許富康 孟立平 呂海濤 池菊芳 彭放 郭航遠(yuǎn)?
葉酸治療冠狀動脈粥樣硬化患者效果評估
許富康 孟立平 呂海濤 池菊芳 彭放 郭航遠(yuǎn)?
目的 觀察葉酸對合并高血壓病、高同型半胱氨酸血癥(HCY)冠狀動脈粥樣硬化患者冠狀動脈狹窄程度、癥狀、運動耐力及不良心血管事件治療效果。方法 自2013年5月選取冠狀動脈CT檢查提示冠狀動脈狹窄25%~50%患者22例,分為常規(guī)治療組、聯(lián)合治療組(常規(guī)用藥+葉酸),每組各11例,對治療前后冠狀動脈最狹窄部位及其前正常部位直徑進(jìn)行測量,對治療前后血管內(nèi)皮功能、血HCY、血基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)、血脂水平、單核細(xì)胞計數(shù)進(jìn)行測定及平板運動試驗檢查,并同時記錄患者有無不良心血管事件發(fā)生等情況。結(jié)果 隨訪36個月,兩組患者冠狀動脈狹窄程度均減輕,聯(lián)合治療組減輕明顯,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);兩組均無心肌梗塞、心絞痛、猝死等不良心血管事件發(fā)生;均無平板運動試驗陽性患者。兩組患者低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯水平治療后均較治療前降低(P<0.01);但兩組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。兩組患者血管內(nèi)皮功能、MMP-2較治療前均有改善,且聯(lián)合治療組較常規(guī)治療組改善明顯(P<0.05)。常規(guī)治療組血HCY、血單核細(xì)胞計數(shù)無明顯降低,聯(lián)合治療組較治療前降低明顯,兩組比較差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。結(jié)論 降壓治療聯(lián)合阿托伐他汀鈣能抑制冠狀動脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展,葉酸聯(lián)合常規(guī)用藥對高HCY患者能進(jìn)一步降低冠狀動脈粥樣硬化狹窄程度;通過降低HCY水平、降低單核細(xì)胞計數(shù)、改善血管內(nèi)皮功能、降低MMP-2水平可能是其主要機(jī)制;對于高血壓病合并高HCY血癥的冠狀動脈粥樣硬化患者,聯(lián)合降HCY治療可能能進(jìn)一步抑制冠狀動脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展,對患者長期預(yù)后有利。
冠狀動脈粥樣硬化 葉酸 高同型半胱氨酸血癥
Objectives To study the effect of the treatment of folic acid in coronary heart disease patients with hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia. Methods 22 patients with coronary artery stenosis 25%~50% according to coronary CT angiography were selected and separated into two groups randomly:conventional therapy group and combined therapy group. The patients in conventional therapy group were treated with atorvastatin and Enalapril Maleate Tablets;the patients in combined therapy group were treated with atorvastatin,Enalapril Maleate and Folic Acid Tablets.All the patients were followed up for 36 months.Before and after the treatment,the diameter of coronary artery stenosis were measured,the vascular endothelial function,the levels of homocysteine,blood lipid,matrix metalloprotease-2 and monocyte were determined,treadmill exercise test was done,and also the adverse cardiovascular events were recorded. Results After 36 months therapy,the stenosis of the coronary of the patients in two groups was improved and it was improved more in the combined treatment group than that in the conventional treatment group(P<0.01).There were no adverse cardiovascular events in two groups and no treadmill exercise test positive in two groups before and after treatment.The levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride were decreased by treatment at the end in the two groups (All P<0.001),but with no statistically signif i cant difference between the two groups (P=0.058 and P=0.673). The vascular endothelial function of patients in two groups were all improved and it was improved more in the combined treatment group than that in the conventional treatment group(P<0.05). The levels of homocysteine in the two groups were high and decreased at the end of treatment in the combined treatment group(P<0.001),but not decreased in the conventional treatment group(P=0.592).The levels of MMP-2 in the two groups were high but with no statistically signif i cant difference between the two groups (P=0.789). The levels of MMP-2 in the conventional treatment group were not decreased at the end of treatment,but in the combined treatment group and there was a statistically signif i cant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).There was no statistically signif i cant difference of monocyte counts between the two groups before treatment (P=0.983) and no change in the conventional treatment group after treatment,but there was a signif i cant decrease in the combined treatment group(P=0.001)and it was statistically significantly different between the two groups of the change of the monocyte counts after the treatment(P<0.05).Conclusions Antihypertensive treatment combined with atorvastatin can inhibit the progression of coronary atherosclerosis;conventional therapy combined with folic acid can reduce the degree of coronaryartery stenosis in patients with high homocysteine. The main mechanisms may reduce the level of Hcy and the count of monocytes,improve the function of vascular endothelium and decrease the level of MMP-2. For patients with coronary artery disease complicated with hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia,folic acid combined with conventional treatment may further inhibit the progression of coronary atherosclerosis and provide a favorable long-term prognosis for patients.
