陳 琢 孔藝然
沉默UHRF1對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和轉(zhuǎn)移的影響
陳 琢 孔藝然
目的探討UHRF1對(duì)乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖以及侵襲的影響及其相關(guān)機(jī)制。方法采用四甲基偶氮唑鹽微量酶反應(yīng)比色法(MTT)檢測沉默UHRF1基因后對(duì)乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞活力的影響;應(yīng)用克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測沉默UHRF1后對(duì)乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞存活的影響;吖啶橙-溴乙錠(AO/EB)檢測沉默UHRF1后對(duì)乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞凋亡的影響;Caspase-3活性試劑盒檢測沉默UHRF1后乳腺癌細(xì)胞Casapse-3活性的變化;Western blot法檢測細(xì)胞中凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、Bad、p-Bad、XIAP、p53、p21Cip1/Waf1和p16INK4a的表達(dá);應(yīng)用Transwell實(shí)驗(yàn)研究沉默UHRF1對(duì)MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞侵襲能力的影響;Wound Healing實(shí)驗(yàn)研究沉默UHRF1后對(duì)其遷移能力的影響。結(jié)果沉默UHRF1使乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞活力降低;克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示沉默UHRF1后MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞存活能力降低,AO/EB染色顯示沉默UHRF1促進(jìn)MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞凋亡。同時(shí)Caspase-3活性實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示沉默UHRF1后乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞Caspase-3的活性增加;Western blot結(jié)果顯示,沉默UHRF1后,能夠使凋亡蛋白Bad、XIAP和Bax的表達(dá)上調(diào),同時(shí)抗凋亡蛋白p-Bad,Bcl-2的表達(dá)下調(diào),也使p53,p21Cip1/Waf1,p16INK4a蛋白表達(dá)升高;Transwell以及Wound Healing實(shí)驗(yàn)證明沉默UHRF1能夠抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移。結(jié)論沉默UHRF1能夠抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞活力和存活,并抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231的侵襲和遷移。沉默UHRF1通過調(diào)控p53,p21Cip1/Waf1,p16INK4a信號(hào)發(fā)揮作用。
UHRF1;乳腺癌;p53;侵襲;凋亡
乳腺癌(Breast cancer)是世界范圍內(nèi)女性較常見的惡性腫瘤之一[1]。盡管目前臨床對(duì)于乳腺癌的治療主要集中于手術(shù)和放化療[2-3],但因其對(duì)患者的損傷大,術(shù)后對(duì)于女性心理以及生理的影響巨大[4]。因此,進(jìn)一步研究乳腺癌的致病因素和發(fā)生機(jī)制,明確靶向治療方向[5],是目前困擾廣大學(xué)者的重要研究問題。UHRF1,也被稱為ICBP90,屬于UHRF家族[6]。UHRF1被發(fā)現(xiàn)在前列腺癌[7]、膀胱癌[8]和乳腺癌[9]中過量表達(dá),但是其確切的生物學(xué)功能仍然被學(xué)者們所關(guān)注。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[10]體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中UHRF1基因可能是一種生長調(diào)節(jié)基因,其主要作用在于能夠抑制細(xì)胞有絲分裂從而對(duì)細(xì)胞增殖產(chǎn)生影響,進(jìn)而對(duì)細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。然而,關(guān)于UHRF1對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖的具體影響鮮有報(bào)道。本研究主要探討沉默UHRF1后,乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231增殖以及遷移能力的變化,及其初步機(jī)制。
人乳腺癌細(xì)胞系用RPMI-1640(含10%小牛血清)培養(yǎng)基于37℃、5% CO2條件下培養(yǎng)。UHRF1-shRNA購自中國Gene Pharma公司。抗Bcl-2、抗Bax、抗Bad、抗p-Bad、抗p53,抗p21Cip1/Waf1以及p16INK4a單克隆抗體購自美國Cell Signaling公司。
1.2.1 分組 將正常對(duì)照組,NC組以及UHRF1-shRNA組分別轉(zhuǎn)染到MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中(NC組:陰性對(duì)照組;UHRF1-shRNA組,轉(zhuǎn)染UHRF1-shRNA 48 h后的MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞),Western blot方法檢測轉(zhuǎn)染后UHRF1蛋白的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)NC組與正常對(duì)照組相比沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P=0.0923),因此在后續(xù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,本研究以NC組為對(duì)照組(圖1A)。
