duì)比

2017-12-06 05:44許立臣許衛(wèi)兵劉沂楊東方張海斌
當(dāng)代醫(yī)學(xué) 2017年34期
關(guān)鍵詞:位組側(cè)臥位術(shù)者

許立臣,許衛(wèi)兵,劉沂,楊東方,張海斌

(大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬中心醫(yī)院,遼寧 大連 116000)

--論著--

不同體位下PELD治療老年患者腰椎間盤突出癥的效果對(duì)比

許立臣,許衛(wèi)兵,劉沂,楊東方,張海斌

(大連醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬中心醫(yī)院,遼寧 大連 116000)

目的探究不同體位下應(yīng)用椎間孔鏡治療有癥狀的老年腰間盤突出癥患者的臨床效果對(duì)比。方法前瞻性分析2015年8月~2016年10月本科室收治的54例有癥狀腰椎間盤突出癥老年患者接受PTED手術(shù)。患者手術(shù)前后的腰痛情況和腰椎功能采用疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分(VAS)和Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(ODI)評(píng)估;術(shù)中進(jìn)行動(dòng)脈血進(jìn)行血?dú)夥治?。結(jié)果兩組患者術(shù)后2個(gè)月VAS疼痛評(píng)分、ODI評(píng)分較同組術(shù)前均得到有效緩解(P=0.034);在手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.77)。術(shù)中動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治隹梢?jiàn)兩組間PaO2、PaCO2對(duì)比差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(分別P=0.031,P=0.027)。而側(cè)臥位組,患者滿意度、再次接受手術(shù)意愿及推薦其他患者接受相同手術(shù)數(shù)量均高于俯臥位組。結(jié)論對(duì)于接受PTED的老年患者而言,側(cè)臥位相較于俯臥位手術(shù)效果均確切,但側(cè)臥位對(duì)于老年患者呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)影響更小。

椎間孔鏡;腰椎間盤突出癥;體位

根據(jù)流行病學(xué)研究,有癥狀的腰椎間盤突出癥(lumbar disc herniation,LDH)在人群中發(fā)病率為0.5%~3%[1],其典型癥狀是可放射至足趾的下肢根性疼痛,可伴有單側(cè)椎旁肌痙攣、腰部前屈受限、針刺覺(jué)減退、肌萎縮和反射改變[2-3],但是只有15%~20%需要手術(shù)治療[4]。其主要治療方法有保守治療、介入疼痛治療和手術(shù)治療[5],其中,腰椎間盤切除術(shù)是最主要的手術(shù)治療方式。近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的脊柱外科醫(yī)生們選用微創(chuàng)手術(shù)治療LDH,尤其是經(jīng)皮椎間孔鏡下間盤摘除術(shù)(percutaneous endoscopielumbar discectomy,PELD)。目前,PELD術(shù)中患者體位選擇方面仍有爭(zhēng)議,大多數(shù)醫(yī)生采用患者俯臥位,另一部分術(shù)者更傾向于選用患者側(cè)臥位。但究竟何種體位更佳,以及各自相應(yīng)優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),尚無(wú)相關(guān)研究。因此,本文針對(duì)兩種體位對(duì)老年患者PELD手術(shù)效果影響方面進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究。

1 資料與方法

1.1 臨床資料 2015年8月~2016年10月本科室收治的54例腰椎間盤突出癥老年患者?;颊吣挲g(67.7±5.1)歲,60~75歲,其中男23例,女31例。全部患者術(shù)前均行腰椎正側(cè)位、動(dòng)力位X線片、CT及MRI檢查。所有病例均表現(xiàn)為單節(jié)段椎間盤向椎管內(nèi)突出或脫出,無(wú)明顯椎體失穩(wěn)。手術(shù)均采用PELD,入選患者按照隨機(jī)數(shù)字表隨機(jī)分為俯臥位組、側(cè)臥位組,其中俯臥位組26例、側(cè)臥位組28例,俯臥位組中兩名患者發(fā)生變異排除出組。術(shù)者為同一高年資熟練掌握此技術(shù)的外科醫(yī)生操作。