Atherosclerosis Homocysteine Folic acid
冠狀動脈粥樣硬化是引起冠心病、導(dǎo)致心肌梗塞的基本病因[1]。臨床及基礎(chǔ)研究表明血脂異常是導(dǎo)致動脈粥樣硬化的主要原因[2],他汀類藥物的應(yīng)用對抑制動脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展、改善預(yù)后起重要作用。但近年來多項研究顯示高同型半胱氨酸血癥也是動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生的重要危險因素[3-4]。臨床治療中,合并高同型半胱氨酸血癥的患者仍有冠狀動脈狹窄病變加重[5],出現(xiàn)活動后胸悶胸痛,甚至出現(xiàn)心肌梗死可能[6]。葉酸是同型半胱氨酸代謝的重要輔助成分,既往研究證實葉酸口服能降低同型半胱氨酸水平[7]。本文探討通過降低同型半胱氨酸水平能否進(jìn)一步降低冠狀動脈粥樣硬化狹窄程度及其可能機(jī)制。
1.1 一般資料 選擇2013年5月至12月本院合并高血壓病、高同型半胱氨酸血癥冠狀動脈狹窄25%~50%的患者22例,男13例,女9例,平均年齡(51.64±7.84)歲。排除并發(fā)腫瘤、肝腎功能不全、病毒性肝炎、近期感染等疾病。隨機(jī)分成2組,每組各11例。常規(guī)治療組:馬來酸依那普利片,10mg/次,1次/d;阿托伐他汀鈣片,20mg/次,1次/d;阿司匹林腸溶片,100mg/次,1次/d。聯(lián)合治療組:馬來酸依那普利葉酸片,10mg/次,1次/d;阿托伐他汀鈣片,20mg/次,1次/d;阿司匹林腸溶片,100mg/次,1次/d,治療36個月。
1.2 方法 藥物治療根據(jù)患者的冠狀動脈CT檢查結(jié)果,確定入選者,所有入選者均于入選第二天行平板運動試驗、血管內(nèi)皮功能檢查及血常規(guī)、血脂水平、血HCY水平、血MMP-2水平、肝腎功能測定,隨后開始行藥物治療,隨訪1次/1個月,記錄心肌梗死等不良心血管事件發(fā)生情況。在隨訪過程中,每3個月復(fù)查患者肝腎功能。在入選者藥物干預(yù)36個月后行冠狀動脈CT、平板運動試驗、血管內(nèi)皮功能檢查及血常規(guī)、血脂水平、血HCY水平、血MMP-2水平復(fù)查。血管內(nèi)皮功能采用Endo-PAT2000無創(chuàng)血管內(nèi)皮診斷系統(tǒng),依據(jù)外周動脈張力測定法原理,通過測定指端動脈張力變化獲取內(nèi)皮功能評估指數(shù)(ReactiveHyperemia index,RHI)進(jìn)行檢測。Endo-PAT2000(以色列Itamar Medical公司生產(chǎn))購買自華東醫(yī)藥股份有限公司。冠狀動脈CT檢查時,以最狹窄處前后對照,記錄最狹窄部位直徑,并計算前后兩次狹窄部位直徑的差值。64排螺旋CT購自飛利浦(中國)投資有限公司。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法 采用SPSS22.0統(tǒng)計軟件。計量資料以(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 冠狀動脈狹窄程度的變化 見表1。
表1 兩組患者干預(yù)前后冠狀動脈狹窄部位直徑變化比較(x±s)
2.2 生化及血管內(nèi)皮功能指標(biāo) 干預(yù)后,聯(lián)合治療組血管內(nèi)皮功能、LDL-C、TG、HCY、MMP-2、單核細(xì)胞計數(shù)與干預(yù)前比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);常規(guī)治療組血管內(nèi)皮功能、LDL-C、TG、MMP-2與干預(yù)前比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.01);聯(lián)合治療組血管內(nèi)皮功能、HCY、MMP-2、單核細(xì)胞計數(shù)與常規(guī)治療組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),見表2。
表2 兩組患者干預(yù)前后各指標(biāo)比較(x±s)
2.3 不良心血管事件及平板運動試驗檢查結(jié)果 兩組患者在干預(yù)過程中無不良事件發(fā)生。治療前后均無平板運動試驗陽性患者。
冠心病目前是導(dǎo)致人類死亡的重要原因[8]。隨著我國經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高及伴隨的對飲食、生活等習(xí)慣的改變,使冠心病等慢性疾病增加、年輕化[9],導(dǎo)致猝死等發(fā)生率增高[10]。如何規(guī)范人們良好的生活習(xí)慣,認(rèn)識日常健康飲食、運動等習(xí)慣的重要性,是我國人民目前實現(xiàn)與不斷提高的經(jīng)濟(jì)水平相匹配的生活方式的重要方面。