1.2.2 MTT法測定MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞生長抑制率 將2×103L-1的MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞接種于96孔板中,貼壁培養(yǎng)24 h后,分別向MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中轉(zhuǎn)染UHRF1-shRNA及NC 48 h后,MTT法測定細(xì)胞的吸光度值。
1.2.3 Caspase-3活性檢測 向MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中轉(zhuǎn)染UHRF1-shRNA,48 h后,按照Caspase-3活性檢測試劑盒說明書測定Caspase-3的酶活性。
1.2.4 Western blot檢測細(xì)胞中凋亡相關(guān)蛋白的表達(dá) 總蛋白是從轉(zhuǎn)染UHRF1-shRNA及其NC 48 h后MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中提取。使用12%的SDS-PAGE膠,每個(gè)孔道蛋白樣品50 μg,濃縮膠70 V,分離膠110 V后,將蛋白轉(zhuǎn)印至醋酸纖維素膜上,300 mA轉(zhuǎn)印1.5 h后,在5%的脫脂牛奶中封閉2 h。分別將不同的抗體p16INK4a、p21CIP1/WAF1、p53、Bcl-2、Bax、Bad、p-Bad、XIAP、β-actin在4℃恒溫?fù)u床上孵育過夜,紅外熒光染料標(biāo)記的第二抗體室溫孵育1 h。Western blot通過奧德賽3.0軟件進(jìn)行紅外成像系統(tǒng)采集,以相應(yīng)蛋白條帶的灰度值/β-actin蛋白條帶的灰度值表示相對(duì)蛋白含量。
1.2.5 吖啶橙-溴乙錠(AO/EB)染色法檢測細(xì)胞生存 將MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)于滅菌的玻片上24 h。瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)染UHRF1-shRNA 48 h。加入吖啶橙-溴乙錠混合液染色100 mg/mL的AO以及100 mg/mL的EB融于PBS中。用熒光顯微鏡檢測細(xì)胞形態(tài)的變化(100×)。細(xì)胞凋亡率用以下公式檢測:凋亡率(%)=凋亡細(xì)胞數(shù)/細(xì)胞總數(shù)。
1.2.6 Transwell法檢測侵襲能力的影響 將5×104個(gè)細(xì)胞加入無血清培養(yǎng)基的上室,接種前需提前鋪設(shè)Matrigel膠,加入1×104個(gè)細(xì)胞于血清培養(yǎng)基的上室,下室均為含10%胎牛血清的培養(yǎng)基。24 h后取出小室,依次經(jīng)甲醛固定及結(jié)晶紫染色,采用倒置顯微鏡計(jì)算侵襲或遷移細(xì)胞數(shù),實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.2.7 劃痕實(shí)驗(yàn) 將乳腺癌細(xì)胞接種至6孔板中,分別轉(zhuǎn)染NC組與UHRF1-shRNA組12 h后,待細(xì)胞完全貼壁,使用10 μL的槍頭對(duì)兩組細(xì)胞進(jìn)行劃痕,磷酸鹽緩沖液清洗細(xì)胞并拍照觀察,100倍視野下隨機(jī)選擇3個(gè)視野進(jìn)行記錄劃痕寬度。24 h后再拍照觀察,記錄劃痕寬度。
用GraphPad Prism 5.0軟件處理數(shù)據(jù),計(jì)量資料采用t檢驗(yàn),Kruskal-wallis秩和檢驗(yàn)或Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
UHRF1-shRNA與NC分別轉(zhuǎn)染到MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞中作用48 h后,Western blot方法檢測其敲減效率(圖1A)。MTT方法檢測轉(zhuǎn)染UHRF1-shRNA后細(xì)胞活性的變化,分別與正常對(duì)照組以及NC組相比,UHRF1-shRNA轉(zhuǎn)染組細(xì)胞活性相較于正常對(duì)照組(50.28+3.89)%以及NC組(48.36+5.80)%(P<0.05)有所降低(圖1B)。通過AO/EB染色法和克隆形成實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測MDA-MB-231增殖能力,發(fā)現(xiàn)與NC相比,UHRF1-shRNA組乳腺癌細(xì)胞增殖能力明顯降低(P<0.05)(圖1C,圖1D)。
圖1 沉默UHRF1后對(duì)乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞活性的影響Figure 1 Knockdown UHRF1 affected the viability of MDA-MB-231 cellsNote:A.MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with UHRF1-shRNA or NC-shRNA and siRNA-depletion efficiency was examined by Western blot;B.MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with UHRF1-shRNA or NC-shRNA were cultured and cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay;C.MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with UHRF1-shRNA or NC-shRNA were subjected to AO/EB staining to detect changes in the nucleus.The orange-colored region indicated initiation of apoptosis;D.MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with UHRF1-shRNA or NC-shRNA were seeded into 6-cm dishes at a density of 800 cells/dish.Colony formation was assessed by crystal violet staining.*P<0.05 vs.control or NC group.