1.2 納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn) ①患者既往均無(wú)嚴(yán)重循環(huán)、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病史,心電圖、肺功能檢查未顯示明顯異常,心臟超聲示心臟射血分?jǐn)?shù)>60%;②患者均為初次診斷腰椎間盤突出癥患者并初次進(jìn)行手術(shù);③腰痛或伴隨下肢放射痛,陽(yáng)性體征與影像學(xué)資料基本一致;④術(shù)前均常規(guī)拍腰椎正、側(cè)位及動(dòng)力位X線平片,腰椎MRI檢查,無(wú)腰椎滑脫及不穩(wěn)表現(xiàn);⑤非手術(shù)治療3個(gè)月癥狀無(wú)好轉(zhuǎn)或癥狀加重。

1.3 手術(shù)方法 手術(shù)采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TESSYS技術(shù)進(jìn)行突出間盤髓核摘除術(shù)[6],患者采用側(cè)臥位或俯臥位,常規(guī)消毒鋪巾,C型臂X線機(jī)透視定位,引導(dǎo)穿刺。插入導(dǎo)絲后拔出穿刺針,于穿刺點(diǎn)作一0.8 cm大小皮膚切口,C臂輔助下確定套筒置入位置,依次插入擴(kuò)張?zhí)淄?,建立手術(shù)通道,持續(xù)生理鹽水灌注。辨認(rèn)術(shù)野解剖結(jié)構(gòu),應(yīng)用椎間孔鏡器械摘除破裂間盤髓核等組織。待確認(rèn)神經(jīng)根已得到充分減壓后,拔出工作套筒,縫合,術(shù)畢。

1.4 麻醉方法 所有患者在監(jiān)測(cè)下的麻醉(monitored anesthesia care,MAC)下完成手術(shù),常規(guī)面罩吸氧(4 L/min)。術(shù)者用1%利多卡因做局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉,麻醉醫(yī)生靜脈泵注右美托咪定0.4 μg/(kg·h),瑞芬太尼0.1 μg/(kg·min)鎮(zhèn)靜與鎮(zhèn)痛。術(shù)中根據(jù)患者反應(yīng)加用局麻藥。術(shù)中維持平均動(dòng)脈壓60~80 mmHg,必要時(shí)應(yīng)用血管活性藥物。1.5 評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng) ①術(shù)前、術(shù)后采用疼痛視覺(jué)模擬評(píng)分法(Visual Analogue Scale/Score,VAS)評(píng)估患者癥狀改善情況;②Oswestry功能障礙指數(shù)(Oswestry disability Index,ODI)[7-8]和評(píng)估臨床效果;③鎮(zhèn)靜深度保持在OAA/S評(píng)分(The Observer’s Assessment of Aler tness/Sedation Scale)≥3級(jí),以保證患者能對(duì)術(shù)中可能的神經(jīng)刺激作出反應(yīng)(5級(jí):完全清醒,對(duì)正常呼名的應(yīng)答反應(yīng)正常;4級(jí):對(duì)正常呼名的應(yīng)答反應(yīng)遲鈍;3級(jí):對(duì)正常呼名無(wú)應(yīng)答反應(yīng),對(duì)反復(fù)大聲呼名有應(yīng)答反應(yīng);2級(jí):對(duì)反復(fù)大聲呼名無(wú)應(yīng)答反應(yīng),對(duì)輕拍身體才有應(yīng)答反應(yīng);1級(jí):對(duì)拍身體無(wú)應(yīng)答反應(yīng),但對(duì)傷害性刺激有應(yīng)答反應(yīng));④分別在術(shù)前(患者體位固定后,手術(shù)常規(guī)消毒、鋪巾前)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始60 min后采取患者動(dòng)脈血進(jìn)行血?dú)夥治?,記錄血氧分壓、血二氧化碳分壓,評(píng)價(jià)不同體位對(duì)患者呼吸系統(tǒng)影響。⑤術(shù)中感受使用5分制Likert評(píng)分(1分非常差,5分非常好);患者滿意度則根據(jù)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查:如果復(fù)發(fā)或者新發(fā)LDH是否愿意再次接受PELD,以及是否會(huì)向其他LDH患者推薦PELD。

