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長鏈非編碼RNA在骨肉瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

2018-01-05 01:00吳發(fā)帥浦飛飛邵增務(wù)
關(guān)鍵詞:敏感性編碼通路

吳發(fā)帥, 高 楓, 浦飛飛, 邵增務(wù)

華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院骨科,武漢 430022

長鏈非編碼RNA在骨肉瘤中的研究進(jìn)展

吳發(fā)帥, 高 楓, 浦飛飛, 邵增務(wù)△

華中科技大學(xué)同濟(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬協(xié)和醫(yī)院骨科,武漢 430022

長鏈非編碼RNA; 骨肉瘤; 分子標(biāo)志物

骨肉瘤(Osteosarcoma,OS)是青少年最常見的原發(fā)性惡性骨腫瘤,年發(fā)病率為(1~4)/100萬,男女發(fā)病率之比為1.22∶1[1]。骨肉瘤患者預(yù)后極差,目前我國骨肉瘤患者的5年生存率為37.5%~77.6%,而治療后復(fù)發(fā)、肺部轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,其平均生存時(shí)間更是不超過1年[2-3]。因此,為提高骨肉瘤患者的診治率及改善預(yù)后,進(jìn)一步探究骨肉瘤發(fā)病分子機(jī)制,找尋新的早期診斷、預(yù)后判斷分子標(biāo)志物及靶向治療位點(diǎn)顯得尤為迫切。

以往,骨肉瘤分子機(jī)制研究多集中于蛋白質(zhì)編碼基因,而將非蛋白質(zhì)編碼基因視為“垃圾”序列[4]。來源于非蛋白質(zhì)編碼基因的長鏈非編碼RNA(long non-coding RNA,LncRNA)是一類長度大于200 nt,不具有或僅具有少許蛋白質(zhì)編碼能力的內(nèi)源性RNA序列[5]。近年來研究表明,LncRNA可在染色體修飾、轉(zhuǎn)錄及轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平等多層面上發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用,廣泛參與腫瘤增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移、凋亡及耐藥等生物學(xué)過程[6]。因LncRNA所顯露出的抑瘤或致瘤效應(yīng),及其在腫瘤的診治及預(yù)后判斷中的潛在巨大作用,其已成為繼microRNA后腫瘤研究的新熱點(diǎn)。本文就LncRNA在骨肉瘤中的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,旨在為骨肉瘤的進(jìn)一步研究及提出新的有效的診療策略提供有益指導(dǎo)。

1 LncRNA對骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的影響

Li和Liu等[7-8]運(yùn)用微矩陣基因芯片技術(shù)檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),較于瘤旁非腫瘤組織,骨肉瘤組織中某些LncRNA表達(dá)下調(diào),另一些LncRNA表達(dá)上調(diào)。這些LncRNA可通過多種途徑、機(jī)制對骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展起抑制或促進(jìn)作用。

1.1 LncRNA抑制骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展

截止目前,細(xì)胞水平驗(yàn)證對骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展起抑制作用的LncRNA有:MEG3[9]、TUSC7[10]、HIF2PUT[11]、LOC285194[12]等。Zhou等[9]在HCT116及U2OS細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn),MEG3主要通過抑制MDM2的表達(dá),使p53蛋白水平增高,促進(jìn)p53蛋白結(jié)合至GDF15啟動子近端的p53蛋白結(jié)合位點(diǎn),促進(jìn)GDF15表達(dá)而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用。骨肉瘤組織中TUSC7的表達(dá)水平降低,降低骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中TUSC7的表達(dá),可促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖與集落形成,抑制細(xì)胞凋亡;在裸鼠異種腫瘤移植模型中,TUSC7低表達(dá)可顯著促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的生長[10]。Wang等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)骨肉瘤組織、細(xì)胞中HIF-2 mRNA表達(dá)水平與HIF2PUT表達(dá)水平相關(guān),HIF2PUT可通過HIF-2發(fā)揮骨肉瘤抑制作用,若降低HIF2PUT的表達(dá),骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲與遷移能力明顯提高,若增加HIF2PUT的表達(dá)則得到相反的結(jié)果。LOC285194位于osteo3q13.31位點(diǎn),Pasic等[12]首先報(bào)道osteo3q13.31基因表達(dá)水平降低可能是骨肉瘤發(fā)生多步驟過程中的早期事件,但其具體機(jī)制還未明確。這些LncRNA對骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的抑制作用,提示我們可以上調(diào)某些LncRNA的表達(dá)來作為骨肉瘤的治療策略,但此設(shè)想的具體臨床運(yùn)用尚需更深入的探究。