本研究首先檢測了線粒體凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-2、Bax(圖2A)、Bad與p-Bad(圖2B)的表達(dá),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)相對(duì)于NC組,沉默UHRF1后Bax與Bcl-2比值顯著上調(diào)(P=0.0233),Bad蛋白表達(dá)相較于NC組顯著上調(diào)(P=0.0451),而p-Bad蛋白相對(duì)于NC組顯著下調(diào)(P=0.0315)。同時(shí)通過Caspase-3的活性檢測,發(fā)現(xiàn)與NC組相比,轉(zhuǎn)染UHRF1-shRNA后MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞Caspase-3活性顯著升高(P=0.0194)(圖2C),說明沉默UHRF1能夠抑制MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖是依賴于Caspase-3的活化。隨后本研究又檢測了XIAP蛋白的表達(dá),相對(duì)于NC組,沉默UHRF1后XIAP蛋白的表達(dá)顯著上調(diào)(P=0.0412)(圖2D)。
圖2 沉默UHRF1對(duì)于Bax,Bcl-2(A)Bad,p-Bad(B)以及Xiap(D)蛋白影響,及其對(duì)于caspase-3活性的改變Figure 2 Knockdown UHRF1 altered the expression of p-Bad,Bad,Bax,Bcl-2 and XIAP,and promoted caspase-3 activation in MDA-MB-231 cellsNote:Western blot was used to detect Bax,Bcl-2(A),p-Bad,Bad,(B)and XIAP(D)expression in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with UHRF1-shRNA or NC-shRNA.Relative expression of Bax,Bcl-2,p-Bad,Bad and XIAP was normalized to β-actin.n=3 independent experiments for each group.(C)Activation of caspase 3 by UHRF1-shRNA or NC-shRNA.Data are averaged from five independent experiments for each group.*P<0.05 vs.NC group.
Transwell以及Wound Healing實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測沉默UHRF1對(duì)于細(xì)胞侵襲和遷移能力的影響,結(jié)果顯示UHRF1能夠明顯的抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231的侵襲和遷移能力,說明UHRF1參與了MDA-MB-231的侵襲和遷移過程(圖3A,B)。
為進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證UHRF1是否通過p53信號(hào)通路影響MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞增殖及侵襲,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)與NC組相比,UHRF1-shRNA組中p53,p21Cip1/Waf1,p16INK4a蛋白的表達(dá)顯著上調(diào)(P<0.05)(圖4)。
圖3 轉(zhuǎn)染UHRF1-shRNA對(duì)于乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231侵襲能力的影響Figure 3 UHRF1 shRNA inhibited the migration of MDA-MB-231 cellsNote:MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with UHRF1-shRNA or NC-shRNA.(A)Wound-Healing assay was performed to analyze the effect of UHRF1 on cell migration.Representative images(100×)and quantitative analyses are shown;(B)Transwell assay in the presence or absence of matrigel was performed.*P<0.05 vs. NC group.
圖4 UHRF1-shRNA對(duì)于乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞凋亡通路的影響Figure 4 Knockdown UHRF1 increased the expression of p53,p21Cip1/Waf1 and p16INK4a in MDA-MB-231 cellsNote:A.p53 protein level;B.p21Cip1/Waf1 protein level;C.p16INK4a protein level.*P<0.05 vs.NC group.