1.6 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 所有統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)均采用SPSS V22.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析,數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比均進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn)、方差齊性檢驗(yàn),對(duì)于正態(tài)性、方差齊數(shù)據(jù)采用獨(dú)立t檢驗(yàn),否則采用Mann-WhitneyU檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 不同體位PELD患者術(shù)中呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)影響對(duì)比 兩組均在MAC麻醉下進(jìn)行手術(shù),均未更改麻醉方式。但術(shù)中俯臥位組兩名患者因自覺(jué)極度不適,無(wú)法耐受手術(shù)而增加了瑞芬太尼用量,從而影響呼吸相關(guān)指標(biāo),予排除組外。術(shù)中術(shù)前兩組患者PaO2、PaCO2差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,但手術(shù)開(kāi)始60min后復(fù)測(cè)動(dòng)脈血?dú)夥治隹梢?jiàn)兩組間PaO2、PaCO2對(duì)比差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。可見(jiàn)側(cè)臥位相較于俯臥位對(duì)于老年患者呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)影響更小,見(jiàn)表1。

表1 不同體位PELD患者術(shù)中呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)影響對(duì)比(±s,mmHg)Table 1 Difference of respiratory and circulatory system between 2 groupsmmHg)

表1 不同體位PELD患者術(shù)中呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)影響對(duì)比(±s,mmHg)Table 1 Difference of respiratory and circulatory system between 2 groupsmmHg)

注:組間對(duì)比,aP<0.05

項(xiàng)目術(shù)前PaO2手術(shù)開(kāi)始1 h后PaO2術(shù)前PaCO2手術(shù)開(kāi)始1 h后PaCO2側(cè)臥位組(n=28)83.0±3.080.8±3.0a 37.0±2.738.6±2.6a俯臥位組(n=24)83.5±3.377.5±2.6a 37.3±2.241.1±2.9a

2.2 不同體位PELD患者手術(shù)前后VAS及ODI評(píng)分 兩組患者術(shù)后2個(gè)月VAS疼痛評(píng)分、ODI評(píng)分較同組術(shù)前均得到有效緩解,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見(jiàn)表2。但組間對(duì)比,在手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)方面差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.43)。其中術(shù)中患者感受方面,側(cè)臥位組患者滿意度更高,再次接受手術(shù)意愿及推薦其他患者接受PETD數(shù)量均高于俯臥位組,見(jiàn)圖1、圖2。

表2 不同體位PELD患者手術(shù)前后VAS評(píng)分及ODI評(píng)分(±s)Table 2 VAS score and ODI of 2 groups±s)

表2 不同體位PELD患者手術(shù)前后VAS評(píng)分及ODI評(píng)分(±s)Table 2 VAS score and ODI of 2 groups±s)

注:同組手術(shù)前后對(duì)比,aP<0.05

項(xiàng)目手術(shù)時(shí)間術(shù)前VAS評(píng)分術(shù)后2個(gè)月VAS評(píng)分術(shù)前ODI評(píng)分術(shù)后2個(gè)月ODI評(píng)分側(cè)臥位組(n=28)94.3±14.36.4±1.02.2±1.2a 40.8±4.112.9±3.3a俯臥位組(n=24)94.3±15.86.6±1.02.4±1.1a 39.8±4.513.3±3.7a

2.3 并發(fā)癥情況 兩組病例術(shù)后均沒(méi)有發(fā)生椎間隙感染、神經(jīng)根損傷、硬脊膜撕裂、腹腔臟器及血管損傷等并發(fā)癥。