1.2 LncRNA促進(jìn)骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展

1.2.1 LncRNA通過影響基因轉(zhuǎn)錄發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用 LncRNA可在表觀遺傳及轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上調(diào)控、影響相關(guān)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄而發(fā)揮促瘤作用。例如:ZEB1-AS1可招募p300并結(jié)合至ZEB1基因啟動子區(qū)域,誘導(dǎo)染色質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)開放,表觀活化ZEB1基因,促使ZEB1基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展[13];EWSAT1可通過與HNRNPK(核內(nèi)不均一核糖核蛋白)的相互作用在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平抑制LncRNA MEG63的表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的生長、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[14]。此外,Bida等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)LncRNA MA-linc1至少可部分通過順式作用抑制鄰近pura基因的表達(dá),促進(jìn)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程。有研究提示PACER可在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上激活COX-2基因表達(dá)而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移[16-17];還有,陳聲燦等[18]研究表明BCAR4可與GLI2靶基因(包括RPS3、IL-6、MUC5AC、TGF-β1等)的啟動子相互作用,促進(jìn)基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,使RPS3、IL-6、MUC5AC和TGF-β1等表達(dá)水平增高,促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的進(jìn)展、轉(zhuǎn)移,若降低BCAR4的表達(dá)水平,骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移能力則被抑制。

1.2.2 LncRNA在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)作用 Fang等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)高濃度雌炔醇可上調(diào)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中miR-9水平,促進(jìn)miR-9與MALAT1的相互作用,使MALAT1降解而抑制骨肉瘤發(fā)展,這表明microRNA可通過LncRNA發(fā)揮作用。反之,我們也發(fā)現(xiàn),有些LncRNA可通過作為競爭性內(nèi)源RNA與microRNA結(jié)合,抑制microRNA活性而促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展。例如:LncRNA TUG1作為競爭性內(nèi)源RNA與miR-9-5p、miR-335-5p結(jié)合,下調(diào)microRNA的水平,使POU2F1、ROCK1等表達(dá)水平升高,促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移,抑制凋亡[20-23];LncRNA PVT1作為競爭性內(nèi)源RNA而調(diào)節(jié)miR-195的水平,影響骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為[24]。Chan等[25]的研究表明,小鼠成熟成骨細(xì)胞中Hedgehog(Hh)信號上調(diào),可以使Yap1和LncRNA H19表達(dá)增高而促進(jìn)成骨細(xì)胞型骨肉瘤的發(fā)生;在進(jìn)一步研究中,Li等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn)LncRNA H19通過與miR-200家族(包括miR-200a、miR-200b、miR-200c等)的競爭性結(jié)合,造成miR-200水平降低,使miR-200與ZEB1 mRNA、ZEB2 mRNA的3’UTR的作用減弱,ZEB1和ZEB2表達(dá)水平增高,促進(jìn)骨肉瘤轉(zhuǎn)移和侵襲。Taniguchi等[27]應(yīng)用合成的吡咯咪唑聚酰胺(Myc-6)可部分下調(diào)MALAT1水平而發(fā)揮骨肉瘤抑制作用;Luo等[28]研究揭示,MALAT1能直接與miR376a相互作用,降低miR376a水平,使TGF-α表達(dá)增高,促進(jìn)骨肉瘤進(jìn)展。