UHRF1基因是近些年深受廣大學(xué)者關(guān)注的一個(gè)凋亡相關(guān)基因[11]。目前,很多研究表明,其廣泛參與各種生物學(xué)過程,包括表觀遺傳調(diào)控[12]、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控和細(xì)胞分化調(diào)控等眾多生命活動(dòng),成為遺傳學(xué)研究熱點(diǎn)。現(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,UHRF1對(duì)于肝癌[13]和胃癌[14]的發(fā)生發(fā)展有著巨大的影響。但是其對(duì)于乳腺癌增殖、侵襲的影響并沒有太多的相關(guān)報(bào)道,本研究主要通過沉默UHRF1來研究其對(duì)乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231增殖的作用及其相關(guān)機(jī)制。
過度增殖是惡性腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要環(huán)節(jié)[15]。本結(jié)果顯示,沉默UHRF1后,MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的生存率均低于正常水平,表明沉默UHRF1能夠抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖,克隆形成以及AO/EB的結(jié)果均印證了UHRF1能夠影響乳腺癌細(xì)胞系MDA-MB-231的活性?,F(xiàn)有的文獻(xiàn)[16]大多關(guān)于過表達(dá)UHRF1后對(duì)于增殖能力影響的研究,但是對(duì)于乳腺癌的研究鮮有報(bào)道。此外,本研究進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)沉默UHRF1基因后,MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的增殖能力明顯降低,表明UHRF1對(duì)調(diào)節(jié)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的增殖過程起到一定作用。
遷移和侵襲是腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中重要的環(huán)節(jié)[17]。腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移和侵襲能力與乳腺癌的預(yù)后密切相關(guān),也是導(dǎo)致治療失敗的主要原因。本研究采用Transwell和WoundHealing實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)沉默UHRF1后,MDA-MB-231細(xì)胞的侵襲遷移能力受抑制,表明UHRF1與乳腺癌細(xì)胞的惡性生物學(xué)行為有關(guān)。
p53基因突變被認(rèn)為是目前所有人體腫瘤中最常見的基因改變。p53基因定位于染色體17p13.1,對(duì)細(xì)胞周期DNA的修復(fù)、合成、細(xì)胞分化、基因組的穩(wěn)定和細(xì)胞的凋亡起調(diào)控作用,p53通過對(duì)多種基因的調(diào)控引起G1、S和G2期停頓從而調(diào)控凋亡。Huang等[18]證明p53能夠參與到乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡的過程。Cao等[19]的研究同時(shí)證明了p53能夠參與到乳腺癌的侵襲。而本研究結(jié)果表明沉默UHRF1后能夠使p53蛋白表達(dá)上調(diào),同時(shí)p53信號(hào)通路中重要蛋白p21Cip1/Waf1和p16INK4a蛋白表達(dá)也上調(diào)。
綜上所述,沉默UHRF1后,能夠抑制乳腺癌細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231的增殖,同時(shí)也能夠抑制其侵襲的能力。而這種抑制增殖和侵襲的能力可能是通過上調(diào)Caspase-3活性,進(jìn)而上調(diào)p53蛋白表達(dá),然后激活下游的p21Cip1/Waf1和p16INK4a蛋白而實(shí)現(xiàn)的,以上研究為UHRF1對(duì)于乳腺癌的治療提供了理論依據(jù)。
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EffectofsilencingUHRF1onproliferationandmetastasisofbreastcancercells
CHENZhuo,KONGYiran
Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital,Harbin 150081,China
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of UHRF1 on the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and its mechanism.MethodsThe effect of silencing UHRF1 gene on the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells was detected by MTT assay.Colony formation assay was performed to analyze the effect of silencing UHRF1 on cell survival of MDA-MB-231 cells.The effect of silencing UHRF1 on the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells was detected by acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO / EB).Caspase-3 activity kit was used to detect the expression of caspase-3 in MDA-MB-231 cells.The expressions of Bcl-2,Bax,Bad,p-Bad,XIAP,p53,p21Cip1/Wafand p16INK4awere detectedby Western blot.The abilities of invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells silenced by UHRF1were examined by Transwell and Wound healing assays,respectively.ResultsSilencing UHRF1 significantlydecreased the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells.Silencing UHRF1 decreased colony formation in MDA-MB-231 cells.Depletion of UHRF1 resulted in apoptosis inducedin MDA-MB-231 cells,showing nuclear morphological changes by AO/EB staining and increasing caspase-3 activity.After knockdown of UHRF1,the expression of Bad,XIAP,Bax,p53,p21Cip1/Waf1and p16INK4awas up-regulatedand down-regulated the expression of p-Bad and Bcl-2 in MDA-MB-231 cells.Transwell and wound healing assays demonstrated that silencing UHRF1 could decrease metastasisin MDA-MB-231 cells.ConclusionSilencing UHRF1 can inhibit the viability and survival of MDA-MB-231 cells,and inhibit the invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells regulated by p53/p21Cip1/Waf1/p16INK4asignalings.
UHRF1;Breast cancer;p53;Metastasis;Apoptosis
哈爾濱醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院(哈爾濱 150081)
陳琢,女,(1987-),碩士,住院醫(yī)師,從事外科疾病的研究。
陳琢,E-mail:zhuochen930@hotmail.com
R737.9
A
10.11904/j.issn.1002-3070.2017.06.006
(收稿:2017-07-14)