3 討論

現(xiàn)階段,在應(yīng)用PELD治療LDH方面,由于關(guān)于手術(shù)效果、手術(shù)安全性方面的長(zhǎng)期、前瞻性、隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究數(shù)據(jù)尚不足,因此小切口下行微創(chuàng)間盤切除術(shù)依舊是治療LDH的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[9]。而近年來(lái),越來(lái)越多的脊柱外科醫(yī)生開(kāi)始傾向于嘗試PELD。一方面,隨著微創(chuàng)理念深入患者群體,越來(lái)越多患者對(duì)手術(shù)提出了微創(chuàng)的要求,相較于傳統(tǒng)切開(kāi)手術(shù)相比,PELD的手術(shù)時(shí)間更短、術(shù)中出血更少、術(shù)后疼痛更輕、住院時(shí)間更短等優(yōu)勢(shì)[10],對(duì)醫(yī)生和患者都更有吸引力;另一方面,一篇近期關(guān)于常規(guī)麻醉下行脊柱外科手術(shù)患者術(shù)前焦慮的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),174例患者中,擬行椎板切除術(shù)或椎間盤切除術(shù)的患者中,26%的患者焦慮來(lái)源是傳統(tǒng)的麻醉方式(即全麻或腰麻)[11],而眾所周知,腰椎手術(shù)效果與患者精神狀態(tài)有十分密切的關(guān)系[12-14],LDH患者的術(shù)前焦慮的存在,對(duì)術(shù)后癥狀不緩解具有提示意義[15]。此外,雖然有部分術(shù)者在常規(guī)麻醉下安全施行了PELD[16-17],但是局麻下施行手術(shù)可以更有效地減少潛在的神經(jīng)根損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,PELD具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。

自2002年起,Yeung和Tsou[18]首次報(bào)道了包含307例病例的PED手術(shù)效果,其中90%患者獲得滿意效果,這一結(jié)果與常規(guī)開(kāi)放手術(shù)效果的滿意度大致相等。此外,Ruet ten[19]的一篇隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)、Hoogland[20]的一組包括262例連續(xù)病例的效果評(píng)價(jià)相繼肯定了該術(shù)式媲美切開(kāi)手術(shù)的臨床效果。PELD對(duì)于治療腰椎間盤突出癥患者,手術(shù)效果確切,術(shù)后患者疼痛明顯減輕,功能恢復(fù)良好。

而對(duì)于PELD不足之處的擔(dān)憂主要集中在:不能完全清除破裂的間盤碎片、陡峭的學(xué)習(xí)曲線、更高的再手術(shù)率以及放射線暴露時(shí)間長(zhǎng)[21-23]。關(guān)于PELD的再手術(shù)率,目前報(bào)道約為2.3%~15%[24-28],與另一項(xiàng)關(guān)于LDH患者開(kāi)放手術(shù)的再手術(shù)率研究(13.7%)[29]相比差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。而近期一項(xiàng)包含10228例患者的PELD研究稱,PELD手術(shù)效果不良率為4.3%,其中突出間盤組織清理不充分占2.8%,術(shù)后早期再手術(shù)率為0.8%[30]。PELD學(xué)習(xí)曲線陡峭,意味著術(shù)者的手術(shù)技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)手術(shù)的成功與否意義重大,對(duì)于經(jīng)驗(yàn)尚不足的術(shù)者而言,手術(shù)時(shí)間和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率都高于熟練者[31-32]。在放射線暴露方面,據(jù)國(guó)外一治療中心(年平均PELD手術(shù)量5000例)報(bào)道了PELD手術(shù)放射線暴露時(shí)間為2.5分鐘[33]。