除與microRNA發(fā)生相互作用外,LncRNA還可通過與mRNA直接相互作用及其他多種方式在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平發(fā)揮調(diào)節(jié)功能。例如:Sun等[29]研究顯示FGFR3-AS1(LncRNA-BX537709)通過與其自然反義轉(zhuǎn)錄本FGFR3 3’UTR的相互作用,增加FGFR3 mRNA的穩(wěn)定性,使FGFR3的含量增高,促進(jìn)骨肉瘤發(fā)展;SATB2-AS1通過在翻譯水平上影響SATB2基因的表達(dá)而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、生長[8];SPRY4-IT1通過翻譯后修飾調(diào)節(jié)Snail蛋白的穩(wěn)定性而抑制E-cadherin的表達(dá)水平,誘導(dǎo)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)換,促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲[30];MALAT1通過與SFPQ的相互作用,使SFPQ與PTBP2的相互作用減弱而影響骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為[19]。

1.2.3 LncRNA通過影響信號通路發(fā)揮調(diào)控作用信號通路異??捎绊慙ncRNA表達(dá)水平[25],反之,LncRNA也可通過影響信號通路發(fā)揮腫瘤調(diào)控作用。例如:有研究在細(xì)胞水平揭示HNF1A-AS1、HOTTIP可通過激活Wnt/beta-catenin通路而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的進(jìn)展,若降低骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中HNF1A-AS1、HOTTIP表達(dá)水平可下調(diào)Wnt/beta-catenin通路的活性,發(fā)揮骨肉瘤抑制作用,而應(yīng)用Wnt/beta-catenin通路激活劑則可逆轉(zhuǎn)HNF1A-AS1、HOTTIP低表達(dá)所引起的骨肉瘤抑制效應(yīng)[31-33]。另外,Cai和Dong等[34-35]的研究分別揭示MALAT1可通過RhOA/ROCK通路和PI3K/Akt通路促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展,降低MALAT1水平后,骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中RhoA、ROCKs及PCNA、MMP-9、磷酸化的PI3Kp85α、Akt等表達(dá)水平均降低。Feng等[20]的研究表明TUG1至少可部分通過Akt通路促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的發(fā)展。

p53蛋白是多條信號通路中的關(guān)鍵分子,多種LncRNA可通過影響p53蛋白而調(diào)節(jié)骨肉瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展,例如MEG3[9]、HOTAIR[36]、PANDA[37]等。HOTAIR即HOX轉(zhuǎn)錄反義RNA,研究表明HOTAIR至少可部分通過調(diào)控p53蛋白而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展,降低骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中HOTAIR表達(dá)水平后,TGF-β和Bcl-2表達(dá)顯著降低,p53和TNF-α表達(dá)水平顯著增高,同時(shí)MMP-2和MMP-9的分泌減少[36,38]。還有研究顯示,多柔比星或依托泊甙可造成骨肉瘤細(xì)胞DNA損傷并促進(jìn)PANDA的表達(dá),在DNA損傷情況下,PANDA通過提高p53蛋白穩(wěn)定性而抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞凋亡,促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生存[37];而在DNA未受損情況下,PANDA通過抑制P18轉(zhuǎn)錄而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞G1-S期的進(jìn)程,促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖[39]。

1.2.4 其他機(jī)制 LncRNA除由上述機(jī)制調(diào)控骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展外,還可通過其他機(jī)制發(fā)揮作用。例如:Yin等[40]發(fā)現(xiàn),骨肉瘤組織中FOXP4表達(dá)水平與LncRNA MFI2的表達(dá)水平正相關(guān),MFI2可通過調(diào)節(jié)FOXP4的表達(dá)而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲。Ruan等[41]的研究顯示,骨肉瘤中AMOT mRNA表達(dá)水平與SNHG12表達(dá)水平正相關(guān),SNHG12能通過上調(diào)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中AMOT基因的表達(dá)而促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移。Min等[42]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ANCR在骨肉瘤中起致瘤作用,可以促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的增殖,降低骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中ANCR水平可抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖和集落形成,同時(shí)骨瘤細(xì)胞內(nèi)p21水平增高而CDK2水平降低。由此可見,這些LncRNA的作用機(jī)制并未十分清楚,需要進(jìn)一步闡明。