高蛋白、少蔬菜等不良飲食習(xí)慣,導(dǎo)致同型半胱氨酸產(chǎn)生增加或代謝異常而引起血漿同型半胱氨酸水平升高[11]。多項研究發(fā)現(xiàn),同型半胱氨酸水平的升高與冠心病、腦梗塞等動脈粥樣硬化性疾病發(fā)生增加相關(guān)[4]。同型半胱氨酸是蛋白質(zhì)代謝的中間產(chǎn)物,減少飲食中蛋白質(zhì)的攝入量,或增加飲食中富含維生素蔬菜攝入,可以降低血同型半胱氨酸水平[12]。通過改變?nèi)藗兊娘嬍沉?xí)慣,可能對降低血同型半胱氨酸水平、減少動脈粥樣硬化性疾病發(fā)生有利。
葉酸是同型半胱氨酸代謝的重要輔助成分,通過協(xié)助同型半胱氨酸代謝可降低血同型半胱氨酸水平。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),通過攝入葉酸可降低同型半胱氨酸水平[12],本資料顯示攝入葉酸可降低血同型半胱氨酸水平,與既往研究一致。
血管內(nèi)皮是動脈壁重要組成部分,內(nèi)皮功能代謝異常、受損是動脈粥樣硬化形成的重要機(jī)制[13]。同型半胱氨酸水平升高,可導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞受損,影響血管內(nèi)皮功能[14]。Dong D等研究認(rèn)為,同型半胱氨酸水平升高可導(dǎo)致內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞活性異常,甚至死亡[15]。Sharma S等動物實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)高同型半胱氨酸血癥可導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)皮功能異常,通過激活PI3K和其下游的PDK/Akt及eNOS是其可能機(jī)制[16]。本資料中,通過攝入葉酸可降低同型半胱氨酸水平;同時,葉酸攝入組血管內(nèi)皮功能改善明顯,這可能是聯(lián)合葉酸治療抗動脈粥樣硬化的機(jī)制之一,即通過降低血同型半胱氨酸水平,改善血管內(nèi)皮功能,抑制動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展。
血管內(nèi)皮功能的異常、平滑肌細(xì)胞的遷移和增殖是導(dǎo)致動脈粥樣硬化的重要機(jī)制。平滑肌細(xì)胞的遷移過程中,MMP-2起到重要的作用[17]。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高同型半胱氨酸可導(dǎo)致平滑肌細(xì)胞分泌MMP-2增加[18-19],高蛋氨酸飲食可導(dǎo)致同型半胱氨酸水平升高,血MMP-2水平升高[20]。這可能是高同型半胱氨酸致動脈粥樣硬化的重要機(jī)制。本資料顯示,葉酸聯(lián)合治療可降低血同型半胱氨酸水平,同時血MMP-2水平亦降低,這對抑制平滑肌細(xì)胞的遷移及抑制動脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展可能起重要作用。本資料中進(jìn)一步行冠狀動脈CT檢查亦證實,葉酸聯(lián)合治療組干預(yù)后較常規(guī)治療組冠狀動脈狹窄程度改善明顯,這可能是葉酸聯(lián)合治療抑制動脈粥樣硬化的重要機(jī)制,即通過降低血同型半胱氨酸,降低血MMP-2水平,抑制平滑肌細(xì)胞的遷移和增殖,進(jìn)而抑制動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生和進(jìn)展。單核細(xì)胞活性的高低,對血管內(nèi)皮功能及動脈粥樣硬化的形成有重要的影響。過高的單核細(xì)胞活性,可引起內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞損傷,影響內(nèi)皮功能,或進(jìn)入內(nèi)皮下,形成巨噬細(xì)胞,參與動脈粥樣硬化的形成及加重動脈粥樣硬化等。既往研究曾發(fā)現(xiàn)高同型半胱氨酸血癥可導(dǎo)致單核細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生增加及加重動脈粥樣硬化[21]。本資料顯示,葉酸聯(lián)合治療組在降低血同型半胱氨酸水平的同時,單核細(xì)胞計數(shù)亦降低,這可能是聯(lián)合治療抑制動脈粥樣硬化進(jìn)展的另一重要機(jī)制,即通過降低血同型半胱氨酸水平,減少單核細(xì)胞數(shù)量,改善血管內(nèi)皮功能,進(jìn)而抑制動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生及進(jìn)展。
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浙江省科技計劃項目(2016F81SA600116)
312000 浙江省紹興市人民醫(yī)院
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