目前,對(duì)于不同體位對(duì)于PELD手術(shù)效果的影響方面,缺乏相關(guān)研究報(bào)道。楚磊等曾對(duì)俯臥位和側(cè)臥位下行PELD手術(shù)效果、術(shù)中不適感受進(jìn)行研究,認(rèn)為兩種體位下手術(shù)效果無(wú)顯著差異,而側(cè)臥位下患者術(shù)中極其不適患者數(shù)量顯著少于俯臥位組[34]。這一結(jié)果與本篇研究結(jié)果相同。但對(duì)于不同體位對(duì)患者術(shù)中呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)影響方面的研究,則未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。本例研究中,通過(guò)對(duì)患者進(jìn)行術(shù)前、術(shù)中血?dú)夥治?,認(rèn)為側(cè)臥位下行PELD對(duì)患者呼吸系統(tǒng)影響更小,這一點(diǎn),在老年患者中尤為重要。一方面,有助于減少老年患者呼吸系統(tǒng)手術(shù)相關(guān)并發(fā)癥;另一方面,患者可以耐受更長(zhǎng)的手術(shù)時(shí)間,這對(duì)手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)尚不豐富尚未越過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)曲線的脊柱外科醫(yī)生而言,更有意義。俯臥位組中有兩名患者因無(wú)法耐受手術(shù)而增加了瑞芬太尼用量,可能會(huì)影響患者呼吸、循環(huán)系統(tǒng),引起相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,相關(guān)大樣本研究尚需繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。側(cè)臥位患者術(shù)中感受明顯優(yōu)于俯臥位組,則體現(xiàn)了側(cè)臥位的其他體位優(yōu)勢(shì):①減少了腹腔內(nèi)壓力(尤其是對(duì)于肥胖患者),導(dǎo)致術(shù)中出血減少;②側(cè)臥位時(shí),在重力作用下,硬膜囊落向?qū)?cè)使手術(shù)操作的安全區(qū)增大;③側(cè)臥位時(shí),脊柱側(cè)彎,患側(cè)椎間孔變大,套管更容易進(jìn)入;④側(cè)臥位時(shí)術(shù)者和麻醉師能夠更有效地評(píng)估患者的疼痛反應(yīng);⑤側(cè)臥位時(shí),術(shù)中即可便利進(jìn)行直腿抬高試驗(yàn)、Lasèque試驗(yàn)、股神經(jīng)牽拉試驗(yàn),患者當(dāng)即可以感受到手術(shù)效果帶來(lái)的癥狀減輕變化,增加手術(shù)信心;⑥對(duì)于股神經(jīng)牽拉試驗(yàn)強(qiáng)陽(yáng)性的患者,由于髖關(guān)節(jié)強(qiáng)迫屈曲位,無(wú)法耐受術(shù)中俯臥位者適用[35]。但是,由于側(cè)臥位行PELD術(shù)者只能單側(cè)操作,故對(duì)于雙側(cè)LDH患者而言,并不宜選用側(cè)臥位。

綜上所述,PELD是治療持續(xù)癥狀LDH患者的有效手術(shù)方式,但其長(zhǎng)期臨床效果、安全性方面,仍需要更多的研究數(shù)據(jù)支持。而對(duì)于老年患者而言,治療疾病與手術(shù)本身對(duì)其機(jī)體的影響,是每個(gè)術(shù)者都要仔細(xì)權(quán)衡的問(wèn)題。

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Outcomes of Percutaneous endoscopic lumber discectomy for elder patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation:prone position versus lateral position

Xu Li-chen,Xu Wei-bing,Liu Yi,Yang Dong-fang,Zhang Hai-bin
(Center Hospital affiliated to Dalian medical University,Dalian,Liaoning,116000,China)

Objective To observe the clinical outcome of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy(PELD)for elder patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation(LDH)under different operative positions.Methods A total 54 LDH patients included in this prospective research from 2015 to 2016.The efficacy of the surgery was assessed by visual analogue scle(VAS)score for low back pain,and the Oswestry disability index(ODI)for functional recovery.Analysis of arterial blood gas were conducted in intra-operation.Times and dosage of vasopressor used during intraoperative period were recorded to assess patients’cardio-pulmonary function.Results Operative time and postoperative recovery of two groups were found no significant difference at pre-/post-operation(P=0.77).VAS score and ODI of 2 groups are improved significantly two months after the surgery(P=0.034).Whereas,intra-operative PaO2and PaCO2in lateral position group were significantly better than that in prone position group(P=0.031,P=0.027,respectively).Besides,lateral position group also showed higher satisfaction.Conclusion PELD is an effective treatment for symptomatic LDH,no matter which operative position is to be used.Lateral position seems to be safer to the elder patients because of its lower influence on cardio-pulmonary function.

Percutaneous endoscopic lumber discectomy;Lumbar disc herniation;Position

10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2017.34.004

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