還有些LncRNA也可促進(jìn)骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展。Naemura等[43]在非小細(xì)胞肺癌、宮頸癌細(xì)胞的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)ANRIL可通過抑制與細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)的P15或其他基因的表達(dá)而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,而在骨肉瘤中,Wei等[44]研究表明,在缺氧條件下,HIF1-α通過直接結(jié)合ANRIL上游區(qū)域的缺氧反應(yīng)元件,促進(jìn)ANRIL的表達(dá),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)缺氧骨肉瘤細(xì)胞侵襲,抑制凋亡,但ANRIL對骨肉瘤的具體促進(jìn)機(jī)制并不明確。Sun等[45]發(fā)現(xiàn)骨肉瘤組織、細(xì)胞中HULC水平增高,降低U2OS細(xì)胞中HULC的表達(dá)可以顯著抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖、遷移和侵襲等生物學(xué)行為;Xia等[46]揭示骨肉瘤患者血清及骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中LncRNA 91H的水平增高,降低骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中91H水平可以抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖,促進(jìn)凋亡;Zhou等[47]降低骨肉瘤細(xì)胞CCAL的表達(dá)可以抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移和侵襲能力;Li等[48]的研究表明,調(diào)高UCA1表達(dá)可促進(jìn)骨肉瘤的進(jìn)展,而降低UCA1水平則抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲及遷移,促進(jìn)凋亡;另外,F(xiàn)an等[49]發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Oct4可通過調(diào)節(jié)LncRNA AK055347促進(jìn)骨肉瘤進(jìn)展,降低Oct4的水平可以使AK055347的水平下降,并抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞增殖和侵襲,促進(jìn)凋亡;這些LncRNA對骨肉瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展的作用機(jī)制都有待研究。

2 LncRNA與骨肉瘤化療敏感性

研究顯示,某些LncRNA可影響骨肉瘤對化療藥物的敏感性。Zhu等[50]發(fā)現(xiàn)MG63/DXR細(xì)胞系中有些LncRNA表達(dá)水平上升,另一些LncRNA表達(dá)下降,其中LncRNA EST00000563280(即ODRUL、FOXC2-AS1)表達(dá)升高最多,NR-036444表達(dá)降低最多。他們預(yù)測ODRUL和NR-036444可能通過調(diào)節(jié)MAPK、NF-κB等通路中的某些基因及多種經(jīng)典MDR基因(包括ABCB1、HIF1A、FOXC2等)的表達(dá)而影響MG63/DXR細(xì)胞對阿霉素的敏感性。隨后,Zhang等[51]的細(xì)胞學(xué)研究證實(shí),ODRUL可促進(jìn)ABCB1基因的表達(dá),使p-gp水平增高而增強(qiáng)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞對阿霉素耐藥。

Wang等[52]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),順鉑可使骨肉瘤細(xì)胞LINC00161表達(dá)增高,并通過LINC00161-miR-645-IFIT2路徑促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞凋亡;在對順鉑耐藥的骨肉瘤細(xì)胞系中,LINC00161的表達(dá)水平降低,若調(diào)高LINC00161水平則可通過LINC00161-miR-645-IFIT2路徑逆轉(zhuǎn)骨肉瘤對順鉑的耐藥性。Li等[32]發(fā)現(xiàn),HOTTIP可通過激活wnt/β-catenin通路增強(qiáng)MG63細(xì)胞對順鉑的耐藥性;若降低HOTTIP水平,則骨肉瘤細(xì)胞對順鉑敏感性增強(qiáng)。

Feldstein等[53]以依托泊甙處理骨肉瘤細(xì)胞使DNA損傷,可造成細(xì)胞凋亡和LncRNA XLOC006942(即ERIC)表達(dá)水平上升;若同時(shí)抑制ERIC的水平,則可進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)依托泊甙誘導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞凋亡,表明ERIC可抑制骨肉瘤細(xì)胞對依托泊甙的敏感性。

Bida等[15]的研究表明,LncRNA MA-linc1在促進(jìn)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程及影響細(xì)胞對紫杉醇敏感性中具有作用。紫杉醇是通過抑制M期細(xì)胞微管解聚而誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡的,若降低骨肉瘤細(xì)胞中MA-linc1水平,則可使M期腫瘤細(xì)胞增多,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)骨肉瘤細(xì)胞對紫杉醇的敏感性,使骨肉瘤細(xì)胞凋亡增加。

Fellenberg等[54]在一項(xiàng)包含35例高度惡性骨肉瘤患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):與化療反應(yīng)較好組相比較,化療效應(yīng)差組的MALAT1平均表達(dá)水平升高5.97倍,表明MALAT1水平與患者化療敏感性顯著相關(guān),但MALAT1影響化療敏感性的具體機(jī)制并不明確。

3 LncRNA表達(dá)水平與骨肉瘤患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系

骨肉瘤惡性程度高,易復(fù)發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)移,預(yù)后極差,早期診斷和準(zhǔn)確判斷預(yù)后有助于疾病的及時(shí)、規(guī)范治療,改善臨床結(jié)局,故積極挖掘、尋找合適的早期診斷和預(yù)后判斷分子標(biāo)志物具有重要臨床意義[55]。LncRNA與骨肉瘤患者預(yù)后關(guān)系的相關(guān)研究結(jié)果如表1,但是,LncRNA能否作為骨肉瘤早期診斷和預(yù)后判斷的分子標(biāo)記物,還須長期臨床實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn)。

4 結(jié)語與展望

相對于蛋白編碼基因及miRNA的研究,LncRNA的研究還處于起步階段。截止目前,進(jìn)行過細(xì)胞水平探究且與骨肉瘤密切相關(guān)的LncRNA僅幾十個(gè),其他LncRNA對骨肉瘤的影響及機(jī)制還未闡明。在這些已研究的LncRNA中,有些在骨肉瘤中低表達(dá),有些在骨肉瘤中高表達(dá),相關(guān)研究初步揭示了引起LncRNA在骨肉瘤中異常表達(dá)的機(jī)制以及LncRNA異常表達(dá)對骨肉瘤增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移、凋亡和耐藥性等的影響及作用機(jī)制,但更具體的機(jī)制還需更深入的研究。上述研究為進(jìn)一步尋找骨肉瘤的治療方法和逆轉(zhuǎn)骨肉瘤耐藥奠定了理論基礎(chǔ),但是否可以利用阻斷在骨肉瘤中過表達(dá)的LncRNA或者上調(diào)在骨肉瘤中低表達(dá)的LncRNA作為潛在的骨肉瘤治療和逆轉(zhuǎn)骨肉瘤耐藥的策略,亦有待更深入的探索。此外,LncRNA能否作為骨肉瘤患者臨床診斷與判斷預(yù)后的分子標(biāo)志物,也需要經(jīng)過長期的臨床實(shí)踐檢驗(yàn)。在研究中,研究者通常獲取骨肉瘤組織來測定LncRNA水平,但在臨床運(yùn)用中,患者的組織并不容易獲得,因此通過血液、尿液等標(biāo)本來測定LncRNA水平將值得研究與關(guān)注。

LncRNA保守,但其原始序列所包含的信息少,功能難以預(yù)測,序列相差很大的LncRNA可能具有相似的功能,序列相似的LncRNA又可能功能相差很大。另外,同一種LncRNA在骨肉瘤中可能有多種作用機(jī)制,不同機(jī)制間錯綜復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)關(guān)系都會給研究帶來巨大困難,探索LncRNA與骨肉瘤的關(guān)系是一項(xiàng)長期而艱巨的任務(wù)。隨著生命科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,對LncRNA的認(rèn)識將越來越深刻,LncRNA在骨肉瘤中的作用機(jī)制也將越來越明確,相信在不久的將來,具有細(xì)胞和組織特異性的LncRNA將成為一類全新的有效的骨肉瘤新藥治療靶點(diǎn)及診斷和預(yù)后判斷的分子標(biāo)志物。

表1 LncRNA表達(dá)水平與骨肉瘤患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系Table 1 Associations between LncRNA expression and prognosis of osteosarcoma patients

*:HIF2PUT表達(dá)水平與骨肉瘤患者預(yù)后的關(guān)系存在矛盾

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吳發(fā)帥,男,1991年生,博士研究生,E-mail:18771036347@163.com

△通訊作者,Corresponding author,E-mail:szwjj@medmail.com.cn

R738.1

10.3870/j.issn.1672-0741.2017.06.022

(2017-02-28 收稿)

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